黑宝书
黑宝书
资料来源是从99年机考至今的所有机经,在机经词汇的真题中记忆单词,请大家用心体会
合成于2001年4月3日星期二 2:41:37 AM
abandon vt. 放弃,沉溺
to give (oneself) over unrestrainedly
abandon:inhibition=despair:hope
abash a. 害羞的
to destroy the self-possession or self-confidence of
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
abate v. 减轻,降低
to reduce in degree or intensity
abate:tax=alleviate:distress
abate←→intensify/promote
abbreviate vt. 缩写,使...简略,缩短
to make briefer; especially :to reduce to a shorter form intended to stand for the whole
abbreviate:sentence=abridgment:essay
abbreviate←→extend
abdicate v. 让位,辞职,放弃
to renounce a throne, high office, dignity, or function
abdicate:throne=resign:office
abdicate←→constitute
abdicate←→assume
aberrant a.脱离常轨的
deviating from the usual or natural type:ATYPICAL
aberrant←→typical/normal
abet vt. 教唆,帮助
to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose
abet:assistance=counsel:guidance
abet←→thwart/impede
stymie←→abet
frustrate←→abet
abeyance n. 中止,暂搁,停止
temporary inactivity:SUSPENSION
abeyance←→continuance
abhor vt.憎恶
(n. abhorrence) to regard with extreme repugnance
abhorrence:dislike=adoration:fondness
abiding a. 永久的,持久的,不变的
ENDURING, CONTINUING
abiding←→evanescent
abject adj. ①凄惨的 ②怯懦的
cast down in spirit:SERVILE, SPIRITLESS
abject←→exultant
abjure vt. 发誓放弃
to abstain from:AVOID
abjure←→embrace/espouse
abnegate vt. 放弃,舍弃,禁忌
SURRENDER, RELINQUISH
abnegate←→reaffirm
abolitionism n. 废除主义,废奴主义
principles or measures fostering abolition especially of slavery
anarchist:government=abolitionist:slavery
abolitionist←→persiste in slavery
arboretum n. 树园,植物园
a place where trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are cultivated for scientific and educational purposes
arboretum:trees=aviary:birds
aboveboard a. 光明正大的,率直的
in a straightforward manner
surreptitious←→barefaced/aboveboard
abrasion n. 表面磨损(v. abrade)
a wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by friction
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
abrade←→augment
abridge vt. 删节,缩短,剥夺
to shorten by omission of words without sacrifice of sense:CONDENSE
abbreviate:sentence=abridgment:essay
abrogate v. 废止,废除
to abolish by authoritative action:ANNUL
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
abscond v. 潜逃,逃亡
to depart secretly and hide oneself
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
follow:shadow=leave:abscond
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
absolve vt.赦免;解除(责任等)
to set free from an obligation or the consequences of guilt
exculpatory:absolve=motivational:stir
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
absolve←→inculpate
abstain vi. 自制,戒绝,弃权,避免
to refrain deliberately and often with an effort of self-denial from an action or practice
mandatory:comply=forbidden:abstain
abstemious adj. 有节制的,节俭的
marked by restraint especially in the consumption of food or alcohol
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate { intransigence:control}
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
abstract a. 抽象的,不具体的;n. 摘要,提要
having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content
abstract←→elaborate
abstruse adj.深奥的
difficult to comprehend:RECONDITE
abstruse←→accessible/patent
abuse n./v. 辱骂,滥用
to attack in words:REVILE
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
accede v.同意
to express approval or give consent:give in to a request or demand
accelerate vt.vi. 加速
to move faster:gain speed
expedite:process=accelerate:pace
accelerate←→retard
accessible a. 易接近的,可进入的,易受影响的,可理解的
capable of being understood or appreciated
abstruse←→accessible/patent
accessory n. 附件
a thing of secondary or subordinate importance:ADJUNCT
accessory←→of primarily importance
accidental a. 意外的,偶然的
occurring unexpectedly or by chance
inventiveness:accidental=effect:casual
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
intentional:accidental=arrogant:humble
acclimate vt.使习惯于新环境
to adapt to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment, or situation
acclimate←→make unfamiliar with
accolade n. 推崇备至,赞扬
an expression of praise
accolade←→cutting remark/speak ill/derogate/denounce
deplore←→accolade/extol
accomodate v. 容纳,留宿,使...适应
to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings)
obliterate:remove=accomodate:supply (不是convey:conduct)
accomplice n. 共犯,同谋
one associated with another especially in wrongdoing
accost vt.向人搭话
to approach and speak to often in a challenging or aggressive way accost:approach
accountability n. 有责任,有义务
an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one's actions
accrete v. 共生,附着,增加
ACCUMULATE
accrete:growth=erode:destruction
accumulate vt.vi. 积聚,堆积
to gather or pile up especially little by little:AMASS
accumulation←→dissipation
accuse v. 责备,控告,谴责
to charge with a fault or offense:BLAME
acme n.顶点,极点
the highest point or stage
acquiesce v.勉强同意,默认
to accept, comply, or submit tacitly or passively
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
acquiesce←→defy
resist←→acquiesce
acquisition n. 获得,添加物品
the act of acquiring
divestiture←→acquisition
acquit vt. 开释,释放,完成,表现
to discharge completely
acrid a. 苦味的,辛辣的,尖刻的
sharp and harsh or unpleasantly pungent in taste or odor:IRRITATING
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
grating:sound=acrid:odor
stridency:sound=acridity:odor
acrid←→gentle
acrimonious a. 严厉的,辛辣的,刻毒的
caustic, biting, or rancorous especially in feeling, language, or manner
acrimonious←→harmonious
adamant a.强硬的,固执的
unshakable or immovable especially in opposition:UNYIELDING
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
impossible:execute=adamant:moved
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
adamant←→vacillatory
adamant←→moved
adapt vt. 使适应,改编
to make fit (as for a specific or new use or situation) often by modification
adapt←→remain unchanged
addicted adj. 痴迷
to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
ad-hoc adv. 临时地,没有充分准备的
for the particular end or case at hand without consideration of wider application
adjacent a. 毗连的,邻近的,接近的
adjourn vi. 延期,休会,换地方
to suspend a session indefinitely or to another time or place
convoke←→adjourn
adjudicator n. 评判员
one that act as judge
adjunct n. 附属物,附件,修饰语
something joined or added to another thing but not essentially a part of it
adjunct:←→essential element
ad-lib v. 即兴演唱,临时穿插,信口说出
without restraint or limit
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
admission n. 许可,入会费,承认
the act or process of admitting
lottery:raffle=ticket:admission
admonish v. 训诫,警告
to express warning or disapproval to especially in a gentle, earnest, or solicitous manner
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory {persuade:convince}
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
adore vt. 崇拜,爱慕,喜爱
to regard with loving admiration and devotion
abhorrence:dislike=adoration:fondness
adulate:fawn=woo:adore
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
adroit adj. 熟练的,灵巧的
having or showing skill, cleverness, or resourcefulness in handling situations
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
adroit←→ungainly
adulate v. 谄媚,奉承
to flatter or admire excessively or slavishly
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
adulate←→scorn
adulation←→disdain
adulterate vt. 掺杂
to corrupt, debase, or make impure by the addition of a foreign or inferior substance or element stickler
approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
adversary n. 敌手,对手
one that contends with, opposes, or resists:ENEMY
adversary←→ally
advertise vt. 做广告,通知
to announce publicly especially by a printed notice or a broadcast
advertising:commercial=publishing:journal
advocate vt. 主张,提倡
to plead in favor of
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
aerate v. 充气,让空气进入
to supply (the blood) with oxygen by respiration
aerate:oxygen=hydrate:water
aerial a. 空中的,航空的,空想的,空气的
of, relating to, or occurring in the air or atmosphere
aerial:air=aquatic:water
aesthetics n. 美学
a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty
aesthetics:beauty=epistemology:knowledge
philistine←→aesthete
affable adj.易于交谈的,和蔼的
characterized by ease and friendliness
affable←→irascible
affected a. 假装的
assumed artificially or falsely:PRETENDED
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
affected←→natural
affection n. 爱,情感,影响,病
tender attachment:FONDNESS
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
antipathy←→affection
affidavit n. 宣誓书
a sworn statement in writing made especially under oath or on affirmation before an authorized magistrate or officer
affidavit=statement←→wedding:ceremony
affiliation n.入会,加入
to bring or receive into close connection as a member or branch
affiliation←→dissociation
affinity n.密切关系,吸引力
likeness based on relationship or causal connection
aloft←→affinity
affinity←→aversion/hideous
affliction n. 痛苦,苦恼,苦难
great suffering
affluent adj. 富裕的 n. 支流
having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions
affluent←→needy
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
penury←→affluence
indigent←→affluent
agenda n.议程
a list or outline of things to be considered or done
program:concert=agenda:meeting
repertoire:performance=manifest:cargo=agenda:meeting
aggrandize vt. 增加,夸大
to make appear great or greater:praise highly
aggrandize←→disparage
aggravate vt. 使恶化,使更严重加重
to make worse, more serious, or more severe:intensify unpleasantly
succor←→aggravate
ameliorate←→aggravate
aggregate vt.vi. 聚集,集合,合计
to collect or gather into a mass or whole
coalesce←→disaggregate
disaffected←→content
aggrieve vt. 使委屈,使苦恼,侵害
to give pain or trouble to:DISTRESS
aggrieve←→gratify
agony n. 极大的痛苦
intense pain of mind or body:ANGUISH, TORTURE
agonized:distress=obsessed:concern
painful:agonizing=important:paramount
airtight a. 密闭的,不透气的,无懈可击的
airtight:loophole=
alacrity n. 敏捷,轻快,乐意
promptness in response:cheerful readiness
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
albino n. 白公,白化病者,白化变种 (or albinism)
an organism exhibiting deficient pigmentation
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
alibi n.托辞,借口,辩解
an excuse usually intended to avert blame or punishment
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
align v.定位,对齐,排成一行,结盟
to bring into line or alignment
aligned←→askew
awry←→orderly/aligned
allay v. ①平息(愤怒等) ②缩小
to subdue or reduce in intensity or severity:ALLEVIATE
allay←→increase the intensity of
adversary←→ally
allegiance n.忠诚,拥护
devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
allegory n. 寓意;寓言
the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence allegory:fiction
alleviate v.缓和,减轻
RELIEVE, LESSEN
abate:tax=alleviate:distress
alleviate←→exacerbate
alliterate v. 押头韵
the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface
allude vi. 暗示,提及
to make indirect reference; broadly :REFER
allude←→mention explicitly
aloft ad. 在高处,在上的
at or to a great height
aloft←→affinity
founder←→stay aloft
grounded←→aloft
aloof a. 疏远的,冷淡的
removed or distant either physically or emotionally
politic:offend=aloof:associate
gregarious←→aloof
alphabetical a.字母(表)的,ABC的
arranged in the order of the letters of the alphabet
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
altruism n. 利他主义,不自私
unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others
altruism←→egocentric
amalgamate v. 合并,混合
to merge into a single body
amalgamate←→separate/isolate
amass v.积聚
to collect for oneself:ACCUMULATE
ambiguous a.模棱两可的;分歧的
doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness
ambiguous:clarity=mendacious:truth
ambiguous:understand=blatant:ignore
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
watershed←→ambiguity
ambivalent a. 矛盾的,好恶相克的
a:continual fluctuation (as between one thing and its opposite)
b:uncertainty as to which approach to follow
ambivalent←→commitment
amble vi. 缓行,溜蹄
a leisurely walk
walk:amble=talk:chat
ambrosial a. 特别美味的
something extremely pleasing to taste or smell
mellifluous:music=ambrosial:food
ameliorate vt. 改善,改良,变好
to make better or more tolerable
ameliorate←→aggravate
amenity n. 适意,温和,礼仪
something that conduces to comfort, convenience, or enjoyment
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful
amenable←→inimical
amiable a. 亲切的,和蔼可亲的
being friendly, sociable, and congenial
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amicable a. 友善的,和平的 characterized by friendly goodwill:PEACEABLE
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amiss a. 有毛病的,出差错的
in a faulty way:IMPERFECTLY
amorphous adj. 无定形的,散漫的
having no definite form:SHAPELESS
amorphous:shape=errant:course
amphibian n. 两栖动物,水陆两用飞机,水陆两用车
any of a class (Amphibian) of cold-blooded vertebrates (as frogs, toads, or salamanders) intermediate in many characters between fishes and reptiles and having gilled aquatic larvae and air-breathing adults
eaglet:bird=frog:amphibian
amplify vt. 扩大,详述,使增幅
to make larger or greater (as in amount, importance, or intensity):INCREASE
mute←→amplify
amplitude n.广大;充足;振幅
the quality or state of being ample:FULLNESS
amplitude←→meagerness
anaerobic a.厌氧的. anaerobe n.厌氧微生物
living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen
anaerobic←→living in oxygen
anaerobic←→respiration
analgesic n.镇痛剂, a.止痛的
insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative
analgesia:pain=simplify:complexity
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
analogy n. 类似,相似,类比,类推
a:resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike:SIMILARITY
b:comparison based on such resemblance
analysis n. 分析
separation of a whole into its component parts
synthesis←→analysis
anarchist n. 无政府主义者
one who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power
anarchist:government=abolitionist:slavery
anarchist:rebel=apologist:defend
anarchy←→order
anathema n. 诅咒
the denunciation of something as accursed
panegyric←→anathema
ancestor n. 祖先,祖宗
one from whom a person is descended and who is usually more remote in the line of descent than a grandparent
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
anecdote n. 短故事,轶事
a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident
anecdote:amusement=lecture:instruction=caption:illustration
anesthetic a.麻醉的 ,麻醉剂的
lacking awareness or sensitivity
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
sensation←→anesthesia
anew ad. 重新,再
in a new or different form
angle n. 角,角落 ;夺取、追逐
to turn, move, or direct at an angle
anhydrous a. 无水的
free from water and especially water of crystallization
anhydrous←→wet
animation n. 活泼,生气,卡通制作
possessing or characterized by life:ALIVE
lassitude←→vim/animation
annals n. 纪年表,年鉴,年报
a record of events arranged in yearly sequence
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
annoy vt. 使苦恼,骚扰
to disturb or irritate especially by repeated acts
mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy
testy:annoy=tractable:control
annul v. 宣告无效,取消
to declare or make legally invalid or void
annul←→make legal
anodyne n. 止痛药
something that soothes, calms, or comforts
anomalous a. 不规则的,反常的
inconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expected:IRREGULAR, UNUSUAL
anomaly:paradigmatic=blemish:flawless
anomalous←→typical/conformity to norms
anonymous a.匿名的
not named or identified
anonymous:identify=nonchalant:excite
antagonize vt. 使成敌人,敌对,反对
to incur or provoke the hostility of
placate←→antagonize
synergic←→antagonistic
propitiate←→antagonize
mollify←→antagonize/ire
antennae n. 天线,触须,触角
one of a pair of slender movable segmented sensory organs on the head of insects, myriapods, and crustaceans
{antennae:butterfly}
anterior a. 前面的,在前的
coming before in time or development
anterior←→ensuing
anthology n.诗集,文选
a collection of selected literary pieces or passages or works of art or music
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
antic adj 古怪的,笨拙的
characterized by clownish extravagance or absurdity
facetious:speech=antic:behavior
anticipatory adj. 1 预想,预期的 2 占先的,先发制人的
to give advance thought, discussion, or treatment to
retrospective←→anticipatory
antidote n. 解毒剂,解药
a remedy to counteract the effects of poison
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
remedy:disease=antidote:poisoning
antipathy n. 憎恶,反感
settled aversion or dislike:DISTASTE
antipathy←→affection
antique a. 旧式的,过时的
existing since or belonging to earlier times:ANCIENT
antiseptic n. 杀菌剂,防腐剂
opposing sepsis, putrefaction, or decay;
oil:lubricate=antiseptic:disinfect
antonym n. 反义字,反义语,对语
a word of opposite meaning
anvil n. 铁砧
a heavy usually steel-faced iron block on which metal is shaped
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
apathy n. 漠然,冷淡
lack of feeling or emotion:IMPASSIVENESS
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
apex n. 顶点,最高点
the highest or culminating point
aphorism n. 格言
a terse formulation of a truth or sentiment:ADAGE
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
apocalyptic adj 预示灾祸的,启示的
forecasting the ultimate destiny of the world:PROPHETIC
apocalyptic←→inconsequential
apocrypha n. 伪经,伪书
writings or statements of dubious authenticity
apologist n.辩护士(尤指卫护基督教教义的辩护者)
one who speaks or writes in defense of someone or something
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
apologist←→critic/detractor
apophasis n. 『修』故抑其词,以求婉达
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
apoplectic adj.中风的,易怒的
greatly agitated
apoplectic←→calm
apostasy n. 背教,脱党
renunciation of a religious faith
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
apostasy←→fidelity
apostrophe n书写中撇号(')(表示省略或所有格)
a mark ' used to indicate the omission of letters or figures, the possessive case, or the plural of letters or figures
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence
appall vt. 使胆寒,使惊骇
to overcome with consternation, shock, or dismay
appall←→embolden/nerve
encourage←→appall
apparel vt. 使穿衣,装饰
to put clothes on:DRESS
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
appeal vi. 求助,诉请,要求
to make an earnest request
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
appealing a. 引起兴趣的,动人的
having appeal:PLEASING
noisome←→appealing
appease vt. 安抚,缓和,平息,满足
to bring to a state of peace or quiet:CALM
roil←→clarify/appease
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
appease←→rile
appetite n. 食欲,欲望,爱好
an inherent craving
voracity←→lack of appetite
applause n. 鼓掌,喝彩,赞许
approval publicly expressed
mirth:laughter=approval:applause
approve:applause=??
applicant n. 申请者,请求者
one who applies remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
appoint vt. 任命,指定,命令
to name officially
appoint:official=cast:actor
apposite adj. 适当的,恰切的
highly pertinent or appropriate:APT
apposite←→extraneous
appreciable a. 可感知的,可评估的
capable of being perceived or measured
appreciable←→imperceptible
apprehension n. 理解,忧惧,逮捕
suspicion or fear especially of future evil:FOREBODING
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
apprentice n. 学徒,生手
an inexperienced person:NOVICE
approbation n. 认可,嘉许
COMMENDATION, PRAISE
praise:approbation=demur:objection
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
appropriate a. 适当的
especially suitable or compatible:FITTING
meet←→inappropriate/unsuitable
apt←→extremely inappropriate
appropriate v. 盗用
to take or make use of without authority or right
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
approve vt. 赞同,核准,证实
to have or express a favorable opinion of
mirth:laughter=approval:applause
approve:applause=??
substantiate←→disapprove
approximate a. 大约的,近似的
nearly correct or exact
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
apt a.易于...
unusually fitted or qualified:READY
apt←→extremely inappropriate
apt←→unlikely
aquatic a. 水生的,水中的,水上的
growing or living in or frequenting water
aerial:air=aquatic:water
aqueduct n. 高架渠,渡槽
a conduit for water
aqueduct:water=pipeline:gas=vessel:blood
aquifer n. 含水土层((含水量足以成为井水或泉水))
a water-bearing stratum of permeable rock, sand, or gravel
shaft:lode=well:aquifer
arboreal adj. 树木的
of, relating to, or resembling a tree
arboreal:trees=sidereal:stars
archaic a.古老的
of, relating to, or characteristic of an earlier or more primitive time:ANTIQUATED
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
archaic←→current
archipelago n. 群岛,多岛海
an expanse of water with many scattered islands
range:mountain=chain:link={archipelago:island }
archetype n. 原型
the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies:PROTOTYPE; also :a perfect example
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
archive n. 档案文件
a place in which public records or historical documents are preserved
archive:manuscript=arsenal:weapon
archive:records=museum=artifacts
arctic a. 北极的,极寒的
bitter cold:FRIGID
torrid←→arctic
ardor n. 热心,热情
extreme vigor or energy:INTENSITY
assuage:sorrow=dampen:ardor
argot n. 隐语,暗语,暗号
an often more or less secret vocabulary and idiom peculiar to a particular group
argot←→standard language/common verbalism
arid a.干旱的
excessively dry
marsh:sodden=desert:arid
arid←→damp
armory n. 纹章,纹章学,军械库,兵工厂
a place where arms and military equipment are stored
pantry:food=armory:weapons
arrest vt. 拘捕,妨碍,吸引,阻止
to make inactive
arrest←→vitalize
arresting adj. 引人注意的; 醒目的; 有趣的
catching the attention:STRIKING, IMPRESSIVE
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
arresting←→banal
arrhythmic a. 无节奏的
lacking rhythm or regularity
arrhythmic←→regular
arrogance n.傲慢,自大
a feeling or an impression of superiority manifested in an overbearing manner or presumptuous claims
mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
intentional:accidental:arrogant:humble
arsenal n. 兵工厂,军械库
a:an establishment for the manufacture or storage of arms and military equipment
b:a collection of weapons
archive:manuscript=arsenal:weapon
articulate vt. 以关节连接,接合,明白地说
to give clear and effective utterance to:put into words
ratiocination:thinking:articulation:talking
artifacts n. 史前古器物
something created by humans usually for a practical purpose; especially :an object remaining from a particular period
archive:records=museum=artifacts
artifice n. 巧办法,诡计
false or insincere behavior
artifice←→candor
artless adj. 朴质; 率直; 拙劣
free from guile or craft:sincerely simple
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
artless←→cunning/guile
artlessness←→urbanity
sly←→artless
artless←→disingenuous
ascendant n. 运星,运道,支配力,优势
governing or controlling influence:DOMINATION
ascendant←→having no influence
ascent n. 上升,上坡路
an upward slope or rising grade:ACCLIVITY
ascetic adj. 禁欲的n. 苦行者
austere in appearance, manner, or attitude
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
sybarite←→ascetic
voluptuary←→ascetic
indulgent←→ascetic
aseptic adj. 无菌的,洁净的
preventing infection
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
askew adj. 歪斜的v. 歪斜,弯曲
out of line:AWRY
aligned←→askew{curve}
asperity n.粗鲁,艰苦
roughness of manner or of temper:HARSHNESS
asperity:optimistic=??
asperity←→mildness of temper
aspiration n.渴望,热望
a strong desire to achieve something high or great
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
assert vt. 主张,声明,断言
to state or declare positively and often forcefully or aggressively
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
assess v.估价,评价
to determine the importance, size, or value of
assess:value=plumb:depth
asset n. 资产,有用的东西
the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estate applicable or subject to the payment of debts
asset←→liability
assiduous adj.勤勉的,专心的
marked by careful unremitting attention or persistent application
assiduous←→remiss
assuage vt. 缓和,减轻,镇定
to lessen the intensity of (something that pains or distresses):EASE
assuage:sorrow=dampen:ardor
assuage←→intensify/inflame
gall←→calm/assuage
assume vt. 假定,承担,摆架子
to take to or upon oneself:UNDERTAKE
abdicate←→assume
assume←→refuse
unassuming←→overbearing
astounding a. 令人惊骇的
causing astonishment or amazement indelible:forget=astounding:expect
astute a. 机敏的,狡猾的
having or showing shrewdness and perspicacity
asunder ad.分开,化为碎片
into parts
asymmetrical adj. 不匀称的,不对称的,不均匀的
not symmetrical
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
asylum n. 庇护,收容所
an inviolable place of refuge and protection giving shelter to criminals and debtors:SANCTUARY
refugee:asylum
atone v. 赎罪,补偿
to supply satisfaction for:EXPIATE
atrocious adj.残忍的,凶恶的 (n. atrocity)
extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel:BARBARIC
atrocious:bad=momentous:important
attenuate v.变薄,变弱
to lessen the amount, force, magnitude, or value of:WEAKEN
attenuate:force=decelerate:speed
attenuate:thickness=cool:temperature/enervate=vitality/debilitate:strength
collapse:volume=attenuate:thickness
debase:value=attenuate:force
auction n.拍卖
a sale of property to the highest bidder
audacious adj. 大胆的,愚勇的
intrepidly daring:ADVENTUROUS
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
audacious:cautious=??
circumspect←→audacious/reckless/direct encounter
audible a. 听得见的
heard or capable of being heard
audible:stentorian=discernable:obvious
augur n. 占兆官,占卜师,相命者
to foretell especially from omens
augur:predict=pundit:opine
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
pundit:opinion=augur:prediction
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
augury:appearance=??
auspicious adj.吉兆的;幸运的
affording a favorable auspice:PROPITIOUS
auspicious←→boding ill
austere a.朴素的,(人)正经的;(经济)紧缩的
markedly simple or unadorned
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
baroque←→austere
authenticity n. 确实性,真实性
not false or imitation:REAL, ACTUAL
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
genuine:authenticity=honest:trust
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
authority n. 权威,专家,威信
power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior
authoritative:acceptance=conspicuous:attention
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
avarice n.贪婪
excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain:GREEDINESS, CUPIDITY
avarice:money=gluttony:food
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
aversion n.嫌恶,憎恨
a feeling of repugnance toward something with a desire to avoid or turn from
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
aversion:inclination=??
affinity←→aversion
aversion←→court
penchant←→aversion
propensity←→aversion
avid adj.热切的,贪婪的
characterized by enthusiasm and vigorous pursuit
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm
avid←→indifferent
awash a. 与水面齐平的,被浪冲打的
covered with water:FLOODED
awash←→dry
awe n. 敬畏
an emotion variously combining dread, veneration, and wonder that is inspired by authority or by the sacred or sublime
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
awe←→irreverence
awkward a. 笨拙的
lacking dexterity or skill
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
dexterous:awkward=??
lithe←→awkward
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
awl n. 锥子,尖钻
a pointed tool for marking surfaces or piercing small holes (as in leather or wood)
awl:pierce=pestle:hash
awning n.雨篷,遮阳篷
a rooflike cover extending over or in front of a place (as over the deck or in front of a door or window) as a shelter
awning:sun=umbrella:rain
awry adj. 扭曲的,走样的
in a turned or twisted position or direction:ASKEW
awry←→orderly/aligned
babble vt.唠叨;说话不清
to utter meaningless or unintelligible sounds
babble:sense=parrot=originality
babble←→express succinctly
backdrop n. 背景幕,背景
a painted cloth hung across the rear of a stage
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
backset n. 倒退,逆流,涡流
SETBACK
backset←→hike
badge n. 半自动防空警戒管制组织,徽章,标记
a device or token especially of membership in a society or group
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
badger vt. 纠缠
to harass or annoy persistently
badger:bother=belabor:mention
badinage n. 打趣,嘲弄
playful repartee:BANTER
badinage←→serious conversation
bait n.饵;引诱物
ENTICE, LURE
bait←→disarm
baleful adj. 邪恶的,恶意的
deadly or pernicious in influence
balk n. 障碍,错误,失败vt. 阻止,突然停止,退缩
to check or stop by or as if by an obstacle:BLOCK
balk←→move ahead willingly
balky a. 停蹄不前的
refusing or likely to refuse to proceed, act, or function as directed or expected
balky←→tractable
ballad n. 民谣
a narrative composition in rhythmic verse suitable for singing
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
ballet n. 芭蕾舞
a theatrical art form using dancing, music, and scenery to convey a story, theme, or atmosphere
instrumentalist:symphony=dancer:ballet
balm n. 香油,药膏; 安慰; 慰藉
a soothing restorative agency
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
balm←→irritant
inclement←→balmy
balmy←→piquant
bamboozle v. 欺骗,隐瞒
to deceive by underhanded methods:DUPE, HOODWINK
ban n. 禁令
to prohibit especially by legal means ban:protect
banal a.陈腐的
lacking originality, freshness, or novelty:TRITE
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
arresting←→banal
banal←→novel
banality←→freshness
trite←→unbanal
baneful adj.有害的,致祸的
productive of destruction or woe:seriously harmful
banish vt. 驱逐,消除
to drive out or remove from a home or place of usual resort or continuance
evict:residence=banish:country
banister n. 栏杆的支柱,楼梯的扶栏
a handrail with its supporting posts
staircase:banister=garden:fence
barb n. 尖锐而严厉的批评
a biting or pointedly critical remark or comment
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
barefaced a. 公然的,无耻的,无面具的
a:OPEN, UNCONCEALED
b:lacking scruples
barefaced←→surreptitious
bargain n. 交易,买卖,物美价廉的东西
to negotiate over the terms of a purchase, agreement, or contract:HAGGLE
debate:issue=bargain:price
baroque n./adj. (艺术、建筑等)高度装饰的,过份雕琢的
characterized by grotesqueness, extravagance, complexity, or flamboyance
baroque←→austere
barter n. 物物交换,实物交易
to trade by exchanging one commodity for another
correspond:letters=barter:commodities
jog:exercise=barter:trade
base a. 卑鄙的,低级的
being of comparatively low value and having relatively inferior properties
debase:value=attenuate:force
base←→virtuous
base←→noble
sublime←→base/common
baseboard n. 护壁板,脚板
a molding covering the joint of a wall and the adjoining floor
veneer:furniture=baseboard:wall
bathetic adj. 平凡的,陈腐的,顿降的
exceptional commonplaceness:TRITENESS
bedeck vt. 装饰,修饰
to clothe with finery:DECK
bedeck←→strip
bedlam n. 混乱,骚乱,疯人院
a place, scene, or state of uproar and confusion
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
belabor vt. 冗长的解释,痛打
to explain or insist on excessively
badger:bother=belabor:mention
beleaguer vt. 使困扰,使烦恼,围攻
TROUBLE, HARASS
beleaguer←→delight
belie v. ①掩饰,②证明为假
to show (something) to be false or wrong
belie←→affirm
belittle vt. 轻视,使渺小
to speak slightingly of:DISPARAGE
belletristic a. 文学研究的,纯文学的
bellicose adj. 好战的,好斗的
favoring or inclined to start quarrels or wars
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
bellicose←→appeasing
belligerence n. 交战,好战性,斗争性
an aggressive or truculent attitude, atmosphere, or disposition
bemoan vt. 惋惜,认为遗憾,哀叹
to express deep grief or distress over
bend vi. 弯曲,屈服
to make submissive:SUBDUE,COMPROMISE
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
benediction n. 祝福
the invocation of a blessing
curse←→benediction
beneficent a. 仁慈的,慈善的,善行的
doing or producing good; especially :performing acts of kindness and charity
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
noxious←→beneficial
toxic←→beneficial
bequest n. 遗赠物,遗产,遗赠
something bequeathed:LEGACY
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
beseech v. 祈求,恳求
to request earnestly:IMPLORE
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
besmirch v. 诽谤,玷污
SULLY, SOIL
besmirch←→honor
betray vt.背叛;辜负;泄漏
to deliver to an enemy by treachery
bibliophile n. 爱书者,藏书家
a lover of books especially for qualities of format; also :a book collector
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
bigot n. (宗教,政治等的)盲信者,顽固者
a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
bigot=dedication=rage:anger
bigoted:advice=conservative:change
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
bigot:tolerant:provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
bit n. 钻头
the jaws of tongs or pincers
bit:drill=blade:razor
blackout n.(幕间或剧中)灯暗;临时眩晕;删除;新闻封锁)
a blotting out by censorship:SUPPRESSION
bland a. 温和的,乏味的,冷漠的
DULL, INSIPID
pungency←→blandness
tangy←→bland
blandishment n.奉承
something that tends to coax or cajole:ALLUREMENT
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
blandishment:coax=medal:honor/prevarication:deceive
blandishment←→threat
blase adj. 1 对享乐 [人生] 等厌倦的
apathetic to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgence or enjoyment
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
blaspheme vt.vi. 亵渎
REVILE, ABUSE
blast n.一阵(风);v. 爆破
a violent gust of wind blast:whiff=gush:trickle
blatant adj. 喧哗的,无耻的
completely obvious, conspicuous, or obtrusive especially in a crass or offensive manner:BRAZEN
ambiguous:understand=blatant:ignore
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
blatant←→inconspicuous/unimpressive/unobtrusive
blatant←→subtle
blazon vt. 以家徽装饰,宣布
to publish widely:PROCLAIM
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface
blazon:adorn=pillar:support
blazon←→efface
bleach vt. 漂白
to remove color or stains from
blemish v. 损害,玷污n. 瑕疵,缺点
to spoil by a flaw
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
blender n. 混合的人,混合器,搅拌器
an electric appliance for grinding or mixing
blight n. 植物枯萎病 v. 使…枯萎
a disease or injury of plants resulting in withering, cessation of growth, and death of parts without rotting
blighted←→hale
blimp n. 软式小型飞船,顽固的保守分子
a nonrigid airship
bliss n.狂喜
complete happiness
dislike:loathing=pleasure:bliss
blunder v.犯大错 n.愚蠢之举
a gross error or mistake resulting usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
blunt a. 钝的,坦率的,麻痹的
blunt←→whet
blurb n. 大肆宣传
a short publicity notice
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation
bluster vt. 风狂吹,咆哮,汹涌
to talk or act with noisy swaggering threats
blustering:speak=swaggering:walk
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
boding n. 凶兆,前兆,预感
an omen, prediction, or presentiment especially of coming evil:PORTENT ,FOREBODING
auspicious←→boding ill
boggle vi. 犹豫,踌躇,吃惊,搪塞
to hesitate because of doubt, fear, or scruples
boggle←→embolden
boisterous adj. 喧闹的,欢闹的
noisily turbulent:ROWDY
boisterous←→quiet
bolster n. 枕垫v. 支持,鼓励
a structural part designed to eliminate friction or provide support or bearing
bolster:support=tackle:hoist
bombast n. 夸大的言辞
pretentious inflated speech or writing
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
bombast←→down to earth language/understated/unpretentious
bonhomie n. 好性情,温和,和蔼
good-natured easy friendliness
congenial:bonhomie=??
bonhomie:good natured=??
bonus n. 奖金,红利
something in addition to what is expected or strictly due
bonus:employee={decoration:soldier}
boon n. 恩惠
BENEFIT, FAVOR
boon←→misfortune
boor n. 粗野的人,不懂礼貌的人,农民
a rude or insensitive person
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
bootless a. 无用的,无益者
USELESS, UNPROFITABLE
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
bore vt. 使烦扰,钻孔
to make a hole by or as if by boring
die:shaping=drill:boring
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
bottleneck n.瓶颈口,(喻)交通易阻塞的狭口;妨碍生产流程的一环
NARROW
{bottleneck:indefinite}
bough n. 大树枝
a branch of a tree; especially :a main branch
box vi. 拳击
to fight with the fists:engage in boxing
box:fight:debate:argue
bracing adj. 增加气力的,令人振奋的,提神的,使心神清爽的
giving strength, vigor, or freshness
bracing←→vapid
bracket n. 支架,括弧,托架
an overhanging member that projects from a structure (as a wall) and is usually designed to support a vertical load or to strengthen an angle
buttress:wall=bracket:shelf
brackish a. 有盐味的,可厌的
REPULSIVE
brackish:repulse
braided adj. 编织成的,梳成辫子的,编成缏的;束
made by intertwining three or more strands
grooved:striated=braided:stranded
brake n. 刹车,阻碍,丛林
to retard or stop by a brake
divert:shunt=retard:brake
brash a. 性急的,仓促的,无礼的,傲慢的
done in haste without regard for consequences
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
brassy a. 似黄铜的,厚脸皮的
being shamelessly bold
diffident←→brassy
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
brassy←→humble
brattish adj. (指小孩) 讨厌的; 宠坏的; 不听话的; 不礼貌的
an ill-mannered annoying child
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
bravura adj. 雄壮华丽的,气势磅礴的
marked by an ostentatious display of skill
bravura:performance=resplendent:appearance
brazen a. 黄铜制的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous boldness
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
brazen←→modest
breach v. 毁坏,泄密 n. 缺口
to make a breach in
breach←→solder
solder←→breach
breezeway n. 有屋顶的通路
a roofed often open passage connecting two buildings (as a house and garage) or halves of a building
breezeway:building=stairway:floor
brevity n.简短,简洁
shortness or conciseness of expression
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
bribe v. & n. 贿赂,收买
to induce or influence by or as if by bribery
bribe:incorruptible=affect:insensible
bridle v. 限制,阻止
to restrain, check, or control with or as if with a bridle
bridled←→without restraint
brisk a. 敏锐的,凛冽的,活泼的
keenly alert:LIVELY
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
bristle n. 硬毛 v. 气势汹汹,直立,发怒,充满
to take on an aggressive attitude or appearance (as in response to a slight)
bristle←→cower
brittle a. 易碎的,脆弱的,易坏的
easily broken, cracked, or snapped
manifest:perceive=brittle:break
broach v. ①开瓶 ②提出(问题)
to open for the first time
broach←→close off
bromide n. 溴化物(镇静药用),平庸的人或物
a commonplace or hackneyed statement or notion
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
browbeat vt. (用神情、言词) 威吓; 严词厉色地斥责
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
bruit vt. 散播
to noise abroad:REPORT
bruit←→keep secret
buck n. ①雄鹿 ②美元 v. (马)跳跃,反对,吹牛,闲聊
to refuse assent:BALK
buck←→assent to
bucolic adj. 乡村的,牧羊的
relating to or typical of rural life
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
bucolic←→urban
budge vi. 移动,微微一动,放弃
to give way:YIELD
palter:candor=diehard:budge
buffoon n.丑角,缺乏教养之人
a ludicrous figure:CLOWN
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
bully n. 欺凌弱小者,土霸
one habitually cruel to others who are weaker
instigator:incite:bully:browbeat underdog←→bully
bumper n. 缓冲器,满杯,丰收
a device for absorbing shock or preventing damage
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
bumptious a. 瞎自夸的,瞎自大的,傲慢的
presumptuously, obtusely, and often noisily self-assertive:OBTRUSIVE
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
bumptious←→humble
bung n. (桶口等的) 塞子
the stopper especially in the bunghole of a cask
bungle vt.vi. 拙劣地工作,粗制滥造,失败
to act or work clumsily and awkwardly
bungle←→bring off
buoy vt. 使浮起,支撑,鼓励
SUPPORT, UPLIFT
buoyed←→unsupported
buoyant adj.易浮的,快乐的
a:capable of floating
b:CHEERFUL, GAY
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
hangdog←→buoyant
buoyant←→sink
burgeon v. 迅速成长,发展
to grow and expand rapidly:FLOURISH
burgeon←→wither
burgeon←→subdue
burial n.安葬,埋葬,埋藏
the act or process of burying
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
burlesque n. 讽刺或滑稽的戏剧
mockery usually by caricature
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
doggerel:verse=burlesque:play
burnish v. 擦亮,磨光
to make shiny or lustrous especially by rubbing
numb:insensible:burnish:lustrous
burrow n. (兔子等)所掘的地洞,v. 挖洞
to construct by tunneling
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
buttress n.扶墙,拱壁
a projecting structure of masonry or wood for supporting or giving stability to a wall or building
strut:wing=buttress:wall
buttress:wall=bracket:shelf
buttress v.支持
to furnish or shore up with a buttress; also :SUPPORT, STRENGTHEN
contravene←→buttress
bygone n. 过去的事,往事
gone by:PAST; especially :OUTMODED
byline n. (列作者名字的)报刊文章首行
a line at the beginning of a news story, magazine article, or book giving the writer's name
article:byline=movie:credits
cabal n. 徒党,秘密结社,(尤指政治上的)阴谋
the artifices and intrigues of a group of persons secretly united to bring about an overturn or usurpation especially in public affairs
cabal:association=plot:plan
cacophony n. 刺耳的声音
harsh or discordant sound:DISSONANCE
cacophony:sound=malodor:scent
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
cadge v.行乞,乞求
BEG, SPONGE
cadge←→earn
!caisson n. 弹药箱,弹药车,潜水箱(水中工程用)
a usually 2-wheeled vehicle for artillery ammunition attachable to a horse-drawn limber
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
cajole v. (以甜言蜜语)哄骗
to persuade with flattery or gentle urging especially in the face of reluctance:COAX
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
calamitous a. 多灾难的,不幸的
being, causing, or accompanied by calamity
calcify vi. 变成石灰质,钙化
to make inflexible or unchangeable calcification←→flexibility
calibrate vt. 测定口径,校准,查看刻度,划刻度
to determine, rectify, or mark the graduations of
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
calibrated←→unstandardized
calligrapher n. 书法家
one who writes a beautiful hand
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
callow adj.(鸟)未生羽毛的,(人)未成熟的
lacking adult sophistication:IMMATURE
frank:secretiveness=callow:maturity
callow←→behaving with adult sophistication
callus n. 皮肤的硬结,胼胝,(植物伤口的)愈合组织
a thickening of or a hard thickened area on skin or bark
gully:erosion=callus:friction
calorie n. 卡路里
the amount of heat required at a pressure of one atmosphere to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius that is equal to about 4.19 joules
power:watt=heat:calorie=decibel:sound=volt:electricity
calumniate v. 诽谤,中伤( adj. Calumnious)
to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
calumniate←→vindicate
calumnious:←→flattering
calumny←→approbation
cameo n. 刻有浮雕的宝石或贝壳
a small piece of sculpture on a stone or shell cut in relief in one layer with another contrasting layer serving as background
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
candidate n. 候选人,投考者
one that aspires to or is nominated or qualified for an office, membership, or award
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
ballot:candidates=??
candor n. 坦白,直率
unreserved, honest, or sincere expression:FORTHRIGHTNESS
palter:candor=diehard:budge
artifice←→candor
canon n. 教会法规,圣典,准则
(1)the authentic works of a writer
(2)a regulation or dogma decreed by a church council
religion:devoutness canon:orthodoxy
canon←→apocrypha
canonical←→nontraditional
cantankerous adj.脾气坏的,好争吵的
difficult or irritating to deal with
canvas n. 帆布,画布,油画
a piece of cloth backed or framed as a surface for a painting canvas:painter=marble:sculptor
canvass v.游说
to seek orders or votes:SOLICIT
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
canyon n. 峡谷,溪谷
a deep narrow valley with steep sides and often with a stream flowing through it
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
capitulate v. (有条件地)投降
to cease resisting:ACQUIESCE
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
capitulate←→resist
capitulation←→resistance
caprice n.异想天开
a sudden, impulsive, and seemingly unmotivated notion or action
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
capricious←→steadfast
caprice←→confirmation
caption n. 说明,字幕,标题
the part of a legal document that shows where, when, and by what authority it was taken, found, or executed
captivate vt. 迷住,迷惑
to influence and dominate by some special charm, art, or trait and with an irresistible appeal
captivate←→repulse
careworn a. 疲倦的,饱经忧患的
showing the effect of grief or anxiety
careworn←→lighthearted
caricature n. 讽刺画,滑稽模仿
exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
caricature:presentation
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
carouse vi. 痛饮,畅饮
to drink liquor deeply or freely
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
carp vi. 吹毛求疵,挑剔
to find fault or complain querulously
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
complain:carp=drink:guzzle
cartographer n. 绘制地图者
one that makes maps
cartographer:map=tailor:clothing/lexicographer:dictionary
cast n. 演员阵容,投掷,性质
the set of actors in a dramatic production
appoint:official=cast:actor
letter:signature=playbill:cast
castigation n. 申斥,强烈反对
to subject to severe punishment, reproof, or criticism
castigation:disapproval=misbehave:crime
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
catalyze vt. 催化
BRING ABOUT, INSPIRE
catalyze←→retard
!cataract n. 大瀑布,奔流,洪水,白内障
WATERFALL; especially :a large one over a precipice
catastrophe n. 大灾难,大祸
a momentous tragic event ranging from extreme misfortune to utter overthrow or ruin
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
categorical adj. 无条件的,绝对的
ABSOLUTE, UNQUALIFIED
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
categorical←→qualified/conditional
cater vi.迎合,投合
to supply what is required or desired
catholic a.天主教的,宽宏大量的,一般的,普遍的
COMPREHENSIVE, UNIVERSAL; especially :broad in sympathies, tastes, or interests
catholic←→narrow
caustic adj.腐蚀性的,刻薄的
marked by incisive sarcasm
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
caustic:eat away=desiccant:dry
caustic:smoothing:??
caustic←→palliating/genial
!caveat n.警告; 防止误解的说明
a warning enjoining one from certain acts or practices
overture:introductory=caveat:warning
cavern n. 巨穴,洞窟
CAVE; especially :one of large or indefinite extent
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
cavil v.挑毛病,吹毛求疵
to raise trivial and frivolous objection
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
nitpick:criticize=cavil:object
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
!cavort vi. 腾跃
to walk or move in a spirited manner :PRANCE
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
cede vt. 放弃
to yield or grant typically by treaty
cede:possess=??
celebrity n. 名声,名人
the state of being celebrated
celebrity←→obscurity
cement n.水泥;胶粘剂
to unite or make firm by or as if by cement
cement←→fracture
censor vt. 检查,审查,删改
to examine in order to suppress or delete anything considered objectionable
censorship:communication=preservative:decay
censorship:information=sanitation:disease
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
censorious a. 受批判的,挑剔的
marked by or given to censure
censure n./v. 责难,非难
to find fault with and criticize as blameworthy
lamentable:pity=reprehensible:censure
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
exonerate←→censure
extol←→censure
census n. 户口普查
a count of the population
census:population=inventory:stock
centrifuge n. 离心分离机
a machine using centrifugal force for separating substances of different densities, for removing moisture, or for simulating gravitational effects
centrifuge:separate=colander:drain
ceremony n. 典礼,仪式,礼节
a formal act or series of acts prescribed by ritual, protocol, or convention
affidavit:statement=wedding:ceremony
cessation n. 中止,(短暂的)停止
a temporary or final ceasing (as of action):STOP
cessation←→commencement
chaff n. 谷壳,糠,揶揄
the seed coverings and other debris separated from the seed in threshing grain
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
chagrin n. 懊恼
disquietude or distress of mind caused by humiliation, disappointment, or failure
chamber n. 室,房间,枪膛 a. 室内的
a natural or artificial enclosed space or cavity
chameleon n. 变色龙,善变的人,轻浮的人
any of a family (Chameleon ) of chiefly arboreal Old World lizards with prehensile tail, independently movable eyeballs, and unusual ability to change the color of the skin
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
champion vt. 保卫,拥护
to act as militant supporter of:UPHOLD, ADVOCATE
champion←→disparage
impugn←→champion
charade n. 看手势猜字谜游戏
a word represented in riddling verse or by picture, tableau, or dramatic action
charade:word=mime:story
charade:dissimulate=??
charlatan n. 吹牛者
one making usually showy pretenses to knowledge or ability:FRAUD, FAKER
chasm n. 深渊,大差别,代沟
a deep cleft in the surface of a planet (as the earth):GORGE
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
check n.支票 ;阻止
to block the progress of
jolt:move=check:stop
propagate←→check
chef n. 厨师
a skilled cook who manages the kitchen (as of a restaurant)
!cherubic a. 天使的,无邪的,可爱的
innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy
cherubic←→somber
!chevron n. 山形袖章,回文状雕饰
a sleeve badge that usually consists of one or more chevron-shaped stripes that indicates the wearer's rank and service (as in the armed forces)
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
!chiaroscuro n.(绘画中的)明暗对照法;用明暗对照法绘的图画
the interplay or contrast of dissimilar qualities
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy [filigree:delicacy ]
chic adj. 漂亮的,时髦的
smart elegance and sophistication especially of dress or manner:STYLE
chicanery n.欺诈,欺骗
deception by artful subterfuge or sophistry:TRICKERY
chicanery:clever=tactlessness:truthful
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
chide vt.vi. 斥责,责骂
to voice disapproval to:reproach in a usually mild and constructive manner:SCOLD
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
chip n. 晶片,薄片,碎片
a small usually thin and flat piece (as of wood or stone) cut, struck, or flaked off
chip:stone=shard:glass
choke vt. 窒息,阻塞,噎,抑制
to check normal breathing of by compressing or obstructing the trachea or by poisoning or adulterating available air
smother:choke=??
!choleric adj. 易怒的,暴躁的
easily moved to often unreasonable or excessive anger:hot-tempered
choleric←→difficult to provoke
choreography n. 舞蹈,舞蹈编排
the composition and arrangement of dances especially for ballet
choreography:dance=plot:story
chronic a.长期的,慢性的,惯常的,经常的
always present or encountered; especially :constantly vexing, weakening, or troubling
chronic←→sporadic
chronicle n. 年代记,记录,编年史
a usually continuous historical account of events arranged in order of time without analysis or interpretation
chronological adj. 按年月顺序的
of, relating to, or arranged in or according to the order of time
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
churlish adj. 脾气暴躁的,粗野的
marked by a lack of civility or graciousness:SURLY
complaisance←→churlishness
cinder n. 煤渣,灰烬
the slag from a metal furnace:DROSS
cipher n.暗号,密码
a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning
cipher:cryptic=precis:concise
circuitous a. 迂回的路的,迂曲的,绕行的
not being forthright or direct in language or action
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
circumference n. 圆周,周围,胸围
the perimeter of a circle
border:country=circumference:circle
!circumlocutory a. 委婉曲折的,迂回的
the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea
circumlocutory←→direct encounter
circumspect adj.慎重的;小心的
careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences:PRUDENT
circumspect←→audacious/reckless
temerity←→circumspection
circumvent vt. 绕行,陷害,包围,智取
to manage to get around especially by ingenuity or stratagem
circumvent←→confront
circumvention←→direct encounter
cistern n. 贮水器,水槽,水箱
an artificial reservoir (as an underground tank) for storing liquids and especially water (as rainwater)
cistern:liquids=landfill:refuse
citation n. 引用,引证,引用文,传票
an official summons to appear (as before a court)
summons:citation=??
civility n. 礼貌,端庄
COURTESY, POLITENESS
civility←→rudeness
clandestine adj.秘密的
marked by, held in, or conducted with secrecy:SURREPTITIOUS
clandestine:secretly=overt:openly
clandestine←→open
clarion n. 尖音号角,a. 清澈响亮的
loud and clear
clarion←→soft and undistinct
clarity n. 清楚,透明
the quality or state of being clear:LUCIDITY
ambiguous:clarity=mendacious:truth
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
misunderstood:clarify=erroneous:retract
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
roil←→clarify/appease
obfuscate←→clarify
clasp n. 扣子,钩,紧握
a device (as a hook) for holding objects or parts together
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
cleft n.裂缝
a usually V-shaped indented formation:a hollow between ridges or protuberances
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
clement adj.仁慈的,温和的
inclined to be merciful:LENIENT
cliche a. 陈腐的
a trite phrase or expression
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
cling vi. 粘紧,附着,紧贴,坚持
to hold together
clique n. 朋党派系,小集团
a narrow exclusive circle or group of persons; especially :one held together by common interests, views, or purposes
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
clog n. 障碍,重物 v.障碍,阻塞
something that shackles or impedes:ENCUMBRANCE
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
closet n. 壁橱,小室 a. 秘密的,空论的
a cabinet or recess for especially china, household utensils, or
clothing pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes
clot n. 凝块,群
a coagulated mass produced by clotting of blood
clot:dissolved=crowd:dispersed
cloudburst n. 倾盆大雨,豪雨
a sudden copious rainfall
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall
clout n. 权力,势力
PULL, INFLUENCE
clout←→impuissance
cloying adj. 甜得发腻的
excessively sweet or sentimental
garrulous:talkative=cloying:sweet
loquacious:talkative=cloying:sweet
clumsy a. 笨拙的,不雅观的,粗陋的
lacking dexterity, nimbleness, or grace
inane←→clumsy
coagulant n. 凝结剂
something that produces coagulation
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
coalesce v.合并,联合,结合
to unite into a whole:FUSE
coalesce←→disaggregate
coarse a. 粗略的
not precise or detailed with respect to adjustment or discrimination
fastidious←→coarse
coax vt.用巧言诱哄
to manipulate with great perseverance and usually with considerable effort toward a desired state or activity
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
blandishment:coax=medal:honor/prevarication:deceive
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
coda n. 终结句,乐章结尾部,完结部
a concluding musical section that is formally distinct from the main structure
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
coeval adj. 同年龄的,同时代的
of the same or equal age, antiquity, or duration
congruent:dimension=coeval:age
cogent adj. 有说服力的
appealing forcibly to the mind or reason:CONVINCING
cogent:convince=repugnant:repel
cognizant a. 已认识,既知道,晓得
knowledgeable of something especially through personal experience
incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy
cognizant←→oblivious
colander n. 滤器,漏勺
a perforated utensil for washing or draining food
centrifuge:separate=colander:drain
collapse vt.使倒塌 vi. n.倒塌
to fall or shrink together abruptly and completely
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
collapse:volume=attenuate:thickness
collude v. 串通,共谋
CONSPIRE, PLOT
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
colonnade n. 柱廊
a series of columns set at regular intervals and usually supporting the base of a roof structure
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
coma n. 昏迷状态
a state of profound unconsciousness caused by disease, injury, or poison
coma:unconsciousness=delirium:confusion
combustible a. 易燃的,燃烧性的,易动激情的
capable of combustion
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
comely n. 清秀,美丽,合宜
having a pleasing appearance:not homely or plain
comeliness←→unattractiveness
commencement n. 开始
an act, instance, or time of beginning
cessation←→commencement
cease←→inaugurate/commencement
commencement n. (大学的)毕业典礼
the ceremonies or the day for conferring degrees or diplomas
commencement←→matriculation
commend vt. 委托给,推荐,嘉奖
to mention with approbation:PRAISE
execrable←→commendable/laudable
commensurate adj. 同样大小的,相称的
equal in measure or extent:COEXTENSIVE
preponderant←→commensurate
tantamount←→incommensurate
commentary n. 注释,评论,批评
an explanatory treatise
commercial n. 广告节目
an advertisement broadcast on radio or television
advertising:commercial=publishing:journal
commitment n. 委托,实行,承担义务,赞助
(1) an engagement to assume a financial obligation at a future date
(2) the state or an instance of being obligated or emotionally impelled
crime:misdemeanor=commitment:decision
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
ambivalent←→commitment
committed adj.在…方面]受约束的,受束缚的[in] 献身于 [主义、主张] 的,致力于
OBLIGATE, BIND
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
commodious adj.宽敞的
comfortably or conveniently spacious:ROOMY
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu commodious←→constricted/(cramped)
commonsense a. 具有常识的
sound and prudent but often unsophisticated judgment
preposterous←→commonsensical
!commotion n.骚动,动乱
an agitated disturbance:TO-DO
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
compendium n. 简要,概略
a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge:ABSTRACT
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
encyclopedia:compendious=??
compensate vt.vi. 偿还,补偿,付报酬
to offset an error, defect, or undesired effect
!complaisance n. 彬彬有礼,殷勤,柔顺
disposition to please or comply:AFFABILITY
complaisance:intractable=adeptness:maladroit
complaisance←→churlishness
complaisance←→obstinacy
compliant a. 顺从的,适应的
ready or disposed to comply:SUBMISSIVE
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
compliment vt. 称赞,褒扬,恭维
expressing or containing a compliment
apologize:contrite=compliment:impressed
vituperative←→complimentary
comply vi. 顺从,答应
to conform or adapt one's actions to another's wishes, to a rule, or to necessity
mandatory:comply=forbidden:abstain
composed a. 镇静的,沉着的
free from agitation:CALM; especially :SELF-POSSESSED
distraught←→composed
compress vt. 压缩,压榨
to reduce in size or volume as if by squeezing
compression←→increase in volume distention←→compression
compromise n. 妥协,折衷,折衷案,和解
to come to agreement by mutual concession
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
intransigent←→open to compromise
compunction n. 良心的责备,后悔,悔恨
anxiety arising from awareness of guilt
concatenate v. 连结,连锁
to link together in a series or chain
concatenate←→separate
concede v. 承认(为正确),让步
to grant as a right or privilege
concede←→refuse to grant
concentrate vt.vi. 集中,专心,浓缩
a. to bring or direct toward a common center or objective:FOCUS
b. to make less dilute
concentrate←→dilute solution
deploy←→concentrate
concerted a. 商议好的,协定的,预定的
mutually contrived or agreed on
concerted←→individually devised
concerto n. 协奏曲
a piece for one or more soloists and orchestra with three contrasting movements
conciliate v. 安抚,调和
APPEASE:to cause to subside:ALLAY especially :to buy off (an aggressor) by concessions usually at the sacrifice of principles
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
conciliate←→vex
vex←→conciliation
contentious←→conciliatory
conciseness n. 简明; 简洁
marked by brevity of expression or statement:free from all elaboration and superfluous detail
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
concord n.和睦,公约
a state of agreement:HARMONY
concord←→dissension
dissonance←→concord
concur vi. 意见相同,一致,互助
to act together to a common end or single effect
concur←→naysay
condemn vt. 判刑,责备,谴责,声讨,处刑
to declare to be reprehensible, wrong, or evil usually after weighing evidence and without reservation
countenance←→condemn
exaltation←→condemnation
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
condescending a. 谦逊的,故意屈尊的,叫人领情似的
showing or characterized by condescension:PATRONIZING
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
condign a. 相当的,适宜的
DESERVED, APPROPRIATE
condign←→undeserved/unmerited
condone vt. 赦,宽恕
to pardon or overlook voluntarily; especially :to treat as if trivial, harmless, or of no importance
condone←→denounce
conducive adj. 有助于…的
tending to promote or assist
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
confederacy n. 联盟,邦联
a league or compact for mutual support or common action:ALLIANCE
confess vt.vi. 承认,坦白,忏悔,供认
to disclose one's faults; specifically :to unburden one's sins or the state of one's conscience to God or to a priest
recantation:error=confession:crime
confidant n. 心腹朋友,知己
one to whom secrets are entrusted
confidante n. 知己的女友
CONFIDANT; especially :one who is a woman
confident a. 有信心的,有把握的
characterized by assurance; especially :SELF-RELIANT self
confident:timid=open:shy
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
confine vt. 限制,闭居,禁闭
something that restrains
loose:confinement:=disabuse:misconception
conform vt.使遵守 vi.一致
to be similar or identical; also :to be in agreement or harmony incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
confront vt. 使面对,对抗,比较,使对质
to face especially in challenge:OPPOSE
craven:confront=honest:deceive
circumvent←→confront
congeal v. 凝结,凝固
to make viscid or curdled:COAGULATE
congeal←→melt/disintegrated
congeal←→fail to solidify
congenial a. 同性质的,适意的,趣味相同的
SOCIABLE, GENIAL congenial:bonhomie
dour←→congenial/genial
congruent a.全等的
superposable so as to be coincident throughout
congruent:dimension=coeval:age
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
variance←→congruity
conjecture n./v. 推测,臆测
inference from defective or presumptive evidence
conjecture←→restrain from the speculation
conjecture←→fact
connoisseur n. 鉴赏家,行家
EXPERT; especially :one who understands the details, technique, or principles of an art and is competent to act as a critical judge
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
conquest n. 战胜,征服,战利品
the act or process of conquering
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
conscientious a. 有责任心的,负责的,本着良心的
governed by or conforming to the dictates of conscience:SCRUPULOUS
!consensus n. 一致,交感,,团结
group solidarity in sentiment and belief
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
law:criminality=consensus:factionalism
conservative a.保守的 n.保守的人
tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions:TRADITIONAL
bigoted:advice=conservative:change
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
conservatory n.温室,音乐学院 a. 保存性的,有保存力的
a school specializing in one of the fine arts
conservatory:music={seminary:theology }=observatory:astronomy
observatory:astronomy=conservatory:music
conserve n. 蜜饯,果酱 vt. 保存,保全
to keep in a safe or sound state
conserve←→waste/squander/exhaust
considerable a. 相当的,可观的,重要的
worth consideration:SIGNIFICANT
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
consignment n. 委托
the act or process of consigning
consignment:invoice
console n.悬臂,肘托;控制台 vt. 安慰,藉慰
to alleviate the grief, sense of loss, or trouble of:COMFORT
embarrass:shame=console:comfort
consolidate vt. 巩固,使联合,统一
to join together into one whole:UNITE
consolidation←→fragmentation
consonance n. 一致,调和,和音
harmony or agreement among components
conspicuous adj.显著的,显而易见的
obvious to the eye or mind
authoritative:acceptance=conspicuous:attention
conspicuous:see=transparent:understand
conspicuous:sheltered=??
blatant←→inconspicuous
nondescript←→conspicuous
salient←→unconspicuous
constellation n. 星座,星群
the configuration of stars.
constellation:star=chord:note{ queue:person}
constitute vt. 构成,组成,任命
to appoint to an office, function, or dignity
abdicate←→constitute
constrained a. 被强迫的,拘泥的,不舒服的
to appoint to an office, function, or dignity
constrain←→release
intemperate←→constrained
consultation n. 请教,咨询,协议会
COUNCIL, CONFERENCE; specifically :a deliberation between physicians on a case or its treatment
contagious a. 传染性的,会蔓延的,会传播的
communicable by contact:CATCHING
sprain:injure=cold:contagion contagious←→incommunicable
contaminate vt. 弄污,弄脏,毒害,传染,染污
to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact or association
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
contemplate vt. 注视,沉思,打算
to view or consider with continued attention:meditate on
contempt n. 轻视,轻蔑
the act of despising:the state of mind of one who despises:DISDAIN
measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
estimable←→contemptible
content a. 满足的,满意的,意义的
feeling or manifesting satisfaction with one's possessions, status, or situation
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration
disaffected←→content
restiveness←→contentment
contentious adj. 好辩的,喜争吵的
exhibiting an often perverse and wearisome tendency to quarrels and disputes
contentious←→conciliatory
contingent a. 或许发生的,附随的,暂时的
likely but not certain to happen:POSSIBLE
contradictory a. 反驳的,反对的,抗辩的
involving, causing, or constituting a contradiction
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
contravene v. 违反,违背,反驳,反对
to oppose in argument:CONTRADICT
contravene←→support
contravene v.违背(法规,习俗等)
to go or act contrary to:VIOLATE
contravene←→buttress
contrite a. 悔悟了的,后悔的,痛悔的
grieving and penitent for sin or shortcoming
apologize:contrite=compliment:impressed
contrived adj. 做作的,不自然的
ARTIFICIAL, LABORED
contrived:design=??
contumacious adj. 违抗的,不服从的
stubbornly disobedient:REBELLIOUS
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
contumacious←→obedient
!convalesce vi. 渐渐康复,渐愈
to recover health and strength gradually after sickness or weakness
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
convenience n. 方便,便利的事物,无忧虑
something (as an appliance, device, or service) conducive to comfort or ease
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
opportune←→inconvenient
convention n. 大会,协定,惯例
usage or custom especially in social matters
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
offbeat←→conventional
ossify←→transcend conventions
convergent a. 趋集于一点的,会聚性的,收敛的
tending to move toward one point or to approach each other:CONVERGING
convergent←→moving apart
discrepancy←→converge
convert vt. 使改变信仰,兑换,倒置 n. 皈依者,改宗者
to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another
veer:direction=convert:belief
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
convey vt. 传达,运输,转移
to transfer or deliver to another
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
conviction n.确信,信服,深信
a strong persuasion or belief
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
conviction n. 定罪
the act or process of convicting of a crime especially in a court of law
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
convoke v. 召集会议
to call together to a meeting
convoke←→adjourn
convoluted adj. 旋绕的,费解的
INVOLVED, INTRICATE
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
convulsion n. 骚动,痉挛
an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles
convulsion:contraction=frenzy:emotion
coop n. 小屋,鸡笼,捕鱼笼
a cage or small enclosure (as for poultry)
corral:horses=coop:chickens
copious adj.丰富的
present in large quantity:taking place on a large scale
copious←→sparse
coquette n. 风骚的女人,爱卖弄风情的女子,玩弄男人的女人
a woman who endeavors without sincere affection to gain the attention and admiration of men
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
cord n. 绳索,束缚,木料计量单位
a unit of wood cut for fuel equal to a stack 4 x 4 x 8 feet or 128 cubic feet
ream:paper=cord:wood
cordon n. 哨兵线,非常警戒线,饰带
a line of persons or objects around a person or place
levee:river=cordon:crowd
cornucopia n.象征丰收的羊角(羊角装饰器内装满花、果、谷物等以示富饶)
an inexhaustible store:ABUNDANCE
cornucopia←→lack/pittance
coronation n.加冕,加冕礼
the act or occasion of crowning; also :accession to the highest office
coronation:reign=wedding:marriage
wedding:marriage=coronation:reign
corporeal a. 肉体的,有形的,物质的
having, consisting of, or relating to a physical material body:as a:not spiritual b:not immaterial or intangible:SUBSTANTIAL
corporeal←→intangible/disembodied
spiritual←→corporeal
corral vt. 占有,围住 n. 畜栏
a pen or enclosure for confining or capturing livestock
corral:horses=coop:chickens
corroborate vt. 使坚固,确证
to support with evidence or authority:make more certain
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
corroboration←→lessening of certainty
corrosive a. 腐蚀的,腐蚀性的,蚀坏的
tending or having the power to corrode
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
cosmopolitan n. 四海为家的人,世界主义者,无国家偏见的人
having worldwide rather than limited or provincial scope or bearing
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insular←→cosmopolitan
cosset v. 宠爱,娇养
to treat as a pet:PAMPER
cosset←→slight
cosseted←→unspoiled
coterie n. (有共同兴趣的)小团体,小圈子
an intimate and often exclusive group of persons with a unifying common interest or purpose
coterie:group=??
countenance n. 面容,表情 v. 支持,赞成
to extend approval or toleration to:SANCTION
countenance←→condemn
counterfeit n. 赝品,伪造品
made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive:FORGED
sophism:reasoning=counterfeit:money
counterpart n. 副本,复本,配对物,相应物
one of two corresponding copies of a legal instrument:DUPLICATE
couplet n. 对句,对联
two successive lines of verse forming a unit marked usually by rhythmic correspondence, rhyme, or the inclusion of a self-contained utterance:DISTICH
court n.法院,法庭;庭院 vt. 献殷勤,追求,招致危险
to seek the affections of; especially :to seek to win a pledge of marriage from
aversion←→court
court←→repel intentionally/repulse intentionally/snub
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
courtesy n. 礼貌,谦恭,允许
a:courteous behavior
b:a courteous act or expression
coven n. (尤指十三个) 女巫的集会
an assembly or band of usually 13 witches retainer:retinue=witch:coven
covetous adj. 贪婪的,贪心的
marked by inordinate desire for wealth or possessions or for another's possessions
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
cow v.恐吓,吓倒,威胁
to destroy the resolve or courage of
cowed←→undaunted
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
cowardice n. 懦弱
lack of courage or resolution
pluck←→cowardice
cower vi. 畏缩,退缩,抖缩
to shrink away or crouch especially for shelter from something that menaces, domineers, or dismays
fear:cower=anger:rant
bristle←→cower
craft n. 技艺,手艺,诡计
skill in planning, making, or executing:DEXTERITY
cramp a. 狭窄的,难解的
CONFINE, RESTRAIN
commodious←→constricted/(cramped)
crass a.粗糙,粗厚的;愚钝的;极度的,非常的
having or indicating such grossness of mind as precludes delicacy and discrimination
crass←→refined
craven adj.懦弱的,畏缩的
lacking the least bit of courage:contemptibly fainthearted
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
craven:heroic=volatile:constant
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
craven:confront=honest:deceive
craving n. 渴望,热望
an intense, urgent, or abnormal desire or longing
terror:fear=craving:desire
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
credence n. 信用,祭器台,供桌,凭证
mental acceptance as true or real
creek n. 小溪,小河,小湾
a natural stream of water normally smaller than and often tributary to a river
hill:mountain=creek:river
crescendo n. (音乐)渐强,高潮
a gradual increase; specifically :a gradual increase in volume of a musical passage
crest n.鸡冠, 顶饰;
the top of a wave
crest:wave=summit/peak:mountain
crestfallen adj. 挫败的,失望的
feeling shame or humiliation:DEJECTED
criteria n. 标准
a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based
cronyism n. 任人唯亲
partiality to cronies especially as evidenced in the appointment of political hangers-on to office without regard to their qualifications
nepotism:relative=cronyism:friend
croon v. 低声歌唱,低吟
to sing or speak in a gentle murmuring manner; especially :to sing in a soft intimate manner adapted to amplifying systems
croon:sing=murmur:speak
crop n. 农作物,产量,平头
a plant or animal or plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence:COLLECTION
crop←→pittance
crouch v. 蹲伏、弯腰
to bend or bow servilely:CRINGE
crown vt. 使成王,加冕,居...之顶
to place a crown or wreath on the head of; specifically :to invest with regal dignity and power
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
crucial adj.严重的;极重要的
important or essential as resolving crisis:DECISIVE
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
crucial←→inconsequential
crude a. 天然的,未成熟的,粗糙的,粗鲁的
marked by the primitive, gross, or elemental or by uncultivated simplicity or vulgarity
delicacy←→crudity
crutch n. 拐杖,支撑,帮助
a support typically fitting under the armpit for use by the disabled in walking
crutch:walk=glasses:see
crux n. 十字架形,关键,难题
an essential point requiring resolution or resolving an outcome
crux←→peripheral element
cryptic a. 秘密的,神秘的,含义模糊的
having or seeming to have a hidden or ambiguous meaning:MYSTERIOUS
cipher:cryptic=precis:concise
cryptic:perplex=cryptic←→self explain
cryptic←→self explanatory
cuisine n.烹调
manner of preparing food:style of cooking; also :the food prepared
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
culpable adj.该受谴责的
meriting condemnation or blame especially as wrong or harmful
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame
culpable←→innocent
cultivated a. 耕耘的,栽植的,有教养的
REFINED, EDUCATED
feral←→cultivated
cumbersome a. 讨厌的,麻烦的,累赘的
unwieldy because of heaviness and bulk
cumbersome←→easy to handle
cunning a. 狡猾的,巧妙的,可爱的
characterized by wiliness and trickery
artless←→cunning/guile
ingenuous←→cunning
curative a.治病的,有治病效力的
relating to or used in the cure of diseases:tending to cure
curator n. (博物馆、图书馆等的) 馆长,主持
one that has the care and superintendence of something; especially :one in charge of a museum, zoo, or other place of exhibit
ranger:forest=curator:museum
cursory adj.粗略的,草率的
rapidly and often superficially performed or produced:HASTY
cursory←→painstakingly thorough
fastidious←→easygoing/cursory/uncritical
curt adj. (言词、行为)简略而草率的
sparing of words:TERSE
curt:words=parsimonious:resource
curtail vt.截短,缩短;削减
to make less by or as if by cutting off or away some part
curtail:period=enervate:energy protract←→curtail
cyclone n. 飓风,暴风
a storm or system of winds that rotates about a center of low atmospheric pressure, advances at a speed of 20 to 30 miles (about 30 to 50 kilometers) an hour, and often brings heavy
rain snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
cynical a. 愤世嫉俗的,讽刺的,冷嘲的
having or showing the attitude or temper of a cynic; especially :contemptuously distrustful of human nature and motives
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
dabble vi. 玩水,泼溅,涉猎
to work or involve oneself superficially or intermittently especially in a secondary activity or interest
dabble←→dedicate/devote
dabbler←→specialist
daft adj. 傻的,愚蠢的
a:SILLY, FOOLISH b:MAD, INSANE
daft←→judicious
daguerreotype n. (早期)银板照相
an early photograph produced on a silver or a silver-covered copper plate; also :the process of producing such photographs
dally vi. 戏耍,玩弄,赋闲
a:to act playfully; especially :to play amorously
b:to deal lightly:TOY
damp n. & a. 潮湿(的);v. 打湿,!抑制
MOISTURE,HUMIDITY, DAMPNESS
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
sere←→lush/damp
dander n. 生气,头皮屑
DANDRUFF; specifically :minute scales from hair, feathers, or skin that may be allergenic
dandy n.花花公子,好打扮的人
a man who gives exaggerated attention to personal appearance
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
dank adj.阴湿的
unpleasantly moist or wet
dank:moisture=??
dapper adj.衣冠楚楚的,干净的
a:neat and trim in appearance
b:excessively spruce and stylish
dapper:fastidious=??
dapper←→frowsy
unkempt←→dapper
dappled a. 斑纹的,花的
marked with small spots or patches contrasting with the background
striated:groove=mottled/dappled:spot
daredevil n. 铤而走险的人,不怕死的人
a recklessly bold person
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
daredevil:???=malcontent:dissatisfaction
dart vi. 疾走,突进
to move suddenly or rapidly fall
descend:plummet=move:dart
daunt v. 使胆怯,使畏缩
to lessen the courage of:COW, SUBDUE
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
cowed←→undaunted
daunt←→embolden/make resolute
daunting←→meek
dauntless←→craven/easily discouraged/pusillanimous
dawdle vi.vt. 游手好闲,混日子
to move lackadaisically
hie←→dawdle
deactivate vt. 解除动员,复员,使无效,使不活动
to make inactive or ineffective
deactivate←→potentiate
deaden vt. 使减弱,消除
to impair in vigor or sensation:BLUNT
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
!deadpan a. 无表情的脸
marked by an impassive matter-of-fact manner, style, or expression
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
dearth n. 缺乏,粮食不足,饥谨
an inadequate supply:LACK
plethora←→dearth
spate←→dearth
debase v.贬低,贬损
to lower in status, esteem, quality, or character
debase:value=attenuate:force
enervation:vitality=debase:value
debilitate vt. 使衰弱
to impair the strength of:ENFEEBLE
attenuate:thickness=debilitate:strength
debilitate←→invigorate/fortified
debunk v.揭穿真相,暴露
to expose the sham or falseness of
debut n.初次登台,初次露面
a first appearance
debut:←→farewell performance
decadence n. 衰落,颓废
the process of becoming decadent:the quality or state of being decadent
decadence←→wholesomeness
!decant vt. 轻轻倒出,移入其他容器
to pour out, transfer, or unload as if by pouring
subterfuge:deceive=decant:pour
decibel n. 分贝(音量的单位)
a unit for expressing the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from zero for the average least perceptible sound to about 130 for the average pain level
decibel:sound=volt:electricity=watt:power=lumen:light
decipher vt. 译解,解释
a:to make out the meaning of despite indistinctness or obscurity
b:to interpret the meaning of
legible:decipher=??
decode vt. 解码,译解
to convert (as a coded message) into intelligible form
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
decorum n.礼仪
propriety and good taste in conduct or appearance
miscalculation:judgment=gaffe:decorum
decorum←→impropriety
decrepit adj. 衰老的,破旧的
wasted and weakened by or as if by the infirmities of old age
decrepit←→vigorous
dedication n. 奉献,致力,献辞
a devoting or setting aside for a particular purpose
bigot=dedication=rage:anger
zeal:dedication={mesmeric:interest}
dabble←→dedicate/devote
default n. & v. 拖欠,违约,欠缺,默认,缺省
a failure to pay financial debts
default:pay=yield:resist
deference n. 敬意,尊重
respect and esteem due a superior or an elder; also :affected or ingratiating regard for another's wishes
defer:leader=admire:hero
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
impudent←→deferential/respectful
deficiency n. 缺乏,不足
an amount that is lacking or inadequate:SHORTAGE
surfeit←→deficiency
defile v.弄污,弄脏 n.(山间)小道
a narrow passage or gorge
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
defoliate vt.vi. (使)落叶
to deprive of leaves especially prematurely
defoliate:tree=insecticide:insect
defraud vt. 欺骗
to deprive of something by deception or fraud
deft adj. 灵巧的,熟练的(deft)
characterized by facility and skill
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
maladroit:deft=voluble:verse
deft←→maladroit
defuse vt. 放松,抚慰,减轻
to make less harmful, potent, or tense
defuse←→foment
defy vt. 藐视,挑衅,使落空
to challenge to do something considered impossible:DARE
acquiesce←→defy
dehydrate vt. (使)脱水(n. dehydration)
to remove bound water or hydrogen and oxygen from (a chemical compound) in the proportion in which they form water
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality=fade:brightening
fatigue:rest=dehydration:water
reconstitute←→dehydrate
deject vt. 使沮丧,使灰心
to make gloomy
mollify:anger=hearted:dejection
dejected←→exultant
deleterious adj. (对身心)有害的,有毒的
harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way
wholesome←→deleterious
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
deliberate a.深思熟虑的;审慎的
to think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→deliberate
impetuous←→deliberate
delicacy n. 细软,精致,精美的食品,娇气
the quality or state of being dainty:FINENESS
delicacy←→crudity
husky←→delicate
delinquent n. 行为不良的人,流氓
offending by neglect or violation of duty or of law
delirium n.精神错乱,发狂
a mental disturbance characterized by confusion, disordered speech, and hallucinations
coma:unconsciousness=delirium:confusion
delude vt. 迷惑,蛊惑
to mislead the mind or judgment of:DECEIVE, TRICK
transparent←→delusive
deluge n.大洪水,豪雨
a. an overflowing of the land by water
b. a drenching rain
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
deluge←→drizzle
!delve vt.vi. 探究,查考
to make a careful or detailed search for information
quaff:sip=delve:skim
scrutinize=gloss=delve:skim
demagogue n. 煽动者,群众煽动者
a leader who makes use of popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power
{demagogue:instruct }
demise n.死亡 vt. 让渡,遗赠,转让
DIE, DECEASE
demography n. 人口统计学
the statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics
demography:population=meteorology:weather
!demolition n. 破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹
the act of demolishing; especially :destruction in war by means of explosives
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
demoralize vt. 使道德颓废,使堕落,挫折锐气
a:to weaken the morale of:DISCOURAGE, DISPIRIT
b:to upset or destroy the normal functioning of
c:to throw into disorder
demur v.表示异议,反对
to take exception:OBJECT
praise:approbation=demur:objection
demur←→accept
demystify vt. 使非神秘化
to eliminate the mystifying features of
den n. 兽穴,洞穴
the lair of a wild usually predatory animal
denigrate vt. 使变黑,玷污,诋毁
to cast aspersions on:DEFAME
denigrate←→honor
denouement n.(小说的)结尾,结局
the final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
denounce v. 指责,揭发
to pronounce especially publicly to be blameworthy or evil
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory {persuade:convince}
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
condone←→denounce
denude v.脱去,剥蚀,剥夺
to strip of all covering or surface layers
denude←→cover
denunciation n. 谴责,告发
an act of denouncing; especially :a public condemnation
depart vi. 离开,出发,去世,违反,放弃
to go away:LEAVE
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
depict vt. 描述,描写
to represent by or as if by a picture
deplete vt. 耗尽,使衰竭
to lessen markedly in quantity, content, power, or value
enrich←→deplete
deplore vt. 悲悼,哀叹,悔恨
a:to feel or express grief for
b:to regret strongly
deplore←→laud
deplore←→accolade/extol
deploy v.[军]展开,调度,部署
to extend (a military unit) especially in width
deploy←→concentrate
deportation n. 驱逐,放逐
the removal from a country of an alien whose presence is unlawful or prejudicial
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
depose vt. 免职,废,作证
to testify to under oath or by affidavit
perjury←→deposition
deposit vt.使淤积
a natural accumulation (as of iron ore, coal, or gas)
deposit←→process of eroding
depravity n. 堕落,腐败,邪恶
a corrupt act or practice
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
deprecate vt. 声明不赞成,抨击,反对
BELITTLE, DISPARAGE
deprecate:value=restrict:diameter
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible
deprecate←→extol
vaunt←→deprecate
depreciate v. 贬低,贬值
to lower the price or estimated value of
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
imperious:fawn=swagger:self depreciate
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
depress vt. 使沮丧,压低,降低,使萧条
to press down
depressant:mood=???
protuberant←→depressed
deprivation n. 剥夺,剥夺官职,免职
the state of being deprived:PRIVATION; especially :removal from an office, dignity, or benefice
deprivation←→surfeit {fecundity}
!deracinate vt. 根除,灭绝,使孤立
UPROOT
deracinate←→plant
derelict n. 遗弃物,被遗弃的人,玩忽职守者
a destitute homeless social misfit:VAGRANT, BUM
derelict←→pillar of society
deride vt. 嘲弄,嘲笑
to subject to usually bitter or contemptuous ridicule
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
ridicule:derision=??
deride←→praise
veneration←→derision
derivative adj. 派生的,无创意的
lacking originality:BANAL
precursory←→derivative
derogatory a. 贬损的
expressive of a low opinion:DISPARAGING
descendant n.后代,后裔
one deriving directly from a precursor or prototype
forbears←→descendants
desecrate vt. 供俗用,亵渎,污辱
to violate the sanctity of:PROFANE
desecrate←→sanctify/revere
desert vt. 放弃,遗弃,逃跑
to withdraw from or leave usually without intent to return
desiccate vt. 使干,干贮 (adj. Desiccated)
to preserve (a food) by drying:DEHYDRATE
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
caustic:eat away=desiccant:dry
desiccate:moisture=detoxify:poison
despair vi. 绝望
to lose all hope or confidence
abandon:inhibition=despair:hope
despicable a. 可鄙的,卑劣的
deserving to be despised:so worthless or obnoxious as to rouse moral indignation
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
despicable:value=mulish:flexible
despondent adj. 失望的,意气消沉的
feeling or showing extreme discouragement, dejection, or depression
elated←→despondent
sanguine←→despondent
dessert n.甜点心
a usually sweet course or dish (as of pastry or ice cream) served at the end of a meal
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
detach vt. 分离,分遣
to separate especially from a larger mass and usually without violence or damage
tether←→detach
deter vt. 制止,使断念,威慑
to turn aside, discourage, or prevent from acting
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
inducement←→deterrent
deter←→spur
detestable a. 嫌恶的,可憎的,可厌恶的
arousing or meriting intense dislike:ABOMINABLE
detract vt.vi. 减去,贬低
to diminish the importance, value, or effectiveness of something
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
detritus n. 碎石
a product of disintegration, destruction, or wearing away:DEBRIS
detritus←→valuable mass
deviation n. 背离
noticeable or marked departure from accepted norms of behavior
devise vt. 设计,发明,图谋,遗赠给
to form in the mind by new combinations or applications of ideas or principles:INVENT
devoted a. 投入的,深爱的
characterized by loyalty and devotion
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
fanatic:devoted=prude:proper
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
dabble←→dedicate/devote
devout a. 虔诚的,虔敬的,衷心的
devoted to religion or to religious duties or exercises
religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
impiety←→devoutness
dexterous a. 灵巧的,用右手的
mentally adroit and skillful:CLEVER
dexterous:awkward=??
diabolic adj. 恶魔 (一样) 的,魔鬼性格的
of, relating to, or characteristic of the devil:DEVILISH
diabolize←→benediction
diagnose vt.vi. 诊断
to recognize (as a disease) by signs and symptoms
diaphanous adj.(布)精致的,半透明的
characterized by such fineness of texture as to permit seeing through
diaphanous←→opaque
diaphanous adj.(布)精致的,半透明的
INSUBSTANTIAL, VAGUE
diaphanous←→substantial
diatribe n. (口头或书面猛烈的)抨击,抨击性演说
a bitter and abusive speech or writing
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
lullaby:song=diatribe:discourse
didactic adj.教诲的、说教的
designed or intended to teach
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge==exhortative:urge
didactic:teach=fantastic:amaze
diehard n. 顽固分子
strongly or fanatically determined or devoted
palter:candor=diehard:budge
diffident a. 无自信的,客客气气的,羞怯的
hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-confidence
diffident←→brassy
expansive←→reserved/diffident
digit n. 数字,位数,指头
any of the divisions in which the limbs of amphibians and all higher vertebrates terminate, which are typically five in number but may be reduced (as in the horse), and which typically have a series of phalanges bearing a nail, claw, or hoof at the tip
fang:tooth=finger:digit
dignity n. 尊严,高贵
quality or state of being worthy, honored, or esteemed
digress v. 离题,把(话题)离开
to turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
digressive:topic/subject=stray:group
stray:group=digress:subject
dilapidate vi.vt. (使)荒废,(使)毁坏
to bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin dilapidated←→restored
dilate vt.使膨胀;使扩大
to enlarge or expand in bulk or extent:DISTEND, WIDEN dilate←→contract
dilatory a. 拖拉的
characterized by procrastination:TARDY
dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
dilettante n. 半瓶醋,业余爱好者
a person having a superficial interest in an art or a branch of knowledge:DABBLER
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
diligent a. 勤勉的,用功的
characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort:PAINSTAKING
procrastination←→diligence
dilute v. 冲淡,稀释
to diminish the strength, flavor, or brilliance of by admixture
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength/concentration
din n. 喧闹声,嘈杂声
a loud continued noise; especially :a welter of discordant sounds
stench:nose=din:ear
dingus n. ((俚))新发明品; 新玩意儿
an ornamental attachment or decoration :DOODAD
dingy adj. 肮脏的,褪色的
DIRTY, DISCOLORED
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
diocesan a. 主教管区的
a bishop having jurisdiction over a diocese
diocesan←→ ecumenical
dire a. 可怕的,悲惨的,阴惨的,极端的
DISMAL, OPPRESSIVE
dire←→pleasant
dirge n. 哀歌、凄凉之曲调
a song or hymn of grief or lamentation; especially :one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites
disabuse v. 打消(某人)的错误念头,纠正
to free from error, fallacy, or misconception
disabuse:fallacy=cure:disease
loose:confinement:=disabuse:misconception
disaffected adj.(政治上)不满的,叛离的
discontented and resentful especially against authority:REBELLIOUS
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
officious:meddle=disaffected:rebel
disaffected←→contented
disaggregate vt.释放;排出 n.释放
to separate into component parts
disagreeable a. 不愉快的,厌恶的,不为人喜的
causing discomfort:UNPLEASANT, OFFENSIVE
disagreeable:hateful=harmful:lethal
disarm vi. 放下武器,缓和
to deprive of means, reason, or disposition to be hostile
bait←→disarm
disavow vt. 否认,否定,抵赖
to deny responsibility for:REPUDIATE
disavow←→affirm
discard vt. 丢弃,抛弃,解雇
to get rid of especially as useless or unpleasant
retain←→discard
discerning adj. 有洞察力的,眼力好的,眼光敏锐的
showing insight and understanding:DISCRIMINATING
palatable:savory=discernible:manifest
myopic←→discerning
discharge vt. 卸下,放出,解雇,放电,履行
to dismiss from employment
discharge←→hire
disclaim vt.vi. 放弃,弃权,拒绝
to renounce a legal claim to
discography n. (按作曲家、演奏家或演唱家分类之) 音乐唱片分类目录
a descriptive list of phonograph records by category, composer, performer, or date of release
list:discography=tool:hoe
discommode v. 使失态,慌张
to cause inconvenience to:TROUBLE
discommode←→assist
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
discompose vt. 使不安,使烦乱,使烦恼
to destroy the composure of
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
discord n. 不调和,不和
lack of agreement or harmony (as between persons, things, or ideas)
harmony←→discord
discourse n.演讲;论文
a:formal and orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a subject
b:connected speech or writing
c:a linguistic unit (as a conversation or a story) larger than a sentence lullaby:song=diatribe:discourse
discrepancy n. 不同,矛盾
an instance of being discrepant
discrepancy←→converge
discretion n. 慎重,辨别力,考虑,处理权
the quality of being discreet:CIRCUMSPECTION; especially :cautious reserve in speech frivolous
gravity=brash:discretion
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
discretionary adj.随意的,自由裁量的
left to discretion:exercised at one's own discretion
discretionary←→obligatory
discretionary←→mandatory
discriminate vt.vi. 区别,差别待遇
to mark or perceive the distinguishing or peculiar features of
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
liken:similarity=discriminate:difference
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
equitable←→discriminatory/unfair
discursive adj. 散漫的,无层次的
moving from topic to topic without order:RAMBLING
discursive←→keen on title
discursive←→succinct
disdain v. 轻视、鄙视
a feeling of contempt for what is beneath one:SCORN
snub:disdain=double cross:disloyalty
adulation←→disdain
disengage vt. 使自由,解放,解开
to release from something that engages or involves
disgorge v. 呕出,(水)流走
to discharge by the throat and mouth:VOMIT
disgorge←→swallow
disgruntle vt. 使不高兴
to make ill-humored or discontented ? usually used as a participial adjective
disgruntle←→refresh
disgruntled←→contented
disguise vi.隐瞒,掩埋 n.假装
to furnish with a false appearance or an assumed identity
padding:damage=disguise:recognition
disgust n. 厌恶,嫌恶
marked aversion aroused by something highly distasteful:REPUGNANCE
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
odious:disgust=menacing:fear
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
dishevel vt. 使蓬乱,使头发凌乱
to throw into disorder or disarray
disinclination n. 不起劲,不感兴趣,厌恶
a preference for avoiding something:slight aversion
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
aversion:inclination=??
disinfect vt. 消毒
to free from infection especially by destroying harmful microorganisms
oil:lubricate=antiseptic:disinfect
disinterested a. 无私欲的,廉洁的,公平的
free from selfish motive or interest:UNBIASED
factional←→disinterested
iniquity←→disinterestedness
disjunctive a. 可分的,分离的,分隔的
marked by breaks or disunity
nominal:significance=disjunctive:unity
dismantle vt. 拆除...的设备,分解,去除覆盖物
to take to pieces; also :to destroy the integrity or functioning of
disparage v. 贬抑,轻蔑
to depreciate by indirect means (as invidious comparison):speak slightingly about
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
aggrandize←→disparage
champion←→disparage extol←→disparage
disparate adj. 迥然不同的,不可并论的
containing or made up of fundamentally different and often incongruous elements
dispassionate adj. 平心静气的
not influenced by strong feeling; especially :not affected by personal or emotional involvement
dispassionate←→responsive
dispatch v. 派遣,一下做完、吃完 n. 迅速
promptness and efficiency in performance or transmission
dispatch←→leisureliness
disposal n. 处理,排列,支配,布置,废料
systematic destruction; especially :destruction or transformation of garbage
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
disquiet n./v. 担心,焦虑
to take away the peace or tranquillity of:DISTURB, ALARM
disquiet←→put at ease
disrupt vt. 使分裂,使瓦解
to throw into disorder
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
dissect vt.vi. 解剖,切细
to analyze and interpret minutely
specimen:dissect=sentence:parse
dissemble v. 隐藏、掩饰(感受,意图)
to put on a false appearance:conceal facts, intentions, or feelings under some pretense
dissemble:honesty=snub:politeness
dissemble:information=masquerade:feeling
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
disseminate vt. 散播,传播,宣传
to spread abroad as though sowing seed
disseminate:information=foment:discontentment
disseminate←→garner
dissension n. 意见不合,纠纷,倾轧
DISAGREEMENT; especially :partisan and contentious quarreling
concord←→dissension
dissent vi. 持异议,不同意
to withhold assent
dissenter:orthodox=maverick:group
dissertation n. 论文
an extended usually written treatment of a subject; specifically :one submitted for a doctorate
dissipate vt. 散失,驱散,浪费 (dissipation)
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
accumulation←→dissipation
dissipate←→accumulate
dissipate←→gather
amass←→dissipate
dissociate vt.vi. 分离,游离,分裂
to separate from association or union with another
affiliation←→dissociation
dissolute adj.放荡的,无节制的
lacking restraint; especially :marked by indulgence in things
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
dissolve vt.vi. 溶解,解散
to cause to pass into solution
clot:dissolved=crowd:dispersed
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
dissonance n.不和谐(的音调)
lack of agreement; especially :inconsistency between the beliefs one holds or between one's actions and one's beliefs
dissonance←→concord
dissuade vt. 劝阻
to advise (a person) against something
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
dissuade←→abet
distention n. 膨胀
the act of distending or the state of being distended especially unduly or abnormally
distention←→compression
distillation n. 蒸馏
the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
distill:purity=leaven:volume
distinction n. 区别
the quality or state of being distinguishable
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
nebulous←→distinct
repute←→lack of distinction
distinguished a. 卓著的,著名的
marked by eminence, distinction, or excellence
eminent←→undistinguished
distort vt. 扭曲,歪曲
to twist out of the true meaning or proportion brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
distract vt. 转移,分心,使发狂
to draw or direct (as one's attention) to a different object or in different directions at the same time
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
rapt←→distracted
distraught adj. 心神狂乱的
agitated with doubt or mental conflict
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
distraught←→composed
ditch n. 沟
a long narrow excavation dug in the earth
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
ditty n. 小调,小曲
an especially simple and unaffected song
fable:tale=ditty:song
diurnal adj. 白昼的,白天的
of, relating to, or occurring in the daytime
diurnal←→nocturnal
diverge vi. 分歧,岔开
to move or extend in different directions from a common point:draw apart
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
diverge:apart=traverse:across
divert vt.使转向 vi.转移
to turn from one course or use to another:DEFLECT
divert:shunt=retard:brake
divestiture n. 剥夺,脱衣
the act of divesting
divestiture←→acquisition
divulge vt.泄漏(秘密等);宣布,公布
to make known (as a confidence or secret)
divulge←→keep secret
doctrine n.教义,主义;学说
a principle or position or the body of principles in a branch of knowledge or system of belief:DOGMA
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
dodder vi. 摇摆,蹒跚
to progress feebly and unsteadily
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
doff vt. 脱,丢弃,废除
to remove (an article of wear) from the body
doff←→don
dogged a. 顽固的,顽强的
marked by stubborn determination
dogged←→yielded
dogged←→easily discouraged
doggerel adj. 歪诗的,打油诗
loosely styled and irregular in measure especially for burlesque or comic effect; also :marked by triviality or inferiority
doggerel:verse=burlesque:play
doggo adv. ((俚)) (一动不动地) 隐藏着
in hiding
doggo:instability=??
dogma n. 教条
something held as an established opinion; especially :a definite authoritative tenet
dogma←→heresy
doldrums n. (海洋上的)无风带,情绪低沉
state or period of inactivity, stagnation, or slump
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
dolorous adj. 悲哀的,忧愁的
causing, marked by, or expressing misery or grief
dolorous←→jubilant
dolt n. 呆子,笨蛋,傻瓜
a stupid person
wag:humorous=dolt:stupid
domination n. 支配,控制,管辖
supremacy or preeminence over another
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
domineering adj. 盛气凌人的,跋扈的,作威作福的
inclined to domineer
don vt. 穿上
to put on (an article of clothing)
doff←→don
donor n. 捐赠人
one that gives, donates, or presents something
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
doodle n.v. 乱写,乱画
an aimless or casual scribble, design, or sketch
draw:doodle=travel:ramble
dour a. 不爱讲话的,沉沉的,严厉的
STERN, HARSH
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
dour←→congenial/genial
downpour 暴雨
a pouring or streaming downward; especially :a heavy rain
downpour:flooding=wind:erosion
wind:erosion=downpour:flooding
doyen n. 老资格,首席
a:the senior member of a body or group
b:a person considered to be knowledgeable or uniquely skilled as a result of long experience in some field of endeavor
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
draconian adj. 严峻的,苛刻的
CRUEL; also :SEVERE
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
draconian←→indulgent/mild
drawl vt.vi. 懒洋洋地说,做作而慢慢地说
to utter in a slow lengthened tone
inch:move=drawl:speak
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
dreary a. 沉闷的
having nothing likely to provide cheer, comfort, or interest:GLOOMY, DISMAL
jocund←→dreary
drivel vi. 淌口水,说傻话
to utter in an infantile or imbecilic way
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
drizzle n./v. 下毛毛雨,毛毛雨
a fine misty rain
deluge←→drizzle
droll adj. 古怪的,好笑的
having a humorous, whimsical, or odd quality
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
droll←→grave
droplet n. 小滴
a tiny drop (as of a liquid)
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
drudgery n. 苦差事,苦工
dull, irksome, and fatiguing work:uninspiring or menial labor
drudgery←→rewarding work
dryad n. 森林的精灵
WOOD NYMPH
dubious a. 可疑的,不确定的
questionable or suspect as to true nature or quality
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
dubious←→certain
dulcet adj.(声音)悦耳的,美妙的
pleasing to the ear
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
dull a. 钝的,无趣的,呆滞的,阴暗的
lacking brilliance or luster
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
brilliance←→dullness
perspicuous←→dull
resplendent←→dull
trenchant←→vague/dull
dullard n.笨蛋
a stupid or unimaginative person
dupe n. 傻瓜,易受骗的人
one that is easily deceived or cheated:FOOL
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
dwelling n. 住处
a shelter (as a house) in which people live
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
dyspeptic a. 消化不良的,胃弱的,患胃病的
INDIGESTION
genial←→dyspeptic
eaglet n. 小鹰
a young eagle eaglet:bird
eaglet:bird=frog:amphibian
earnest a.认真的,诚恳的
characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind
facetious←→earnest
earplug n. 耳栓
device of pliable material for insertion into the outer opening of the ear (as to keep out water or deaden sound)
earplug:noise=shield:impact
earshot n. 听力所及之范围,声音所及的距离
the range within which the unaided voice may be heard
earshot:hear=ken:see
earsplitting a. 震耳欲聋的
distressingly loud or shrill
earsplitting:voice=??
ebullience n. 沸腾,热情,热情洋溢
the quality of lively or enthusiastic expression of thoughts or feelings:EXUBERANCE
ebullience←→impassiveness
eccentric a. 古怪的,反常的,不同圆心的
deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct especially in odd or whimsical ways
hero:admirable=eccentric:unconventional
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
echelon n.[军]梯队;组织系统中的等级
an arrangement of a body of troops with its units each somewhat to the left or right of the one in the rear like a series of steps
echelon:hierarchy=??
eclat n. 辉煌的成就; 喝采; 名声
brilliant or conspicuous success
eclat←→fiasco
eclectic n. 折衷主义者,折衷派的人
selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles
eclipse n. (日,月)蚀,名声缺落,失势
a falling into obscurity or decline; also :the state of being eclipsed
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
ecumenical adj. 世界范围的,节俭的,一般性的,普遍性的
worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity
diocesan←→ecumenical
edifice n. 大厦,大建筑物
BUILDING; especially :a large or massive structure
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier
efface v. 擦掉,抹去
to make (oneself) modestly or shyly inconspicuous
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface blazon←→efface
effervesce vi. 冒泡,沸腾,兴奋
to show liveliness or exhilaration
effervesce←→be flat
effervescent←→still
effete adj. 衰老的,虚弱的,精疲力尽的
having lost character, vitality, or strength
effete←→hale
effluvia n. pl. 臭气(effluvium的复数形式),没用的副产品
a by-product especially in the form of waste
effluvia←→desired products
effulgent adj.光辉的,灿烂的
radiant splendor:BRILLIANCE
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
effusive a. 感情横溢的,流出的
characterized or formed by a nonexplosive outpouring of lava
gush:effusive=rage:irate
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
egocentric adj.自我中心的,利己的
concerned with the individual rather than society
altruism←→egocentric
elaborate a. 精细的,详尽的,精心的
marked by complexity, fullness of detail, or ornateness
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
abstract←→elaborate
elastic a. 有弹性的,能伸缩的,可通融的
capable of being easily stretched or expanded and resuming former shape:FLEXIBLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
elastic:expand=viable:live
elated adj. 得意洋洋的振奋的
marked by high spirits:EXULTANT
elated←→despondent
elation←→dejection
eleemosynary a. 施舍的,慈善的,接受接济的
of, relating to, or supported by charity
philanthropist:eleemosynary=??
elegant a. 优雅的,端庄的,高雅的
of a high grade or quality:SPLENDID
insolent←→polite {elegant}
elegy n. 哀歌、挽歌
a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for one who is dead
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
elephantine a. 象的,巨大的,粗笨的
having enormous size or strength:MASSIVE
microscopic←→elephantine
elevate vt. 举起,提拔,鼓舞
to raise in rank or status:EXALT
debasement←→elevation
elicit vt. 引出,抽出,引起
to draw forth or bring out
evoke←→fail to elicit
elitism n.精英论,优秀人士统治
leadership or rule by an elite
ellipsis n省略
the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence
elliptical a.椭圆的;省略的 , 朦胧的,含糊的
of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style)
elliptical←→palpable
elongate v.延长,伸长
to extend the length of
elucidate v.阐明说明
to give a clarifying explanation
garble←→elucidate
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
emanate vi. 散发,发出,发源
to come out from a source
emancipate v. 解放,解除
to free from restraint, control, or the power of another; especially :to free from bondage
emancipate←→shackle
embargo n. 禁运令,封港令
a legal prohibition on commerce
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact
embark vi. 乘船,着手,从事,上飞机
to make a start
conclude←→embark on
embarrass vt. 使困窘,使局促不安,阻碍
to place in doubt, perplexity, or difficulties
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
embarrass:shame=console:comfort
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
embed vt.埋
to enclose closely in or as if in a matrix
embed←→extract
embolden v.给……壮胆,鼓励
to instill with boldness or courage
appall←→embolden/nerve
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
boggle←→embolden
embolden←→daunt
embrace n. 拥抱
close encircling with the arms and pressure to the bosom especially as a sign of affection:HUG
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome
abjure←→embrace/espouse
ostracize←→include/embrace
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
encompass v. 围绕,包围
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE
encompass←→exclude
emigrate vi.vt. (使)移居,(使)移民
to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
eminence n. 卓越;显赫;(此处喻指高处)
one that is eminent, prominent, or lofty:as
a:an anatomical protuberance (as on a bone)
b:a person of high rank or attainments
c:a natural elevation
master:experience=luminary:eminence
maven:experience=luminary:eminence
eminent←→undistinguished
emphasis n. 强调,加强,重要,强语气
special consideration of or stress or insistence on something
underscore:emphasis=brand:ownership
emulate vt.与…竞争;效法
strive to equal or excel
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
enact vt. 制定法律,扮演,颁布
to establish by legal and authoritative act; specifically :to make (as a bill) into law
rescission←→enactment
enamel n. 珐琅,瓷釉
a hard calcareous substance that forms a thin layer capping the teeth
enamel:tooth=bark:tree
enclosure n. 附件,围墙,围绕
something that encloses
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
encomium n. 赞颂,颂辞
glowing and warmly enthusiastic praise;
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
encomium←→harsh criticism
encompass 1. 围绕,包围 2. 包含,含有
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE obsolete :to go completely around
encounter n. v. 相会,相遇,遭遇
to come upon face-to-face
circumlocutory←→direct encounter
encumbrance n. 阻碍,妨害物,累赘
something that encumbers:IMPEDIMENT
encyclopedia n. 百科全书
a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject
encyclopedia:compendious=??
endorse vt.签名于(票据)等的背面vt.确认;赞同;支持
to approve openly especially :to express support or approval of publicly and definitely rider:bill=endorsement:policy
endorse←→oppose publicly
impugn←→endorse
enduring a. 持久的,忍耐的
LASTING, DURABLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
transitory:endure=immutable:change transitory←→enduring
enervate vt.使衰弱
to lessen the vitality or strength of
enervation:vitality=debase:value
curtail:period=enervate:energy
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enervate←→invigorate
enervate←→fortify/strengthen
enfeeble vt. 使衰弱
to make feeble:deprive of strength
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enfeeble←→invigorate
tonic←→enfeebling
enfranchise vt. 给予自治权,给予选举权,解放
to endow with a franchise:as
a:to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage b:to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights
enfranchise←→enfetter
engender vt. 产生,引起
to cause to exist or to develop:PRODUCE
quash←→engender
engross vt.全神贯注于
to take or engage the whole attention of:occupy completely
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish { absorbed:engrossed}
enigmatic a. 阴阳怪气的,谜一般的,高深莫测的
of, relating to, or resembling an enigma:MYSTERIOUS
enigmatic:simplistic=??
enigmatic←→broadly known { wildly accepted}
enigmatic←→ readily understood
enlighten vt. 授予...知识,启发,教导,开导
a:to furnish knowledge to:INSTRUCT
b:to give spiritual insight to
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
ennoble vt. 授予爵位,使高贵
to make noble:ELEVATE
ennui n. 倦怠,厌倦
a feeling of weariness and dissatisfaction:BOREDOM
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
ennui←→energy/enthusiasm
ennui←→keen interest
ennui←→exuberance
enslave vt.奴役
to reduce to or as if to slavery:SUBJUGATE
manumit←→enslave
ensuing adj. 随后的,接着的
to take place afterward or as a result
anterior←→ensuing
entangle vt. 使纠缠,卷入,使混乱
a:to wrap or twist together:INTERWEAVE
b:ENSNARE
disentangle←→snarl
enthusiasm n. 狂热,热心
a:strong excitement of feeling:ARDOR
b:something inspiring zeal or fervor
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm ennui←→energy/enthusiasm
entice vt. 诱骗,引诱,怂恿
to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing hope or desire:TEMPT
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
entrance vt. 使出神,使入迷
to carry away with delight, wonder, or rapture
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
entrap vt. 骗入,诱捕,使陷入
to catch in or as if in a trap
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied
entreaty n. 恳求,哀求
an act of entreating:PLEA
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
entry n. 登录,条目,报关手续,入口,进入
a descriptive record (as in a card catalog or an index)
journal:entries=run:performance
enumerate vt. 列举,计算,枚举,数
to specify one after another:LIST
enunciate v. 发音,(清楚地)表达
a:to make a definite or systematic statement of
b:ANNOUNCE, PROCLAIM
enunciate←→mumble
envision vt. 想象,预想
to picture to oneself
ephemeral adj. 朝生暮死的,生命短暂的
lasting a very short time
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:transience=permanent:perpetually
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
epic 史诗;英勇的;超出正常范围的
extending beyond the usual or ordinary especially in size or scope
epic←→modest
epicure n. 美食家
one with sensitive and discriminating tastes especially in food or wine
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
epigram n. 警句,讽刺短诗
a concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically with a single thought or event and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
epilogue n. 收场白,尾声
a concluding section that rounds out the design of a literary work; the final scene of a play that comments on or summarizes the main action; the concluding section of a musical composition:CODA
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
terminus:stop=epilogue:story
preface←→epilogue
epistemology n. 认识论
the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity
aesthetics:beauty=epistemology:knowledge
epitomize vt. 摘要,概括
to serve as the typical or ideal example of
equable adj. 稳定的,(脾气)温和的
marked by lack of noticeable, unpleasant, or extreme variation or inequality
equable←→intemperate
equipoise n. 平衡,均衡
a state of equilibrium
equipoise:vacillate=??
equity a. 公平的,公正的
justice according to natural law or right; specifically :freedom from bias or favoritism
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
equitable←→discriminatory/unfair
equivocal adj. 意义含糊的,不直率的
a:subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse
b:uncertain as an indication or sign
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
equivocate:commitment=procrastinate:action
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
equivocation:truth=metaphor:description
waffle←→speak unequivocally
erect vt. 使竖立,使直立,树立,建立
SET UP, ESTABLISH
suspend←→erect
erect a. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的
characterized by firm or rigid straightness in bodily posture
prostrate←→erect
slouch←→stand erect
erode v. (受)腐蚀,(受)侵蚀
to diminish or destroy by degrees
accrete:growth=erode:destruction downpour:flooding=wind:erosion
gully:erosion=callus:friction
wind:erosion=downpour:flooding
deposit←→process of eroding
errant a. 周游的,错误的,不定的
traveling or given to traveling
amorphous:shape=errant:course
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
erratic a.反复无常的,古怪的
having no fixed course:WANDERING
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
erudite adj.博学的,饱学的
possessing or displaying erudition:LEARNED
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
escalate v.(战争等)升级,扩大,上升
to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope
escalate←→diminish
eschew v.避开,戒绝
to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds:SHUN
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome
esoteric adj.秘传的,神秘的
designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone
esoteric←→common accepted
esoteric←→generally known
espouse vt. 支持,赞成,嫁娶
to take up and support as a cause:become attached to
abjure←→embrace/espouse
esteem n. 尊敬,尊重
to set a high value on:regard highly and prize accordingly
stigma←→mark of esteem
odium←→esteem
estimable a. 可尊敬的,可估计的
estimable←→contemptible
worthy of esteem
estrange vt. 使疏远,离间,使离开
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE
estrangement←→rapprochement
estrange vt.使疏远
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE
etch n. 腐蚀剂
a chemical agent used in etching
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
ethereal a. 轻的,象空气的,天上的
a:lacking material substance:IMMATERIAL, INTANGIBLE
b:marked by unusual delicacy or refinement
ethereal←→material/ponderous
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively
ethics n. 道德规范
the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
logic:reasoning=ethics:behavior
eulogize vt. 称赞,颂扬
to speak or write in high praise of:EXTOL
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
eulogy:speak=??
euphemism n. 婉言,委婉的说法
the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
euphonious a. 音响好的,悦耳的,和谐的
pleasing to the ear
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
euphoria n. 安乐感,陶醉,陶醉感
a feeling of well-being or elation
satisfaction:euphoria==??
evade vt.vi. 规避,逃避,躲避
to avoid answering directly:turn aside
evade:answer=goldbrick:work
evanescent adj.短暂的,瞬息的
tending to vanish like vapor
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
abiding←→evanescent
evasive a. 逃避的,回避的,托辞的
tending or intended to evade:EQUIVOCAL inclemency:evasion
everlasting a. 永恒的,持久的,无止境的
lasting or enduring through all time:ETERNAL
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
evict vt. 逐出,赶出,驱逐
to force out:EXPEL
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
evict:residence=banish:country harbor←→evict
evoke vt. 唤起,引起
to call forth or up
evoke←→fail to elicit
exacerbate vt. 恶化,增剧,激怒,使加剧
to make more violent, bitter, or severe
palliate←→exacerbate
exacting a. 苛求的,吃力的
tryingly or unremittingly severe in making demands
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied =wary:gulled
exaggerate vt.vi. 夸大,夸张
to enlarge or increase especially beyond the normal:OVEREMPHASIZE
anger:tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
exalt n. 提升,提高,得意洋洋
to elevate by praise or in estimation:GLORIFY
exaltation←→condemnation
exasperate vt. 使恼怒,激怒,恶化
a:to excite the anger of:ENRAGE
b:to cause irritation or annoyance to
exceptional a. 例外的,异常的,特别的
deviating from the norm
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting
excerpt n.摘录,节录; 引用(from)
to select (a passage) for quoting:EXTRACT
exclamation n. 惊呼,惊叹词
a sharp or sudden utterance
excoriate v. 撕去皮,严厉批评
to censure scathingly
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
excrete vt.排泄,分泌
to separate and eliminate or discharge (waste) from the blood or tissues or from the active protoplasm
excrete←→ingest
exculpate vt. 使无罪,分辩,辩解,开脱
to clear from alleged fault or guilt
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
exculpate←→inculpate
excursive a. 游览的,离题的,散漫的
constituting a digression:characterized by digression
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
execrate v.憎恶,咒骂
to declare to be evil or detestable:DENOUNCE
execrable←→commendable/laudable
execute vt. 执行,实行,制成,处死
to carry out fully:put completely into effect
impossible:execute=adamant:moved
vagary:predict=impossibility:execute
exemplary a. 可仿效的,可做模范的
a:serving as a pattern
b:deserving imitation:COMMENDABLE
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
exempt a. 免除的 vt. 使免除,豁免 n. 免税者,被免除义务者
free or released from some liability or requirement to which others are subject
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
exert vt. 发挥,运用,施以影响
to bring to bear especially with sustained effort or lasting effect
exhaust vt. 用尽,耗尽,抽完,使精疲力尽
to consume entirely:USE UP
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
exhilarate vt. 使高兴,使愉快
a:to make cheerful
b:ENLIVEN, EXCITE
exhilarate←→sadden
exhortation n.劝告,规劝
language intended to incite and encourage
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
exhortative:urge=didactic:teach { risible:ridicule}
exodus vt.大批离去
a mass departure:EMIGRATION
exodus←→influx
exonerate v. 免除责任,确定无罪
to relieve of a responsibility, obligation, or hardship
exonerate←→censure
exonerate←→inculpate
incrimination←→exoneration
exorbitant adj.过份的,过度的
exceeding in intensity, quality, amount, or size the customary or appropriate limits
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
exotic a.外来的,异国的
introduced from another country:not native to the place where found
exotic←→indigenous
expansive a. 易膨胀的,易扩张的,健谈的
characterized by high spirits, generosity, or readiness to talk:OPEN
expansive←→reserved/diffident
expansive←→malicious
expansive←→taciturn/withdrawn/limited
expedite vt. 加快,促进,派出 a. 畅通的,无阻碍的,迅速的,方便的
to accelerate the process or progress of:speed up
expedite:process=accelerate:pace
expedite←→retard
expedition n. 远征,探险队,迅速
efficient promptness:SPEED
expedition←→foot dragging
explicit adj.清楚明确的
fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity:leaving no question as to meaning or intent
explicit←→obscure
immanent←→explicit
exponent n. 说明者,支持者
a:one that expounds or interprets
b:one that champions, practices, or exemplifies
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
expurgate v. 净化,删去
to cleanse of something morally harmful, offensive, or erroneous; especially :to expunge objectionable parts from before publication or presentation
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
extant adj. 现存的,传世的
currently or actually existing
extant←→extinct/lost
extenuate vt. 减轻,使人原谅
to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of by making partial excuses:MITIGATE
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness
exterminate vt. 扑灭,消灭,根绝
to get rid of completely usually by killing off
extinct a.绝种的;熄灭了的
no longer existing
extant←→extinct
extinct←→resuscitated
extinction←→perpetuation
extinguish vt.熄灭,扑灭;消灭
to cause to cease burning:QUENCH
extinguish←→kindle
ignite←→extinguish
extol v. 赞美
to praise highly:GLORIFY
deprecate←→extol
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
extol←→censure
extol←→disparage
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
extol←→malign
extort vt. 勒索,敲诈,强要
to obtain from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or illegal power:WRING
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation extort:obtain
extraneous adj.外来的,无关的
a:not forming an essential or vital part
b:having no relevance
apposite←→extraneous
extraneous←→essential
extravagant adj.奢侈的 无节制的
a:spending much more than necessary
b:PROFUSE, LAVISH
frugality←→extravagancy
extricate v. 拯救,救出
to free or remove from an entanglement or difficulty
extrovert n. 『心理』性格外向的人
a gregarious and unreserved person
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting
exuberant a. 繁茂的,丰富的,非凡的
joyously unrestrained and enthusiastic
ennui←→exuberance
exude vt.vi. (使)流出,(使)渗出
to undergo diffusion
exude←→absorb
exultant adj. 愉悦的
filled with or expressing great joy or triumph:JUBILANT
abject←→exultant
dejected←→exultant
fabricate vt.制造;装配,伪造
CONSTRUCT, MANUFACTURE; specifically :to construct from diverse and usually standardized parts
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
facetious adj. 轻浮的,好开玩笑的
joking or jesting often inappropriately:WAGGISH
facetious:speech=antic:behavior
facetious←→earnest
facilitate vt. 帮助,使容易,促进
to make easier:help bring about
facilitate←→impeding
obstruct←→facilitate
hamper←→facilitate
faction n. 小派系,内讧
a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking:CLIQUE
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
factional←→disinterested
faint a. 微弱的,无力的,模糊的
lacking strength or vigor:performed, offered, or accomplished weakly or languidly
stentorian←→faint
fainthearted a. 懦弱的,无精神的,胆小的
lacking courage or resolution:TIMID
fallacy n. 错误的观念或信念,谬见,谬论
a:a false or mistaken idea
b:erroneous character:ERRONEOUSNESS
disabuse:fallacy=cure:disease
falsehood n. 谎言,虚假
absence of truth or accuracy
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
falter vt. 支吾地说,迟疑
a:to hesitate in purpose or action:WAVER
b:to lose drive or effectiveness
falter:act=stammer:speak
fantasy n. 幻想,白日梦
imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque
characters nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
farce n. 闹剧,胡闹
ridiculous or empty show
farce:performance=limerick:poem
fascinate vt. 令人入神,使着迷
to be irresistibly attractive
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
fast n. 绝食,斋戒
the act to eat sparingly or abstain from some foods
fast:eat=respite:labor
fast:eat=moratorium:act
fast ad. 很快地,紧紧地,彻底地
in a firm or fixed manner
fast←→loosely attach
fasten vt. 拴紧,使固定,强加于,集中于
to attach especially by pinning, tying, or nailing
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
fastidious adj.难取悦的,挑剔的
showing or demanding excessive delicacy or care
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
dapper:fastidious=??
fastidious←→coarse
fastidious←→easygoing/cursory/uncritical
fathom n. 英寻(=1829米),v. 领会,理解
to penetrate and come to understand
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
measurable←→unfathomable
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable
measurable←→unfathomed
fatigue n. 疲乏,劳累
weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress
fatigue:rest=dehydration:water
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose
indefatigable←→soon tired
fatuous adj. 愚昧而不自知的
complacently or inanely foolish:SILLY
fawn n.未满周岁的小鹿,v.巴结,奉承
to court favor by a cringing or flattering manner
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
equivocate:directness=fawn:imperiousness
faze vt. 打扰,折磨,使狼狈
to disturb the composure of:DISCONCERT, DAUNT
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
fazed←→undisturbed
feckless a. 没精神的,软弱的,无用的
WEAK, INEFFECTIVE
feckless←→responsible
fecund a. 多产的,丰饶的,肥沃的
fruitful in offspring or vegetation:PROLIFIC
deprivation←→fecundity
feeble a. 微弱的,衰弱的,无效的
a:markedly lacking in strength
b:indicating weakness
fender n.挡泥板,护舷的垫子等
a device in front of locomotives and streetcars to lessen injury to animals or pedestrians in case of collision
fender:collision
feral a. 野生的,凶猛的
not domesticated or cultivated:WILD
feral←→cultivated
fertilize vt. 施肥,使丰饶,使受精
to make fertile
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
fervid a. 热的,热心的
marked by often extreme fervor
fervid←→restrained
fervor n. 热诚,热心
intensity of feeling or expression
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
fervor:zealot=improvidence:spendthrift
zealotry←→lack of fervor
fetid a. 有恶臭的
having a heavy offensive smell
grating;sound=fetid:smell
fetter n. 脚镣,束缚
to restrain from motion, action, or progress
enfranchise←→enfetter
liberalistic←→enfetterist
fiasco n. 大失败,惨败
a complete failure
fiasco←→a notable success
fictitious adj. 假的、虚构的
of, relating to, or characteristic of fiction:IMAGINARY
fictitious←→factual
fidelity n. 忠实,诚实,忠诚,保真度
the quality or state of being faithful
apostasy←→fidelity
figurative a. 比喻的,形容多的,修饰丰富的
a:representing by a figure or resemblance:EMBLEMATIC
b:of or relating to representation of form or figure in art
filibuster n./v. 妨碍议事,阻挠
the use of extreme dilatory tactics in an attempt to delay or prevent action especially in a legislative assembly
filigree n. 金银丝做的工艺品
ornamental openwork of delicate or intricate design
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy [filigree:delicacy ]
filly n. 小雌马,小姑娘
a young female horse usually of less than four years
filly:horse=pullet:chicken
filter vt.过滤 n.滤纸
a porous article or mass (as of paper or sand) through which a gas or liquid is passed to separate out matter in suspension
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
finesse n. 技巧、计谋、手段
skillful handling of a situation:adroit maneuvering
finesse←→ineptitude
finicky a. 过分注意的,过分周到的,过分讲究的
extremely or excessively nice, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
flaccid n. 软弱,没气力
not firm or stiff; also :
lacking normal or youthful firmness
flaccidity←→firmness
flagging a. 下垂的,衰弱的,委顿的
LANGUID, WEAK
flagging←→thriving
flagging←→vibrant
flag←→wax
flamboyant a. 辉耀的,华丽的,火焰似的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued
flamboyant←→understate
flamboyant adj. 艳丽的,炫耀的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued
flange n. 边缘,轮缘,凸缘,法兰
a projecting edge of cloth used for decoration on clothing
flannel n.法兰绒;法兰绒衣服
outer garments of flannel; especially :men's trousers
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric{ limerick:poem }
flatter vt. 过分夸赞,奉承,阿谀,使高兴
to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest
flatter:praise=loquacious:talkative
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
toady:flatter=??
flaw n. 瑕疵,v. 生裂缝
a defect in physical structure or form
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
flax n. 亚麻,麻布,亚麻织品
any of a genus (Linum of the family Linaceae, the flax family) of herbs; especially :a slender erect annual (L. usitatissimum) with blue flowers commonly cultivated for its bast fiber and seed
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
fledge vi. 长羽毛
to acquire the feathers necessary for flight or independent activity
fledging←→molt
flexible a. 易曲的,灵活的,可通融的,能变形的,柔软的
capable of being flexed:PLIANT
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
static:move=pliable:inflexible
calcification←→flexibility
flexible←→mulish
flinch v.畏缩,退缩
to withdraw or shrink from or as if from pain:WINCE; also :to tense the muscles involuntarily in anticipation of discomfort
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
stoic:flinch=??
flint n. 打火石,燧石,极硬的东西
a massive hard quartz that produces a spark when struck by steel
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen
flippancy n.无礼,言语尖刻
unbecoming levity or pertness especially in respect to grave or sacred matters
flippancy←→seriousness
flirt vi. 调情,玩弄,摆动,轻率地对待
to behave amorously without serious intent
flirt:decency=??
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
flock n. 群,一群人,大量
a group of birds or mammals assembled or herded together
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
flounder vi. 挣扎,折腾,挣扎着前进
to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually
flounder:process=??
flounder←→slide
flourish vi.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺
to grow luxuriantly:THRIVE
flourish←→waste away
flout v\n.嘲弄,愚弄,轻视
to treat with contemptuous disregard:SCORN
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
fluctuate vi. 变动,上下,动摇
to shift back and forth uncertainly
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation
fluent a. 流利的,流畅的
a:ready or facile in speech
b:effortlessly smooth and rapid:POLISHED
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
fluent←→halting
flush a. 丰足的,齐平的,,泛滥的,满盈的
to pour liquid over or through; especially :to cleanse or wash out with or as if with a rush of liquid
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush
fluster a. 慌乱,狼狈,混乱,激动
to put into a state of agitated confusion:UPSET
flustered←→calm
foible n.小缺点,小毛病
a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior:WEAKNESS
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
foil v. 阻挠,n. ①花剑,②金属薄片
a thin piece of material (as metal) put under an inferior or paste stone to add color or brilliance
foil:metal=veneer:wood
folly n.愚笨,愚蠢;傻念头
a foolish act or idea
folly←→sagacious
foment vt.引发
to promote the growth or development of:ROUSE, INCITE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
disseminate:information=foment:discontentment
defuse←→foment
foment←→inhibit
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
squelch←→foment
fondness n. (U)慈爱; 溺爱
tender affection
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
foolhardy adj. 鲁莽的,有勇无谋的
foolishly adventurous and bold:RASH
footloose adj. 自由自在的,无拘束的
having no ties:free to move about
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
footloose←→attached
forbears n. 列祖列宗
forbears←→descendants
forbidding a.令人生畏的
such as to make approach or passage difficult or impossible
forestry n. 林产,森林地
the management of growing timber
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture
forgery n. 伪造,伪造罪,伪造物
an act of forging; especially :the crime of falsely and fraudulently making or altering a document (as a check)
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
formidable adj. 可怕的,困难的
causing fear, dread, or apprehension
formidable←→comforting
formidable←→simple/reassure
forthright adj.直接的;立即的
free from ambiguity or evasiveness:going straight to the point
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
fortify vt. 增强
to make strong:as
a:to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to
b:to add mental or moral strength to:ENCOURAGE
debilitated←→fortified
vitiate←→fortify
enervate←→fortify/strengthen
foster vt. 养育,抚育,抱(希望),鼓励,培养
to promote the growth or development of:ENCOURAGE
foster←→retract
founder n.创立者,奠基者
one that founds or establishes
founder vt. 弄摔倒,弄跛,浸水,破坏
to become submerged:SINK
founder←→stay aloft
foundry n. 铸造,铸造场,铸造类
the act, process, or art of casting metals
fracture n. 破碎,骨折
RUPTURE, TEAR
cement←→fracture
fragile a. 易碎的,脆的
a:easily broken or destroyed
b:constitutionally delicate:lacking in physical vigor
fragile:break=porous:penetrate
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
fraudulent a. 欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的
characterized by, based on, or done by fraud:DECEITFUL
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
freewheel vi. 轻松快活地行动,凭惯性前进
to move, live, or play freely or irresponsibly
frenzy n.狂热
a violent mental or emotional agitation
convulsion:contraction=frenzy:emotion
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate
fresco n.壁画
the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor
friable a.易碎的
easily crumbled or pulverized
friable:crumble=malleable:alter
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
friable←→not easily crumbled/resistance to be pulverized
friction n. 摩擦,医疗摩擦,不和
the rubbing of one body against another
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
frieze n. (在墙顶与天花板间起装饰作用的)横条,饰带
a heavy durable coarse wool and shoddy fabric with a rough surface
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
frigid a. 死板的;呆板的,寒冷的
sweltering←→frigid
frivolous a. 轻佻的,妄动的,琐碎的
intensely cold
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
frowsy a. 不整洁的,有臭味的,很闷的 (frowzy)
having a slovenly or uncared-for appearance
dapper←→frowsy
frugal a.节约的,节俭的
characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
frugality←→extravagancy
frustrate v.挫败,使沮丧
a:to balk or defeat in an endeavor
b:to induce feelings of discouragement in
frustrate←→abet
full-bodied adj. 味道浓郁的
imparting to the palate the general impression of substantial weight and rich texture
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound
fungi n. 菌类,蘑菇
any of a major group (Fungi) of saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing organisms usually classified as plants that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
furnace n. 火炉,熔炉,磨练
an enclosed structure in which heat is produced
furnace:heat=generator:electricity
furtive adj. 偷偷的,秘密的
a:done by stealth:SURREPTITIOUS
b:expressive of stealth:SLY
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
furtively←→candidly
futility n. 无用,无益,无价值
the quality or state of being futile:USELESSNESS
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
gadfly n. 虻,牛虻
a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse
gaffe n. (社交上令人不快的)失言,失态
a social or diplomatic blunder
gaffe:tactless=??
miscalculation:judgment=gaffe:decorum
gainsay v. 否认
to declare to be untrue or invalid
gainsay←→affirm
gait n.步态
a manner of walking or moving on foot
gait:walk=parlance:speak
galaxy n. 银河,星系,一群显赫的人物
an assemblage of brilliant or notable persons or things
galling a. 使烦恼的,使焦躁的,难堪的
markedly irritating:VEXING
gall←→lull
gall←→calm/assuage
galling←→placating
galvanize v. 电镀,通电,激励
to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush
galvanize←→lull
gamble vi.vt. 赌博,孤注一掷
to stake something on a contingency:take a chance
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
gangling adj.瘦长得难看的
loosely and awkwardly built:LANKY
garble←→elucidate
garble v. 曲解,窜改
to so alter or distort as to create a wrong impression or change the meaning
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
garish a. 炫耀的,过分装饰的
clothed in vivid colors
garish:color=??
garment n.衣服;服装,衣着
an article of clothing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
garner n. 谷仓,积蓄
a:GRANARY
b:a grain bin
garrulous adj.唠叨的,多话的
given to prosy, rambling, or tedious loquacity:pointlessly or annoyingly talkative
garrulous:talkative=cloying:sweet
gash n. 砍得很深的伤口,很深的裂缝
a deep long cut in flesh
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
gasification n. 气化
conversion into gas; especially :conversion of coal into natural gas
gasification/vaporization←→solidification
gauche a. 笨拙的,粗鲁的,无礼的
lacking social experience or grace; also :not tactful:CRUDE
gaucheness←→polish
gaudy adj. 俗丽的
ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
gauge n.标准尺寸,标准规格;量针;容量.范围 vt. 精确计量,估计
a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system
gauge:pressure=scale:weight
measure:dimensions:calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
gear n. 齿轮,工具
a toothed wheel
gear:tooth=screw:thread(螺线)
genealogy n. 系谱,宗谱,家系
an account of the descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor or from older forms
generality n. 概论,概说,大要
the quality or state of being general
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity
genial a. 和蔼的,亲切的,友善的
marked by or diffusing sympathy or friendliness
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
genial←→dyspeptic
caustic←→palliating/genial
dour←→congenial/genial
mordant←→genial
genteel adj.有教养的;文雅的
free from vulgarity or rudeness:POLITE
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
genteel←→loutish
genuine a. 真正的,真实的,诚恳的
ACTUAL, TRUE
genuine:authenticity=honest:trust spurious←→genuine
germane adj.密切有关的
being at once relevant and appropriate:FITTING
germane←→irrelevant
gesture n.姿势,手势;姿态
a movement usually of the body or limbs that expresses or emphasizes an idea, sentiment, or attitude parody:style=mime:gesture
ghastly a. 可怕的,惊人的,惨白的
intensely unpleasant, disagreeable, or objectionable
ghastly:unpleasant=??
giddy a. 眼花的,头晕的 ,轻率
lightheartedly silly:FRIVOLOUS
giddiness←→grave
giddy←→serious
ginger n. 姜,精力,淡赤黄色 vt. 使活泼,使有生气
a thickened pungent aromatic rhizome that is used as a spice and sometimes medicinally
ginger:spice=??
glacier n.冰河
a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward on a land surface
glacial:slow=??
glacier:ice=sea:water
glamorize vt.使<人、东西>有魅力 [显眼] ,浪漫地处理 [美化] <事情>
to look upon or depict as glamorous:ROMANTICIZE
glance n. 一瞥,闪光,一滑,辉矿类
a quick or cursory look
peck:kiss=glance:look
glaze n. 釉,,上光,光滑面
to give a smooth glossy surface to
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood
glib adj. 流利圆滑的,善辩的
marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
glib←→labored
glimmer v. & n. (发出)微弱的光
a:to shine faintly or unsteadily
b:to give off a subdued unsteady reflection
glisten v. 闪烁,闪耀.
to give off a sparkling or lustrous reflection of or as if of a moist or polished surface
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
glitch n. 干扰;误操作,小故障
a usually minor malfunction
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
gloat vi. 满足地看,独自暗笑,贪婪地盯
to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight
primp:vain=gloat:smug
gloomy a. 阴沉的,昏暗的,忧郁的
low in spirits:MELANCHOLY
glorify vt. 赞美,美化,赞扬,使辉煌
to make glorious by bestowing honor, praise, or admiration
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial {glorification:merit}
gloss n. 光彩,假象,注释
a brief explanation (as in the margin or between the lines of a text) of a difficult or obscure word or expression
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation
glossary n. 字典,辞典,词汇表
a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their meanings
glossary:text=legend:map
glossy a. 平滑的,有光泽的
having a surface luster or brightness
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
glut n. 大量,充斥,吃饱
an excessive quantity:OVERSUPPLY
glut←→dearth
glutinous adj. 粘的,胶状的
having the quality of glue:GUMMY
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
glutinous←→non viscous
glutton n. 贪吃者
one given habitually to greedy and voracious eating and drinking
avarice:money=gluttony:food
glutton:overindulge=ascetic:self denial
goad vt. 用刺棒驱赶,激励,煽动,唆使
something that urges or stimulates into action:SPUR
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse
gobble vt. 狼吞虎咽
to swallow or eat greedily
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
goggle n. 眼睛睁视,护目镜
to stare with wide or protuberant eyes
goggles:eyes=gloves:hands=earmuff:ear
goldbrick vi. 称病,欺诈,偷懒
to shirk duty or responsibility
evade:answer=goldbrick:work
gorge vi. 狼吞虎咽
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
gossamer n.蛛丝,薄纱,adj.轻而薄的
something light, delicate, or insubstantial
gossamer←→substance
gossamer←→ponderous
gossamer←→substance
gourmet n. 美食家
a connoisseur of food and drink; broadly :CONNOISSEUR
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
grandeur n. 庄严,伟大
the quality or state of being grand:MAGNIFICENCE
grandeur=mean=??
grandiloquent adj(语言等)夸张的,夸大的
a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
grandiloquent←→secretive
grandiose a. 宏伟的,宏大的,堂皇的,铺张的
characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor or by absurd exaggeration
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
grandstand v. 哗众取宠的表演
to play or act so as to impress onlookers
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
grant vt. 允许,承认,授与
to bestow or transfer formally specifically :to give the possession or title of by a deed
concede←→refuse to grant
withhold←→grant
gratify vt. 使满足
to be a source of or give pleasure or satisfaction to
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
aggrieve←→gratify
irk←→gratify
grating adj.(声音)刺耳的,恼人的
noisily,rasping,harsh
grating:sound=acrid:odor==fetid:smell
gratis adj.免费的
without charge or recompense:FREE
gratuitous a. 无缘无故的;免费的
not involving a return benefit, compensation, or consideration
gratuitous←→merited/warranted
having a serious and dignified quality or demeanor
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
droll←→grave
giddiness←→grave
grave←→insignificant
gregarious adj. 群居的,爱社交的
tending to associate with others of one's kind:SOCIAL
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
gregarious←→aloof
grievous adj.严重伤害的,引起痛苦的
causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
solace:grief=pacification:anger
grievous←→slight
grin vi.咧着嘴笑
to draw back the lips so as to show the teeth especially in amusement or laughter; broadly :SMILE
pout←→grin
gripe v. ①腹部绞痛,②抱怨,诉苦
to complain with grumbling
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration
grisly adj. 恐怖的,可怕的
inspiring horror or intense fear
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
groove a. 开槽的
a long narrow channel or depression
grooved:striated=braided:strand
striated:groove=dappled:spot
grotesque a. 奇怪的,可笑的
FANCIFUL, BIZARRE
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
grovel vi. 趴,匍匐,卑躬屈膝
to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner
grumble n. 怨言,满腹牢骚
to mutter in discontent
guarantee vt. 保证,担保
to engage for the existence, permanence, or nature of:undertake to do or secure
vouch←→refuse to guarantee
guffaw vi.vt. 哄笑,狂笑
a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
guile n. 狡猾,狡计
deceitful cunning:DUPLICITY
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
guile:artless=blemish:flawless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
guile:naif=??
artless←→cunning/guile
manipulate←→guileless
guilt n. 罪行,内疚
feelings of culpability especially for imagined offenses or from a sense of inadequacy:SELF-REPROACH
narcissism:love=guilt:blame
gullible a.易受骗的
easily duped or cheated
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:artless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
gully n. 小峡谷,排水沟
a trench which was orig. worn in the earth by running water and through which water often runs after rains
gully:erosion=callus:friction
gum n. 树胶,橡皮,上帝,牙床
any of numerous colloidal polysaccharide substances of plant origin that are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying and are salts of complex organic acids
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant
gush n. 涌出,滔滔不绝的讲话
a sudden outpouring
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
gush:effusive=rage:irate
gust n. 突然一阵,风味
a sudden brief rush of wind
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall {flare:light}
guzzle vi.vt. 狂饮,暴食,喝酒化掉(钱)
to drink especially liquor greedily, continually, or habitually
complain:carp=drink:guzzle
habitable a. 可居住的
capable of being lived in:suitable for habitation
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
hack n. 雇佣文人
a writer who aims solely for commercial success
mercenary:soldier=hack:writer
hackneyed adj.平凡的;陈腐的
lacking in freshness or originality
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
halcyon a. 宁静的,平稳的,翠鸟的 CALM, PEACEFUL
halcyon←→tempestuous
hale a. 强壮的,健壮的
free from defect, disease, or infirmity:SOUND; also :retaining exceptional health and vigor
effete←→hale
hale←→infirm
blighted←→hale
hallucination n. 幻觉,幻想
perception of objects with no reality usually arising from disorder of the nervous system or in response to drugs (as LSD)
halting a. 跛的,蹒跚的,犹豫的
marked by a lack of sureness or effectiveness
fluent←→halting
hamper vt.阻碍,使困累,妨碍
to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles:IMPEDE
seminal←→hampering further development
hamper←→facilitate
hamstring vt. 切断腿筋使成跛腿,使残废
to make ineffective or powerless:CRIPPLE
hamstring←→fectiveness
handle vt. 触摸,运用,操作,处理,买卖
to act, behave, or feel in a certain way when handled or directed
cumbersome←→easy to handle
hangdog a. 忧愁的,悲哀的,沮丧的,灰心的 鬼鬼祟祟的,卑躬屈膝的,低贱的
SAD, DEJECTED
hangdog←→buoyant
hankering n. 渴望
to have a strong or persistent desire:YEARN
hankering←→odium
haphazard n.,adj.&adv.偶然的
marked by lack of plan, order, or direction
methodical←→haphazard
systematic←→haphazard
harangue n. 长篇演说
to address in a ranting way
harangue←→speak temperately
harass v.烦扰
to annoy persistently
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
harbinger n. 先驱,预兆
one that presages or foreshadows what is to come
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
harbor n. 港,避难所v. 包庇,隐匿
to give shelter or refuge to
harbor←→evict
hardheaded a. 冷静的,脚踏实地的,无懈可击的
STUBBORN, WILLFUL
harebrained a. 轻率的,欠考虑的,粗心的
FOOLISH
harmonious a. 和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的
marked by accord in sentiment or action
acrimonious←→harmonious
harmony←→discord
harp n. 竖琴
a plucked stringed instrument consisting of a resonator, an arched or angled neck that may be supported by a post, and strings of graded length that are perpendicular to the soundboard
horn:blow=harp:pluck
harry v. 掠夺,骚扰
to make a pillaging or destructive raid on:ASSAULT
harry←→comfort
harsh a. 粗糙的,刺耳的,严厉的
a:causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction:IRRITATING
b:physically discomforting:PAINFUL
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
encomium←→harsh criticism
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
paean←→harshly lampoon
hasten vt.催促 vi.赶紧
to move or act quickly
hasten←→slow the progress of
hasten←→check
hasty a. 匆匆的,轻率的,急忙的
done or made in a hurry
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→well considered
haunt vt. 常到,常去,(思想)萦扰,(鬼魅等)常出没于 n. 常到的地方
to visit often:FREQUENT
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
persecute:injure=haunt:remember
hauteur n.傲慢,高傲,自大
ARROGANCE, HAUGHTINESS
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
hauteur←→humility
havoc n.大破坏,浩劫;大混乱,大杂乱
great confusion and disorder
havoc←→serenity
heart vt. 鼓起勇气,激励
to give heart to:CHEER:HEARTEN
mollify:anger=heart:dejection
dismay←→hearted
hedge n.修剪过的树篱,限制 vt. 用树篱围,妨碍
a means of protection or defense (as against financial loss)
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
heinous adj.可憎的,十恶不赦的
hatefully or shockingly evil:ABOMINABLE
heinous←→commendable
heirloom n. 传家宝,相传动产
something of special value handed on from one generation to another
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
hem n. (衣服或裙子的)褶边
a border of a cloth article doubled back and stitched down
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
hermit n. 隐士,隐居者
one that retires from society and lives in solitude especially for religious reasons:RECLUSE
vegetarian:meat=hermit:society
herald vt. 预报,宣布,传达,欢呼
to give notice of:ANNOUNCE
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
unherald←→proclaim
herbicide n. 除草剂
an agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide
hereditary a. 世袭的,遗传的
a:genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring
b:characteristic of or fostered by one's predecessors
heresy n. 异端邪说
an opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
dogma←→heresy
heretical a. 异教的,异端的
of, relating to, or characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards:UNORTHODOX
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
herpetologist n. 爬虫学家
one that a branch of zoology dealing with reptiles and amphibians
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
hesitance n. 踌躇,犹豫
the quality or state of being hesitant:as a:INDECISION b:RELUCTANCE
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
hidebound a. 营养不良的,死板的,量小的
having an inflexible or ultraconservative character
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
hideous a. 丑恶的,可憎的,可怕的
offensive to the senses and especially to sight:exceedingly ugly
pulchritude←→ugliness/hideous
affinity←→aversion/hideous
hie vt. 急忙,疾走,催促
to go quickly:HASTEN
hie←→dawdle
hierarchy n. 阶级组织,教士政治,僧侣政治
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
echelon:hierarchy=
hike vt. 使高涨,拉起
to rise up; especially :to work upward out of place
backset←→hike
hinge n. 铰链,关键,枢纽
a jointed or flexible device on which a door, lid, or other swinging part turn
hint n. 暗示,提示
a slight indication of the existence, approach, or nature of something:CLUE
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
histrionic a. 演员的,演剧的,有如演戏的
of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater
histrionic:actor=??
hitch v. 搭便车,套住
to catch or fasten by or as if by a hook or knot
hive n. 蜂房,闹区,蜜蜂群
a place swarming with activity
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
hoard n./v. 贮藏,秘藏
a supply or fund stored up and often hidden away
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
hoary a. 灰白的
extremely old:ANCIENT
hoary:old=??
hodgepodge n. 混煮,杂菜,混淆
a heterogeneous mixture:JUMBLE
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble
homage n. 尊崇,尊敬,效忠
expression of high regard:RESPECT
counsel:advice=laud:homage
homage←→disrespect
homily n. 说教,训诫
a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme
parable:story=homily:lecture
homogenize vt. 使均匀
to blend (diverse elements) into a uniform mixture
stratify←→homogenize
hone vt. 用磨刀石磨 n. 磨刀石,抱怨,想念
to make more acute, intense, or effective:WHET
hone←→blunt
honorarium n.酬劳金,谢礼
a payment for a service (as making a speech) on which custom or propriety forbids a price to be set
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful
horn n. 角,角质,喇叭
a wind instrument used in a jazz band; especially :TRUMPET
horn:blow=harp:pluck
hortative adj. 激励的
giving exhortation:ADVISORY
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
horticulture n. 园艺学
the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture
hovel n. 小屋,杂物间,家畜小屋
a small, wretched, and often dirty house:HUT
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
hub n.车轴,,中心
the central part of a circular object (as a wheel or propeller)
spoke:hub=radius:center
hubris n. 傲慢,骄傲
exaggerated pride or self-confidence
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
humanitarian n. 人道主义者,博爱者,基督凡人论者
a person promoting human welfare and social reform:PHILANTHROPIST
humble a. 卑下的,谦逊的,粗陋的
a:ranking low in a hierarchy or scale:INSIGNIFICANT, UNPRETENTIOUS
b:not costly or luxurious
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
supercilious←→humble
bumptious←→(humble)
hauteur←→humility
panache←→humility
humor vt. 迎合,牵就,顺应
to soothe or content by indulgence
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
hurdle n. 障碍,跳栏,临时活动篱笆 vt. 用篱笆围,越过,克服
OVERCOME, SURMOUNT
hurl vt. 用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下
to throw down with violence
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
hurricane n.飓风
a tropical cyclone with winds of 74 miles (118 kilometers) per hour or greater that occurs especially in the western Atlantic, that is usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning, and that sometimes moves into temperate latitudes
tablefire:inferno=storm:hurricane
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
husbandry n.耕种;节用,家政
the control or judicious use of resources:CONSERVATION
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
husband←→squander
husbandry←→prodigality
husky adj. 声音沙哑的
hoarse with or as if with emotion
husky←→delicate
hybrid a. 混合的,杂种的,混合语的
something heterogeneous in origin or composition:COMPOSITE
hybrid←→of unmixed extraction
hymn n.赞美诗,圣歌;赞歌
a song of praise or joy
hypnotic a. 催眠的,催眠术的,易于催眠的
tending to produce sleep:SOPORIFIC
hypnotic←→conscious
hypnotic←→stimulant
hyperbole n. 夸张法
extravagant exaggeration anger
tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
hypercritical adj.苛求的,吹毛求疵的
meticulously or excessively critical
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ichthyologist n. 鱼类学者,鱼类研究者
one that study a branch of zoology that deals with fishes
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
idiosyncratic a. 特质的,异质的,特殊的
a:a peculiarity of constitution or temperament:an individualizing characteristic or quality
b:individual hypersensitiveness (as to a drug or food)
idolater n. 偶像崇拜者,崇拜者,皈依者
a person that admires intensely and often blindly one that is not usually a subject of worship
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
ignite vt. 点燃,使灼热,使兴奋
to set afire; also :KINDLE
ignite←→extinguish
ignominy n. 羞耻,屈辱
deep personal humiliation and disgrace
ignominious←→lofty
ignominies←→glory, honor; esteem, respect
ignorant a. 无知识的,不知道的,幼稚的
destitute of knowledge or education
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
illiteracy n. 文盲
the quality or state of being illiterate; especially :inability to read or write
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
illuminati 先觉者; 智者
persons who are or who claim to be unusually enlightened
interpreter:translate=illuminati:instruct
illumination n. 照明,阐明,启发
one of the decorative features used in the art of illuminating or in decorative lighting
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
illusory a. 产生幻觉的,幻影的,错觉的
based on or producing
illusion:DECEPTIVE
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
illustrate vt. 举例说明,作图解,阐明
to provide with visual features intended to explain or decorate
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details
imbroglio n. 纷乱,纠葛,纷扰,一团糟
an intricate or complicated situation
imitation n. 模仿,效法,冒充,赝品
the quality of an object in possessing some of the nature or attributes of a transcendent
idea exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame
immanent adj. 普遍存在的,内在的
remaining or operating within a domain of reality or realm of discourse:INHERENT; specifically :having existence or effect only within the mind or consciousness
immanent←→explicit
immaterial a. 非物质的,无形的,精神的,不相关的
of no substantial consequence:UNIMPORTANT
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant←→immaterial
immemorial adj. 太古的,极古的
extending or existing since beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition
immemorial←→recent
imminent a. 即将来临的,逼近的
ready to take place; especially :hanging threateningly over one's head
immune a. 免疫的,免除的,不受影响的
not susceptible or responsive; especially :having a high degree of resistance to a disease
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
immure vt. 监禁,禁闭
a:to enclose within or as if within walls
b:IMPRISON
immure←→release (?liberate)
immutable a. 不可变的,不变的,不能变的
not capable of or susceptible to change
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
transitory:endure=immutable:change
immutable←→variable
imp n. 顽童
a mischievous child:URCHIN
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
impair vt. 损害,减少,削弱
to damage or make worse by or as if by diminishing in some material respect
impassive a. 无感情的,冷淡的,不动的,平静的
unsusceptible to or destitute of emotion
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
impassive←→emotional
impeccable adj.无瑕疵的
free from fault or blame:FLAWLESS
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
impeccable←→faulty
impecunious adj. 不名一文的,贫困的
having very little or no money usually habitually:PENNILESS
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
impede v.妨碍,阻碍
to interfere with or slow the progress of
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
abet←→thwart/impede
facilitate←→impeding
impenetrable a. 不能穿过的,不可理喻的,费解的,顽固的
incapable of being penetrated or pierced
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
porous←→impenetrable
impenitent adj. 不悔悟的
not feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses
rueful←→impenitent
imperative a. 命令式的,急需的,势在必行的,强制的
expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation
question:interrogative=order:imperative
imperceptible a. 不能感知的,不知不觉的,微细的
not perceptible by a sense or by the mind:extremely slight, gradual, or subtle appreciable←→imperceptible
imperial a. 帝王的,至尊的,壮丽的
of, relating to, befitting, or suggestive of an empire or an emperor
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
imperious adj. 傲慢的,专横的
marked by arrogant assurance:DOMINEERING
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciat
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
imperious←→humble
impertinent a. 鲁莽的,无礼的,粗鲁的,不恰当的
(1) not pertinent:IRRELEVANT
(2) not restrained within due or proper bounds especially of propriety or good taste
impertinence←→respect/relevance
obeisant←→impertinent
imperturbable a. 沉着的,泰然自若的,镇静的
marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness:SERENE
restive←→calm/imperturbable
ticklish←→imperturbable
impervious adj. 不能渗透的,不为所动的
not capable of being damaged or harmed
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
impervious:damaged=indefensible:excused
impetuous a. 冲动的,猛烈的,轻率的,急躁的
marked by impulsive vehemence or passion
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
impetuous←→deliberate
impiety n. 无信仰,无信心,不虔诚,不孝
the quality or state of being impious:IRREVERENCE
impiety←→devoutness
implacable a. 难宽恕的,难和解的,执拗的
not placable:not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
implement n. 工具,器具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行
CARRY OUT, ACCOMPLISH; especially :to give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures
implicate vt. 含意,暗示,牵连
to involve as a consequence, corollary, or natural inference:IMPLY
implode v. 内爆,剧减
to collapse inward as if from external pressure; also :to become greatly reduced as if from collapsing
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
impromptu adj. 即席的,即兴的
made, done, or formed on or as if on the spur of the moment:IMPROVISED
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
improvident a. 无远见的,浪费的
not provident:not foreseeing and providing for the future
improvised adj. 即席而作的,即兴的
to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
rite←→improvised act
imprudent a. 轻率的,鲁莽的
not prudent:lacking discretion
impudent a. 鲁莽的,卑鄙的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others:INSOLENT
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
impudent←→deferential/respectful
impugn v. 指责,对…表示怀疑
to assail by words or arguments:oppose or attack as false or lacking integrity
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
impugn←→champion
impugn←→endorse
impugn←→vindicate
impuissance n. 无能; 无力; 虚弱
WEAKNESS, POWERLESSNESS
clout←→impuissance
impulsive adj. 易冲动的,感情用事的
having the power of or actually driving or impelling
impute a. 可归罪的,使负责的,可嫁祸的
to lay the responsibility or blame for often falsely or unjustly
imputable:nettle
inadvertent adj. 不注意的,疏忽的
not focusing the mind on a matter:INATTENTIVE
inalienable a. 不能让与的,不能转售的,不能夺取的,不可分割的
incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
inane a. 空虚的,愚蠢的,空洞的
lacking significance, meaning, or point:SILLY
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous {inane:clumsy}
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty
inanimate adj. 无生命的
not endowed with life or spirit
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
inaugurate v. 举行就职典礼,开创
to induct into an office with suitable ceremonies
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
inauguration:official=matriculation:student
cease←→inaugurate/commencement
incendiary a. 放火的,煽动的,教唆的
of, relating to, or involving a deliberate burning of property
incense vt. 用香焚,使发怒
to arouse the extreme anger or indignation of
propitiate←→incense
inception n.开端,开始,取得学位
an act, process, or instance of beginning:COMMENCEMENT
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation
incessant a. 不断的,不绝的,无尽的
continuing or following without interruption:UNCEASING
inch vi. 慢慢前进,慢慢移动
to move by small degrees:progress slowly
inch:move=drawl:speak
inchoate adj.刚开始的,未发展的
being only partly in existence or operation; especially :imperfectly formed or formulated:FORMLESS
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incipient a. 起初的,发端的,初期的
beginning to come into being or to become apparent
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incisive a. 敏锐的,机敏的,锋利的,切入的
impressively direct and decisive (as in manner or presentation)
incite v 激发,刺激
to move to action:stir up:spur on:urge on
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
inclement adj. (天气)严酷的,严厉的
lacking mildness:as physically severe:STORMY
inclemency:evade=??
inclement←→balmy
incogitant adj. 『罕』无思想的; 粗心的; 不体谅的
THOUGHTLESS, INCONSIDERATE
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
incongruent adj. 不协调的,不和谐的; 不合适的
not superposable so as to be coincident throughout
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
inconsequential a. 不合逻辑的,不合理的,不重要的
of no significance:UNIMPORTANT
crucial←→inconsequential
incontrovertible a. 无争论余地的,无疑的,明白的
not open to question:INDISPUTABLE
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied} {intrepid:feared}
controvert←→substantiate
incorrigible a. 无药可救的,积习难改的,固执的
incapable of being corrected or amended UNALTERABLE, INVETERATE
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible
incriminate vt. 归罪,使负罪,控告
to charge with or show evidence or proof of involvement in a crime or fault
incrimination←→exoneration
inculcate vt. 教授,谆谆教诲,教育
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions
inculpate vt. 使负罪,控告,使连累 INCRIMINATE
exonerate←→inculpate
absolve←→inculpate
exculpate←→inculpate
incursion n.侵犯,入侵
a hostile entrance into a territory:RAID
incursion←→retreat
indecorous a. 无体的,不合礼节的
not decorous:conflicting with accepted standards of good conduct or good taste
indefatigable a. 不知疲倦的,有耐性的,不屈不挠的
incapable of being fatigued:UNTIRING
indelible adj. 擦试不掉的,不可磨灭的
UNFORGETTABLE, MEMORABLE
indelible:forget=astounding:expect
indelibility←→erasability
indelicate a. 下流的,无教养的,卑鄙的,不雅的
not delicate:
a (1):lacking in or offending against propriety:IMPROPER
(2):verging on the indecent:COARSE
b:marked by a lack of feeling for the sensibilities of others:TACTLESS
indemnity n. 赔偿,补偿,保护
security against hurt, loss, or damage
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
indict vt. 起诉,控告,指控
to charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a jury (as a grand jury) in due form of law
indict:accused=??
indifferent a. 漠不关心的,无重要性的,中立的
marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something:APATHETIC
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
avid←→indifferent
indigenous adj.土产的,本地的
having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment
exotic←→indigenous
indigenous←→ nonnative
indigent a. 贫乏的,穷困的
suffering from indigence:IMPOVERISHED
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indigent←→affluent
indigestible a. 不消化的,难消化的,难理解的
not digestible:not easily digested
indispensability n. 不可缺少
absolutely necessary:ESSENTIAL
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indoctrinate v.灌输思想
to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments:TEACH
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
indolent adj. 懒惰的,懒洋洋的 (n. indolence)
a:averse to activity, effort, or movement:habitually lazy
b:conducing to or encouraging laziness
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inducement n.引诱物
a motive or consideration that leads one to action or to additional or more effective actions
inducement←→deterrent
indulgent a. 纵容的,任性的,放纵的
indulging or characterized by indulgence; especially :LENIENT
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
draconian←→indulgent/mild
martinet←→indulgent person
indulgent←→ascetic
indurate vt. 使坚固,变坚固,使硬化 to make hard
indurate←→soften
inedible a. 不适于食用的,不能吃的
not fit to be eaten
ineluctable adj.难免的,不能逃避的
not to be avoided, changed, or resisted:INEVITABLE
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance
ineptitude n. 不适当,愚笨,愚昧的言行
the quality or state of being inept; especially :INCOMPETENCE
finesse←→ineptitude
inert adj. 惰性的,行动迟钝的
deficient in active properties; especially :lacking a usual or anticipated chemical or biological action
inertia←→activity
reactant←→inert material
inert←→active
inert←→dynamic
inestimable a. 无价的,无法估计的
too valuable or excellent to be measured or appreciated
inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然的
incapable of being avoided or evaded
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
inexorable a. 无情的,冷酷的,不屈不挠的
not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty:RELENTLESS
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
inexorable←→relenting
infamy n. 声名狼藉,出丑
evil reputation brought about by something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal
infamy←→good repute
infatuate vt. 使迷恋,使糊涂
to cause to be foolish:deprive of sound judgment
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
odium←→infatuation
infer vt. 推论出,推断
GUESS, SURMISE
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
inferno n.火海,地狱般的场所
a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell
fire:inferno=storm:hurricane
infinite a.无穷的
immeasurably or inconceivably great or extensive:INEXHAUSTIBLE
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
unique:precedent=infinite:end
infirm a. 弱的,虚弱的,柔弱的
of poor or deteriorated vitality; especially :feeble from age
hale←→infirm
inflame v. 使燃烧,激怒(某人)
to excite to excessive or uncontrollable action or feeling
assuage←→inflame subdue←→inflame
infelicitous a. 不幸的,不吉的,不适当的
not appropriate in application or expression
happy←→infelicitous
influx n. 涌入 a coming in
exodus←→influx
infuse v. 灌输,使…充满 INSPIRE, ANIMATE
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
infuse←→drain away/refuse/extract
ingenious adj. 聪明的,有发明天才的
marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution
ingenuous adj.纯朴的,单纯的
showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ingenuous←→cunning
ingrained adj. 根深蒂固的
to work indelibly into the natural texture or mental or moral constitution
ingrained←→easily to change
ingratiating a. 逢迎的,迷人的
capable of winning favor:PLEASING
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
inimical adj.为敌的,不友善的
a:having the disposition of an enemy:HOSTILE
b:reflecting or indicating hostility:UNFRIENDLY
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amenable←→inimical
inimitable adj. 无法仿效的,不可比拟的
not capable of being imitated:MATCHLESS
inimitable←→commonplace
inimitable←→ordinary
iniquity n. 邪恶,不公正
gross injustice:WICKEDNESS
iniquity←→rectitude/disinterestedness
initial a. 开始的,最初的,字首的
placed at the beginning:FIRST
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
initial←→follow
initiate←→follow up
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}
innocent n. 天真的人,笨蛋
free from guilt or sin especially through lack of knowledge of evil:BLAMELESS culpable←→innocent
innocuous adj.(行为,言论等)无害的
not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility:INOFFENSIVE, INSIPID
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
innovation n. 改革,创新
the introduction of something new
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/ innovation/novelty
inquiry n. 质询,调查
examination into facts or principles:RESEARCH
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
insatiable a. 不知足的,贪求无厌的
incapable of being satisfied:QUENCHLESS
insipid a. 没有味道的,清淡的,难吃的
lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge:DULL, FLAT
insolent adj. 粗野的,无礼的
exhibiting boldness or effrontery:IMPUDENT
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
insolent←→polite/courteous {elegant}
insouciant adj. 漫不经心的; 无忧无虑的
lighthearted unconcern:NONCHALANCE
inspired adj. 有创见的,有灵感的
outstanding or brilliant in a way or to a degree suggestive of divine inspiration
instigate vt. 教唆,怂恿,煽动
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
instigator n. 煽动者
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
instill v.滴注,逐渐灌输
to impart gradually
institute n. 学会,学院 vt. 创立,开始,制定,任命
to originate and get established:ORGANIZE
rescind←→institute
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
insubordinate adj.不服从的,反抗的
disobedient to authority
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
insular a. 岛的,岛民的,保守的,孤立的,岛特有的
characteristic of an isolated people; especially :being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint
insular←→cosmopolitan
insulate v. 使绝缘,使隔离
to place in a detached situation:ISOLATE; especially :to separate from conducting bodies by means of nonconductors so as to prevent transfer of electricity, heat, or sound
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insulate←→expose
insurgent adj. 叛乱的,起事的n. 叛乱分子
a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government; especially :a rebel not recognized as a belligerent
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
intangible a. 难以明了的,无形的
not tangible:IMPALPABLE
corporeal←→intangible
integral a.组成的;整的
essential to completeness:CONSTITUENT
integral←→superfluous
integrity n. 正直,诚实,完整
the quality or state of being complete or undivided:COMPLETENESS
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity taint:integrity
intelligible a. 可理解的,易理解的,明了的
capable of being understood or comprehended
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
intemperate adj. 无节制的,放纵的
not temperate especially :given to excessive use of intoxicating liquors
equable←→intemperate
intemperate←→constrained
intensify vi. 强化
to make intense or more intensive:STRENGTHEN
moderate:intensity=extenuate:seriousness
abate←→intensify/promote
assuage←→intensify
inter vt. 埋葬,葬,埋
to deposit (a dead body) in the earth or in a tomb
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
intercede vi. 仲裁,说情,调解 (n. intercession)
to intervene between parties with a view to reconciling differences:MEDIATE
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
intercessor:mediate=translator:interpret
interim n. 过渡时期adj. 暂时的
an intervening time:INTERVAL
interim←→permanent
interlock a. 联锁的
to become locked together or interconnected
interlocking←→independent
interloper n. (非法) 闯入者
one that interlopes:as
a:an illegal or unlicensed trader
b:one that intrudes in a place or sphere of activity
interlude n. 幕间,幕间时间,过场,穿插,插曲
an intervening or interruptive period, space, or event:INTERVAL
interminable adj. 无尽头的
having or seeming to have no end; especially :wearisomely protracted
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
intermittent adj. 断断续续的,间歇的
coming and going at intervals:not continuous
intermittent←→constant
interrogate vt. 质问,讯问,审问
to question formally and systematically
interrogate:probe
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
question:interrogative=order:imperative
intervene vi. 插入,调停,干涉
to interfere usually by force or threat of force in another nation's internal affairs especially to compel or prevent an action
intimate a. 亲密的,私人的,秘密的 n. 熟友
a friend or confidant marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
intimate vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE
intimate vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE
intimidate vt. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫
to make timid or fearful:FRIGHTEN; especially :to compel or deter by or as if by threats
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
intransigent adj.不妥协的,固执的
refusing to compromise or to abandon an extreme position or attitude:UNCOMPROMISING
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
intransigent←→open to compromise
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
intrepid adj. 无畏的,刚毅的
characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
intricacy n. 纷乱,复杂,错综
the quality or state of being intricate
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy
intriguing adj.引起极大兴趣的
engaging the interest to a marked degree:FASCINATING
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
pall←→interest/intrigue
intrinsic adj. 固有的,内在的
belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing
inure vt. 使习惯
to accustom to accept something undesirable
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
invective n.痛骂;恶意抨击
of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
inveigh vi. 痛骂,漫骂,臭骂
to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently:RAIL
inveigh←→verbally provide support
inveigle v. 诱骗,诱使
to win over by wiles:ENTICE
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
inveigle←→request directly
inventory n. 详细目录,存货清单
an itemized list of current assets:as
(1) :a catalog of the property of an individual or estate
(2) :a list of goods on hand
census:population=inventory:stock
inventory:merchandise=manifest:cargo
investigate v.调查
to make a systematic examination; especially :to conduct an official inquiry
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
inveterate a. 根深的,成癖的,积习的
firmly established by long persistence
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}
invidious adj.惹人反感的,招人嫉妒的
tending to cause discontent, animosity, or envy
invidious←→beneficial
invigorate v. 鼓舞,激励
to give life and energy to:ANIMATE; also :STIMULATE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
debilitate←→invigorate
enervate←→invigorate
enfeeble←→invigorate
inviolate a. 未亵渎的,未受侵犯的,无污点的
not violated or profaned; especially :PURE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure
invoice n. 发票,装货清单
a consignment of merchandise
consignment:invoice=??
invoke vt. 祈求,恳求,引起,援引,实行
to put into effect or operation:IMPLEMENT
invoke←→ suspend
invulnerable adj. 无法伤害的
incapable of being wounded, injured, or harmed
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
untenable:defense=invulnerable:injury
irascible adj. 易发怒的.(ire)
marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger
affable←→irascible
irate a. 发怒的,生气
arising from anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate
iridescence n. 彩虹色
a lustrous rainbowlike play of color caused by differential refraction of light waves (as from an oil slick, soap bubble, or fish scales) that tends to change as the angle of view changes
iridescent←→monochromatic
irk v.使苦恼,厌烦.
to make weary, irritated, or bored
irk←→make someone pleased
ironclad adj. 坚固的,装铁甲的
so firm or secure as to be unbreakable:as a:BINDING
jammed:full=ironclad:firm
irreducible a. 不能复归的,不能削减的不可约的
impossible to transform into or restore to a desired or simpler condition factorable←→irreducible
irrelevant a. 不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的
not relevant:INAPPLICABLE
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
germane←→irrelevant
immaterial←→relevant
irresolute a. 无决断的,优柔寡断的,踌躇不定的
uncertain how to act or proceed:VACILLATING
irreverent a. 不敬的,不逊的,无礼的
lacking proper respect or seriousness; also :SATIRIC
awe←→irreverence
irritate n. 刺激,烦恼,刺激物
to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in:ANNOY
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
haunt:familiar/similarity=harass:irritating
balm←→irritant
issue n.问题;发行
a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties
debate:issue=bargain:price
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product }
issue←→withdraw
issue vt. 使流出,放出,发给,发布
the act of publishing or officially giving out or making available
stanza:line=volume:issue
issue←→withdraw
isthmus n.地峡
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
isthmus:land=strait:water
jabber v. 快而不清楚地说
to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly
jabber←→speak slowly
jaded adj.疲惫的,厌倦的
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
jam a. 拥塞
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
jammed:full=ironclad:firm
jape n/v. 戏言,笑料,嘲弄
to make mocking fun of
revere←→jape at
jar vi. 震惊,冲突,发刺耳声,不一致
a:to make a harsh or discordant sound
b:to have a harshly disagreeable or disconcerting effect
c:to be out of harmony; specifically :BICKER
jaundice n. 黄疸,偏见,乖僻
a state or attitude characterized by satiety, distaste, or hostility
jaunty adj.愉快的,满足的
sprightly in manner or appearance:LIVELY
staid←→jaunty
jazz n. 爵士乐,喧闹
American music developed especially from ragtime and blues and characterized by propulsive syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, and often deliberate distortions of pitch and timbre
portrait:painting=jazz:music
jealousy n. 妒忌,猜忌,羡慕
a jealous disposition, attitude, or feeling
jejune adj. 空洞的,不成熟的
devoid of significance or interest:DULL
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
jejune←→thought provoking
jerk vi. 痉挛,急拉,急推
to give a quick suddenly arrested push, pull, or twist to
jest n./v. 说笑,玩笑
an utterance (as a jeer or quip) intended to be taken as mockery or humor
jest←→solemnity
jingoist 侵略主义者,感情用事的 , [盲目的]爱国主义者
extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy
dove←→warmonger/jingoist
jitter vi. 神经过敏,战战兢兢
to be nervous or act in a nervous way
jittery←→resolute
jocund adj. 快乐的,高兴的
marked by or suggestive of high spirits and lively mirthfulness
jocund←→dreary
jog n. 轻推,轻撞,漫步
a movement, pace, or instance of jogging (as for exercise)
jog:exercise=barter:trade
joke n. 笑话,玩笑,笑柄
something said or done to provoke laughter; especially :a brief oral narrative with a climactic humorous twist
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
jolt vi. 颠簸而行,震摇
to cause to move with a sudden jerky motion
jolt:move=check:stop
jot vt. 略记,摘要记载下来
to write briefly or hurriedly:set down in the form of a note
nip:eat=jot:write
jovial adj. 快活的
markedly good-humored especially as evidenced by jollity and conviviality
jovial←→mournful
saturnine←→jovial
maudlin←→jovial
jubilant a. 欢呼的,喜洋洋的
EXULTANT
dolorous←→jubilant
judicious a. 头脑精明的,贤明的,判断正确的
having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgment:DISCREET
daft←→judicious
juggernaut n. Krishna 神像
a massive inexorable force, campaign, movement, or object that crushes whatever is in its path
juggernaut:unstoppable=??
jumble vi. 搀杂,混杂
to mix into a confused or disordered mass
mixture:jumble=??
justify vt. 替...辩护,证明
to prove or show to be just, right, or reasonable
justify←→argue against
juxtapose vt. 并置,并列
to place side by side
kangaroo n. 袋鼠
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent
ken n. 视野范围,知识范围,见地
the range of vision
earshot:hear=ken:see
kindle vt.点燃 vi.着火
a:to stir up:AROUSE
b:to bring into being:START
kink n. 纽结,蜷缩,颈
a short tight twist or curl caused by a doubling or winding of something upon itself
kiss vt. 吻,轻拂
to touch with the lips especially as a mark of affection or greeting
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
knead vt. 揉,按摩,捏制
to work and press into a mass with or as if with the hands
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
knit vt.vi. 编织,密接,结合
to form by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles
ravel←→knit
knotty a. 有结的,多节的,多瘤的,棘手的
marked by or full of knots; especially :so full of difficulties and complications as to be likely to defy solution
knotty←→easy
knotty←→simple
labile adj.易变的,不稳定的
readily or continually undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown:UNSTABLE
labile←→stable
labored <动作、呼吸等> 困难的,痛苦的;缓慢的
lacking ease of expression
glib←→labored
labyrinth n. 迷宫,难解的事物,迷路
something extremely complex or tortuous in structure, arrangement, or character:INTRICACY, PERPLEXITY
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
laconic adj. (用字)简洁的
using or involving the use of a minimum of words:concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
laconic←→loquacious
laconic←→voluble
laconism←→verbosity
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
lambaste vt. 痛打,严责
to attack verbally:CENSURE
lamentable adj. 令人惋惜的,悔恨的
expressing grief:MOURNFUL
lamentable:pity=responsible?:censure
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect
laminate v. 切成薄板(片)
to separate into laminae laminate:divide
lampoon n.讽刺文章v.讽刺
a harsh satire usually directed against an individual
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
paean←→harshly lampoon
landfill n.垃圾堆
a system of trash and garbage disposal in which the waste is buried between layers of earth to build up low-lying land
cistern:liquids=landfill:refuse
landlord n. 房东,地主
the owner of property (as land, houses, or apartments) that is leased or rented to another
landslide n. 山崩
the usually rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope; also :the mass that moves down
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
lane n. 小路,小巷,车道,跑道
a narrow passageway between fences or hedges
languid adj. 没精打采的,怠倦的
drooping or flagging from or as if from exhaustion:WEAK
languid←→energetic
vivacious←→languid
languish v.衰弱,变得消瘦
a:to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated
b:to be or live in a state of depression or decreasing vitality languish←→thrive
lank adj. 瘦削的,稀疏的
not well filled out:SLENDER, THIN
lank←→stalwart
lapse n. 过失,流逝,失效
a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error
larder n. 食物贮藏室,食品橱
a place where food is stored:PANTRY
larder:food=wardrobe:clothes
larder:provisions=vault:valuables
largesse n.慷慨援助,施舍
liberal giving (as of money) to or as if to an inferior; also :something so given
largesse←→parsimony
lariat n. 套索
a long light rope (as of hemp or leather) used with a running noose to catch livestock or with or without the noose to tether grazing animals:LASSO
lariat:wrangler=crook:shepherd
lash v. 鞭打,抽打,猛击,猛烈甩动,捆扎,绑紧;n. 抽打,鞭挞,猛
to bind with or as if with a line
lash←→unbind
lassitude n.无力,没精打采
a condition of weariness or debility:FATIGUE
lassitude←→vim/animation
latent adj.潜伏的,潜在的
present and capable of becoming though not now visible, obvious, or active latent←→manifest
lathe n. 车床,陶器,镟床
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
laudatory a. 赞美的,赞赏的
of, relating to, or expressing praise
COUNSEL:ADVICE=laud:homage
execrable←→commendable/laudable
pejorative←→laudatory
lavish a. 浪费的;过度的
a:expended or produced in abundance
b:marked by profusion or excess
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
lavish←→mean
lavish←→stint
penurious←→lavish
leaden a. 铅制的,呆滞的,铅灰色的,沉闷的
a:oppressively heavy
b:SLUGGISH
c:lacking spirit or animation
leaven vt. 使发酵,影响
to raise (as bread) with a leaven
distill:purity=leaven:volume
lectern n. 诵经台
a stand used to support a book in a convenient position for a standing reader; especially :one from which scripture lessons are read in a church service
ledger n. 分类帐,分户总帐,底帐,横木
a book containing accounts to which debits and credits are posted from books of original entry
legacy n.遗产,遗留之物
something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
legend n. 传说,传奇文学,图例
an explanatory list of the symbols on a map or chart
glossary:text=legend:map
legible a. 清晰的,易读的
capable of being read or deciphered:PLAIN
legible:decipher
lenient adj. 宽大的,仁慈的
exerting a soothing or easing influence:relieving pain or stress
lethal a. 致命的
gravely damaging or destructive:DEVASTATING
disagreeable:hateful=harmful:lethal
lethargy adj. 嗜眠性
the quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or indifferent
levee n. 早朝,大堤
an embankment for preventing flooding
levee:river=cordon:crowd
rampart:invasion=levee:flood
lexicographer n. 辞典编纂者
an author or editor of a dictionary
cartographer:map=weaver:cloth=lexicographer:dictionary
liability n. 责任,债务,倾向
something for which one is liable; especially :pecuniary obligation
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
asset←→liability
liaison n. 联络
a:a close bond or connection:INTERRELATIONSHIP
b:an illicit sexual relationship:AFFAIR
liberal a.心胸宽大的;慷慨的
marked by generosity:OPENHANDED
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
liberal←→parsimonious
liberalist←→enfetterist
libertine n. 性行为放纵者,浪荡子
a person who is unrestrained by convention or morality; specifically :one leading a dissolute life
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
liberty n. 自由,特权,随意,冒失
an action going beyond normal limits:as a:a breach of etiquette or propriety:FAMILIARITY
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
licentious adj. 纵欲的,放肆的
lacking legal or moral restraints; especially :disregarding sexual restraints
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
lien n.扣押权,留置权
a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty ordinarily arising by operation of law
lien:claim=subpoena:command
liken vt.把....比做;把....比拟
(to) COMPARE
liken:similarity=discriminate:difference
limber adj. (肌肉)松软的,柔软的
capable of being shaped:FLEXIBLE
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
limerick n. 五行打油诗
a light or humorous verse form of 5 chiefly anapestic verses of which lines 1, 2, and 5 are of 3 feet and lines 3 and 4 are of 2 feet with a rhyme scheme of aabba farce:performance=limerick:poem
limousine n. 轿车
a large luxurious often chauffeur-driven sedan that sometimes has a glass partition separating the driver's seat from the passenger compartment
mansion:residence=limousine:automobile
limp v. 跛行adj. 无力的,松软的
lacking firm texture, substance, or structure
limp←→firm
limpid adj. 清澈的,透明的
marked by transparency:PELLUCID
limpid←→murky
limpid←→unclear
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid
linen n. 亚麻布,亚麻制品
cloth made of flax and noted for its strength, coolness, and luster
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric
linoleum n. 油布,油毯
a floor covering made by laying on a burlap or canvas backing a mixture of solidified linseed oil with gums, cork dust or wood flour or both, and usually pigments
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
misbehave vt.vi. (使)行为无礼貌,(使)行为不端
castigation:disapproval=misbehave:crime
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
mischievous adj. 淘气的,有害处的
a:able or tending to cause annoyance, trouble, or minor injury
b:irresponsibly playful
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
misdemeanor n.不轨的行为,行为失检,品行不端
a crime less serious than a felony
crime:misdemeanor=commitment:decision
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error
miser n.守财奴,吝啬鬼
a mean grasping person; especially :one who is extremely stingy with money
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
spendthrift←→miser
misfortune n. 不幸,灾祸,坏运气
a distressing or unfortunate incident or event
boon←→misfortune
misgiving n.疑虑,担心
a feeling of doubt or suspicion especially concerning a future event misgiving←→certainty
mishap n. 不幸,坏运气
an unfortunate accident
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
misnomer n. 用词不当
a:a use of a wrong name
b:a wrong name or designation
misrepresent vt. 误传,不称职地代表
to give a false or misleading representation of usually with an intent to deceive or be unfair
tamper:adjust=misrepresent:communicate
mite n. 极小量,小虫
any of numerous small acarid arachnids that often infest animals, plants, and stored foods and include important disease vectors
mite:creature=speck:amount
mitigate v. 减轻,缓和
to make less severe or painful:ALLEVIATE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
mnemonics n. 记忆术
a technique of improving the memory
regiment:health=mnemonics:memory
morbid a. 不健全的,病态的,疾病的,可怕的
abnormally susceptible to or characterized by gloomy or unwholesome feelings
morbid←→wholesome
mobility n. 可动性,变动性,情感不定
capable of moving or being moved:MOVABLE
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
mockery n. 嘲弄,笑柄,蔑视
a subject of laughter, derision, or sport
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
moderate vt. 节制,使稳定,使缓和
to lessen the intensity or extremeness of
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness
modicum n. 少量
a small portion:a limited quantity
modicum←→large amount
molding n. [常~s] 『建筑』 (装饰墙壁、屋檐或家具等凸出部等用之) 嵌线,线脚,壁带
a decorative plane or curved strip used for ornamentation or finishing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
mollify v. 安慰,安抚
to soothe in temper or disposition:APPEASE
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
mollify:anger=hearted:dejection
mollify←→rouse
vex←→mollify
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
mollify←→antagonize/ire
pique←→mollify
mollycoddle vt. 溺爱,娇养
a pampered or effeminate man or boy
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
molt n. 换毛,脱皮,换毛期
the act or process of sheding hair, feathers, shell, horns, or an outer layer periodically; specifically :ECDYSIS
fledging←→molt
momentous adj. 极重要的,严重的
IMPORTANT, CONSEQUENTIAL
atrocious:bad=momentous:important
momentum n. 动力,要素
a property of a moving body that the body has by virtue of its mass and motion and that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
monochromatic a. 单色的,一色的
having or consisting of one color or hue
iridescent←→monochromatic
monopolize vt. 独占,垄断
to get a monopoly of:assume complete possession or control of
monotone a. 单调的
having the property either of never increasing or of never decreasing as the values of the independent variable or the subscripts of the terms increase :MONOTONIC
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
montage n. 混成画,拼集的照片,蒙太奇
the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of ideas
montage:images=medley:songs
zigzag:turns=montage:images
morass n. 沼泽地,困境v. 陷入困境
something that traps, confuses, or impedes
morass:irritating=??
moratorium n. 延期偿付,延期偿付期间
a legally authorized period of delay in the performance of a legal obligation or the payment of a debt
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity
fast:eat=moratorium:act
mordant adj. 讥讽的,尖酸的
biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style:INCISIVE
mordant←→genial
moribund adj.即将结束的,垂死的
being in the state of dying:approaching death
moribund←→beginning
moribund←→nascent
morose adj.脾气坏的,不高兴的
having a sullen and gloomy disposition
morose←→cheerful
sanguine←→morose
mortar n. 小臼,乳钵
a strong vessel in which material is pounded or rubbed with a pestle
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
mosque n. 清真寺
a building used for public worship by Muslims
spire:church=minaret:mosque
mosquito n. 蚊子
any of a family (Culicidae) of dipteran flies with females that have a set of slender organs in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skin of animals and to suck their blood and that are in some cases vectors of serious diseases
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter
motile a. 能动的,有自动力的
exhibiting or capable of movement
motility←→stasis
motivate v. 促使,激发
to provide with a motive:IMPEL
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
motley a. 杂色的,斑杂的,杂多的,混杂的
(1) variegated in color
(2) composed of diverse often incongruous elements
motley←→colorless
motley←→unique
mottle vt. 使成杂色
to mark with spots or blotches of different color or shades of color as if stained
striated:groove=mottled/dappled:spot
mottle←→blanch
mottled←→homogenous { solidary}
mournful a. 悲恸的,悲哀的,令人惋惜的
causing sorrow or melancholy:GLOOMY
jovial←→mournful
movement n. 运动,倾向,乐章
a distinct structural unit or division having its own key, rhythmic structure, and themes and forming part of an extended musical composition
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
muffle vt. 围裹,抑制,发低沉的声音
to wrap or pad with something to dull the sound
plangent←→muffled
mulish a. 骡的,执拗的,杂种的
unreasonably and inflexibly obstinate
despicable:value=mulish:flexible
flexible←→mulish
pliant←→mulish
mull n. 软薄布,混乱 vi. 深思熟虑
to consider at length:PONDER
mumble vt.vi. 喃喃而语,咕哝
to utter with a low inarticulate voice
enunciate←→mumble
mundane a. 尘世的;世俗的
characterized by the practical, transitory, and ordinary:COMMONPLACE
municipality n. 自治区,市当局,全市民
a primarily urban political unit having corporate status and usually powers of self-government
munificent adj. 慷慨的,大方的
characterized by great liberality or generosity
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
mural adj. 墙壁的n. 壁画
a mural work of art (as a painting)
petrography:rock=mural:wall
murky adj. 黑暗的,朦胧的
characterized by a heavy dimness or obscurity caused by or like that caused by overhanging fog or smoke
limpid←→murky
murky←→clear
pellucid←→murky
murmur n. 低语,低声的怨言
a low indistinct but often continuous sound
croon:sing=murmur:speak
mushroom vi. 迅速生长,迅速增加,采蘑菇
to spring up suddenly or multiply rapidly
mute vt. 减弱...的声音
to muffle, reduce, or eliminate the sound of
mute←→amplify
myopic a. 近视的
a lack of foresight or discernment:a narrow view of something
myopic←→discerning
myriad a. 无数的,一万的,种种的
having innumerable aspects or elements
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
nadir n. 最低点,无底
the lowest point
nadir←→summit
nadir←→acme
naive a. 天真的,纯真的,朴素的
deficient in worldly wisdom or informed judgment; especially :CREDULOUS
guile:naive=??
worldly←→naive
narcissism n. 自我陶醉,自恋
love of or sexual desire for one's own body
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
narcissism:love=guilt:blame
nascent a. 新生的,诞生中的
coming or having recently come into existence
moribund←→nascent
natty adj. 整洁的,漂亮的
trimly neat and tidy:SMART
nauseate v. 使作呕,使厌恶
to feel disgust
vertigo:nauseate=??
naysayer n. 怀疑者,否定者
one who denies, refuses, opposes, or is skeptical or cynical about something
concur←→naysay
nebulous adj. 模糊不清的,云状的
INDISTINCT, VAGUE
nebulous←→distinct
nebulous←→clear cut
needy a. 贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的
being in want:POVERTY-STRICKEN
affluent←→needy
nefarious adj.违法的,邪恶的
flagrantly wicked or impious:EVIL
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
negative n. 底片
a negative photographic image on transparent material used for printing positive pictures
negotiate vi. 商议,谈判,交涉
to confer with another so as to arrive at the settlement of some matter
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
negotiator:agreement
neophyte n.初学者,新手
a new convert:PROSELYTE
inexperience:neophyte=irresponsibility:wastrel
nepotism n.裙带关系
favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on kinship
nepotism:relative=cronyism:friend
nerve vt. 鼓起勇气
to give strength or courage to:supply with physical or moral force
appall←→embolden/nerve
nettle n. 荨麻,v. 烦忧,激恼
to arouse to sharp but transitory annoyance or anger imputable:nettle
nibble v. 一点点地咬,慢慢啃
a:to bite gently
b:to eat or chew in small bits
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
nip v. 夹,咬 n. 严寒
to take liquor in nips:TIPPLE
nip:eat=jot:write
nitpicking adj. 挑剔的,吹毛求疵的
minute and usually unjustified criticism
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
nitpick:criticize=cavil:object
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
nocturnal a. 夜的,夜曲的
of, relating to, or occurring in the night
diurnal←→nocturnal
noisome adj. 恶臭的,令人不快的
offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell
noisome←→appealing
noisome←→beneficial/pleasant/healthy
nominal a. 名义上的,(指金额)极小的
TRIFLING, INSIGNIFICANT
nominal:significance=disjunctive:unity
nonchalant adj. 冷漠的,满不在乎的
having an air of easy unconcern or indifference
anonymous:identify=nonchalant:excite
nondescript adj. 没有特征的,平凡的
lacking distinctive or interesting qualities:DULL, DRAB
nondescript←→conspicuous
nonentity n. 不存在,非实在,虚无
a person of little consequence or significance
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
nonflammable a. 不燃烧的
not flammable; specifically :not easily ignited and not burning rapidly if ignited
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
nonsense n. 无意义的事,荒谬的言行,荒唐
words or language having no meaning or conveying no intelligible ideas
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
notch vt. 刻凹痕,用刻痕计算,得分
to cut or make a notch in
serrated←→without notches/smooth
notwithstanding prep.尽管,虽然
DESPITE
novelty n. 新奇,新鲜,新奇的事物
something new or unusual
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
banal←→novel
timeworn←→novel
noxious a.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
physically harmful or destructive to living beings
noxious←→beneficial
nuance n.细微的差异
a subtle distinction or variation
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
nuance←→patent difference
nudge n.v. 用肘轻推,悄悄推,引起注意
to touch or push gently; especially :to seek the attention of by a push of the elbow
nudge:push=??
nurture vt. 养育,给与营养物,教养
(1)to supply with nourishment
(2)EDUCATE
nurture←→withhold sustenance from
nurture←→disregard, ignore, neglect, overlook, pass over, slight
oafish adj. 呆子的,白痴的
a stupid person:BOOB
obdurate adj. 固执的,顽固的
resistant to persuasion or softening influences
firmness:obdurate=carefulness:meticulous
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate
toward←→obdurate
obeisance n. 鞠躬,敬礼
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW
obfuscate v. 使困惑,使迷惑
a:DARKEN
b:to make obscure
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
obfuscate←→clarify
obedient a. 服从的,顺从的,孝顺的
submissive to the restraint or command of authority:willing to obey
contumacious←→obedient
obeisance n. 敬礼,鞠躬,顿首
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW
obeisant←→impertinent
obligatory adj. 强制性的,义务的
binding in law or conscience
elected:obliged=??
discretionary←→obligatory
selective←→obligatory
obliging a. 亲切的,体贴的,殷勤的,有礼貌的
willing to do favors:ACCOMMODATING
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
oblique a. 斜的,倾斜的,无诚意的,不坦率的
not straightforward:INDIRECT; also :OBSCURE
oblique←→direct
obliterate v. 涂掉,擦掉
to remove from existence:destroy utterly all trace, indication, or significance of
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
obliterate:remove=accomodate:supply { convey:conduct}
oblivious a. 易忘的,遗忘的,忘却的,健忘的
lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful attention
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
cognizant←→oblivious
oblivious←→vigilant
oblivious←→mindful
vigilant←→oblivious
obscure vt. 使阴暗,隐藏,使含糊
not clearly seen or easily distinguished:FAINT
celebrity←→obscurity
explicit←→obscure
obsequious a. 谄媚的,奉承的,顺从的
marked by or exhibiting a fawning attentiveness
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
obsequious:attentiveness=??
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
supercilious←→obsequious
observatory n. 天文台,气象台,了望台
a building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (as in astronomy);
conservatory:music={seminary:theology }=observatory:astronomy observatory:astronomy
obsess vt.迷住;使困窘,使烦扰
to haunt or excessively preoccupy the mind of
agonized:distress=obsessed:concern
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous
obsolete a. 荒废的,成废物的,陈旧的
a:no longer in use or no longer useful
b:of a kind or style no longer current:OLD-FASHIONED
obstacle n. 障碍
something that impedes progress or achievement
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
obstinate adj.固执的,倔强的
perversely adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
obstreperous adj.吵闹的,难管束的
stubbornly resistant to control:UNRULY
obstreperous←→disciplined
obstruct v. 阻塞,截断
to hinder from passage, action, or operation:IMPEDE
obstruct←→facilitate
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude
obtuse adj. 愚笨的,不锐利的
lacking sharpness or quickness of sensibility or intellect:INSENSITIVE
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse
obviate vt. 除去,排除,避免,预防
to anticipate and prevent (as a situation) or make unnecessary (as an action)
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
occlude vt. 使闭塞,封闭,关闭,逐出
to close up or block off:OBSTRUCT
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude
occult a. 神秘的,不可思议的,超自然的
not easily apprehended or understood:ABSTRUSE, MYSTERIOUS
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable
occurrence n. 发生,事件,发现
something that occurs
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence
ode n. 颂诗,赋
a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style, varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms
chord:tone=ode:poem
odious adj. 可憎的,讨厌的
exciting or deserving hatred or repugnance
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
grating:sound=acrid:odor
odious:disgust=menacing:fear
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear { immovable:stability}
hankering←→odium
odium←→infatuation
odium←→esteem
offbeat a. 不平常的,离奇的
ECCENTRIC, UNCONVENTIONAL
offbeat←→conventional
offbeat n. 弱拍
the unaccented beat of a musical measure
offend v.冒犯,得罪
to cause dislike, anger, or vexation
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
politic:offend=aloof:associate
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
offhand adj.临时,无准备的;随便,马虎的
without premeditation or preparation:EXTEMPORE
offhand←→premeditated
officious adj.爱发命令的,好忠告人的
volunteering one's services where they are neither asked nor needed:MEDDLESOME
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish {absorbed:engrossed }
officious:meddle=disaffected:rebel
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
politic←→officious
offish adj. 冷淡的
somewhat cold and reserved :STANDOFFISH
offish←→sociable
opacity n. 不透明,暖昧
the quality or state of a body that makes it impervious to the rays of light
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
opacity←→transparency
opaque adj. 不透明的,难懂的
exhibiting opacity:blocking the passage of radiant energy and especially light
slack:tension=opaque:translucence
diaphanous←→opaque
opine vt.vi. 想,以为
to express opinions
augur:predict=pundit:opine
opportune adj. 合适的,适当的
suitable or convenient for a particular occurrence
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
opportune←→inconvenient
oppose vt.反对;反抗
to place over against something so as to provide resistance, counterbalance, or contrast
oppose:thwart=treat:cure
oppression n. 压抑,沉闷,压迫手段
unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power
oppression:disagreement
opprobrious a. 嘴不干净的,无礼的,粗野的
expressive of opprobrium:SCURRILOUS
opprobrious:blameless=??
opprobrious←→irreproachable
optimization n. 最佳化
an act, process, or methodology of making something (as a design, system, or decision) as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible;
optimization:improve=??
opulent adj.富裕的,充足的
amply or plentifully provided or fashioned often to the point of ostentation
oration n. 演说,致辞,叙述法
an elaborate discourse delivered in a formal and dignified manner
orchestra n.管弦乐队
a group of musicians including especially string players organized to perform ensemble music
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
original a. 最初的,原始的,有创意的
not secondary, derivative, or imitative
babble:sense=parrot=originality
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
orthodoxy n. 正统说法,正教,信奉正教
the quality or state of being conforming to established doctrine especially in religion
religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
dissenter:orthodox=maverick:group
oscillate vt. 使振动,使动摇
to swing backward and forward like a pendulum
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
ossify v.硬化,骨化, 变得泥古不化
to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible
ossify←→transcend conventions
ostentatious a. 装饰表面的,夸示的,华美的
marked by or fond of conspicuous or vainglorious and sometimes pretentious display
ostracism n. 贝壳流放,放逐,排斥
exclusion by general consent from common privileges or social acceptance
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}
ostracize←→take in
ostracize←→welcome
ostracize←→include/embrace
outgoing adj. 友善的,即将离去的
openly friendly and responsive:EXTROVERTED
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting
outmaneuver v. 以策略制胜, 以机动性胜过
outmaneuver←→yield
outmoded a. 过时的
no longer acceptable, current, or usable
outmoded←→original
overbearing a. 傲慢的,骄傲自大的,蛮横的
harshly and haughtily arrogant
unassuming←→overbearing
overdose n. 配药量过多
too great a dose (as of a therapeutic agent)
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
overexposure a. 过度暴露
to expose excessively; especially :to expose (as film) to excessive radiation (as light)
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
overlap vt. 重叠,重复
to occupy the same area in part:lap over
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
overt adj.公开的、非秘密的
open to view:MANIFEST
clandestine:secretly=overt:openly
shadowy←→overt
overture n. 前奏曲、序曲,提议,提案,初步交涉
a:an initiative toward agreement or action:PROPOSAL
b:something introductory:PRELUDE
veto:prohibitive=overture:introductory
overture:introductory=caveat:warning
overwhelm vt. 淹没,受打击,制服,压倒
to overcome by superior force or numbers
usurp:take=overwhelm:defeat
overwrought a. 过度紧张[兴奋]的
extremely excited:AGITATED
oxymoron n. 矛盾修饰法
a combination of contradictory or incongruous words
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
pacify vt. 使平静,安慰,绥靖
to allay the anger or agitation of:SOOTHE
solace:grief=pacification:anger
rankle←→pacify
tantrum←→pacify
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
pack n. 包裹,一群,包装,背包,一副
a group of often predatory animals of the same kind ,WOLF PACK
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf
pact n. 契约,协定,条约
COMPACT; especially :an international treaty
padding n. 垫充,垫塞,填料
material with which something is padded
padding:damage=disguise:recognition
paean n. 欢乐歌,赞美歌
a joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph; broadly :ENCOMIUM, TRIBUTE
paean←→harshly lampoon
painstaking a. 辛苦的,勤勉的,小心的
taking pains:expending, showing, or involving diligent care and effort
cursory←→painstakingly thorough
palatable adj.美味的,愉快的
agreeable to the palate or taste
palatable:savory=discernible:manifest
palatial adj.宫殿般的,宏伟的
of, relating to, or being a palace
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
palette n. 调色板,颜料
a particular range, quality, or use of color
palette:color=repertoire:play
pall v. 覆盖,使平淡无味
to lose in interest or attraction
pall←→interest/intrigue
palliate v. 减轻(痛苦),掩饰(罪行)
to reduce the violence of (a disease):ABATE
pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative
caustic←→palliating/genial
palliate←→exacerbate
pallor n. 苍白
deficiency of color especially of the face:PALENESS
palmy a. 棕榈的,多棕榈的,繁荣的
marked by prosperity:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
palpable adj. 明显的,易觉察的
easily perceptible by the mind:MANIFEST
elliptical←→palpable
palpable←→subtle
palter vi. 含糊其词,马虎处理,讨价还价,敷衍了事
to act insincerely or deceitfully:EQUIVOCATE
palter:candor=diehard:budge
palter←→candor
paltry a.无价值的,微不足道的
INFERIOR, TRASHY,TRIVIAL
paltry←→significant/important
pan v. 严厉批评
to criticize severely
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
rave←→pan
panache n. 羽饰,夸示,假威风,炫耀
dash or flamboyance in style and action:VERVE
panache←→humility
panache←→unremarkable behavior
pander v.迎合
to act as a pander; especially :to provide gratification for others' desires
panegyric n. 赞扬,夸大的颂词,推崇备至
a eulogistic oration or writing; also :formal or elaborate praise
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
panegyric:praise:valediction:farewell
panegyric←→anathema
panorama n. 全景,全貌,概论
an unobstructed or complete view of an area in every direction
pantechnicon n. 家具仓库,家具搬运车
a usually enclosed wagon or motortruck used for transportation of goods or animals
pantechnicon:furniture=??
pantry n.食品柜,餐具室
a room (as in a hotel or hospital) for preparation of foods on order
pantry:food=armory:weapons
pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes
parable n. 寓言,比喻
EXAMPLE; specifically :a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
parable:story=homily:lecture
parabola n. 抛物线
a plane curve generated by a point moving so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance from a fixed line:the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane parallel to an element of the cone
paradigmatic adj. 作为示范的,典范的
EXAMPLE, PATTERN; especially :an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype
paradox n. 似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话
a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
paragon n. 模范,典型
a model of excellence or perfection
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
travesty←→paragon
parallel a. 平行的,相似的
extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting
paramount adj. 最重要的,最高权力的
superior to all others:SUPREME
painful:agonizing=important:paramount
paranoia n. 偏执狂
a tendency on the part of an individual or group toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
paraphrase vt. 释义
to make a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
parch vi. 烤干,焦干
to dry or shrivel with cold
steep←→parch
pariah n. 贱民,被社会遗弃者
a member of a low caste of southern India
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}
parity n. 同等,同格,同位,平价
the quality or state of being equal or equivalent
parity←→inequality
parlance n. 说法,语法,语调
manner or mode of speech:IDIOM
gait:walk=parlance:speak
parochial a. 教区的,地方性的,狭小的
confined or restricted as if within the borders of a parish:limited in range or scope (as to a narrow area or region):PROVINCIAL, NARROW
parody n.嘲弄文章,拙劣的模仿
a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule
parody:style=mime:gesture
spoof:parody=??
parquetry n. 镶木地板艺术或图案
work in the form of usually geometrically patterned wood laid or inlaid especially for floors
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor
parrel n. 亦作 parral.『航海』绳环
a rope loop or sliding collar by which a yard or spar is held to a mast in such a way that it may be hoisted or lowered
parrot n.鹦鹉 vt. 学舌
to repeat by rote
babble:sense=parrot=originality
parry v. 挡开,避开(武器,问题等)
to evade especially by an adroit answer
duty:shirk=question:parry
parse n./v. 从语法上分析
to resolve (as a sentence) into component parts of speech and describe them grammatically
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical
specimen:dissect=sentence:parse
parsimony n. 过度节俭,吝啬
a:the quality of being careful with money or resources:THRIFT
b:the quality or state of being stingy
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
curt:words=parsimonious:resource
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
largesse←→parsimony
liberal←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→wasteful
profligate←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→prodigal
partiality n. 偏袒,偏心
the quality or state of being partial:BIAS
particularize vt.vi. 详细说明,列举,大书特书
to state in detail:SPECIFY
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details
partisan n. 党羽,同党的人,游击队员
a firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person; especially:one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
patriot:country=partisan:course
passionate adj.多情的,热烈的
a:capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling
b:ENTHUSIASTIC, ARDENT
pastiche n. 模仿 (的手法) ; 混成 [拼凑]
a literary, artistic, musical, or architectural work that imitates the style of previous work;
pastiche←→original work
patent a. 专利的,显著的,新奇的
readily visible or intelligible:OBVIOUS
abstruse←→accessible/patent
nuance←→patent difference
occult←→bare/patent
patent←→not evident
recondite←→patent
pathology n. 病理学,病理,病状
something abnormal,deviation from propriety or from an assumed normal state of something nonliving or nonmaterial
pathological←→normal
patina n. 绿锈,光亮的外表
a superficial covering or exterior
patina←→essential quality
patriot n.爱国者,爱国主义者
one who loves his or her country and supports its authority and interests
patriot:country=partisan:course
patronize vt. 保护,支援,惠顾,庇护,赞助
to adopt an air of condescension toward:treat haughtily or coolly
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
paucity n. 少数,少量,缺乏
smallness of number:FEWNESS
paucity←→slew
profusion←→paucity
paunchy a. 大肚子的
having an enlarged, swollen, or protruding abdomen
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
pauper n. 贫民,被救济者,穷人
a person destitute of means except such as are derived from charity; specifically:one who receives aid from funds designated for the poor
pebble n. 小圆石,小鹅卵石
a small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
peccadillo n.小过失
a slight offense
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
peck n. 啄痕,啄食,许多 a quick light kiss
peck:kiss=glance:look { peck:kiss=peep:sound }
pedagogue n. 教师,教育者,爱假装博学者
TEACHER, SCHOOLMASTER; especially :a dull, formal, or pedantic teacher
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
pedant n. 炫学者,自夸学者的人,空谈家
one who makes a show of knowledge
martinet:discipline=pedant:learning
mawkish/maudlin:sentiment=pedantic:scholarship
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
moralistic:principled=pedantic:learned
pedestrian adj.徒步的,缺乏想像的 n.行人
COMMONPLACE, UNIMAGINATIVE
pedestrian←→imaginative
pedestrian←→uncommon
peep n. 瞥见,偷看,初现
to utter the slightest sound
{peck:kiss=peep:sound}
peeve v. 气恼,怨恨
to make peevish or resentful:ANNOY
mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy
placate←→peeve
pejorative adj.带有轻蔑意义的,贬低的
having negative connotations; especially :tending to disparage or belittle:DEPRECIATORY
pejorative←→laudatory
pellucid adj.清晰的,清澈的
easy to understand
venial:excuse=pellucid:understand
pellucid←→murky
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid
penalty n. 刑罚,罚款,报应
the suffering in person, rights, or property that is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime or public offense
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
penchant n. [对…的]强烈嗜好,偏好; 倾向[for]
a strong and continued inclination; broadly :LIKING
penchant←→aversion
penchant←→dislike
penetrate vt. 穿透,渗透,看穿
a:to pass into or through
b:to enter by overcoming resistance:PIERCE
c:to gain entrance to
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
pensive a. 沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的
musingly or dreamily thoughtful
penury n.贫穷
a cramping and oppressive lack of resources (as money); especially :severe poverty
incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy
penury←→affluence
penurious←→lavish
perceptible a. 可察觉的,能感觉得到的,看得见的
capable of being perceived especially by the senses
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
peremptory adj. 专横的,不容反抗的
characterized by often imperious or arrogant self-assurance
parsimonious:spend=peremptory:fawn
peremptory←→open to challenge
perfidy n. 不诚实,背信
the quality or state of being faithless or disloyal:TREACHERY
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
perfidious←→faithful/loyal
perfunctorily ad. 敷衍地,潦草地,表面地
lacking in interest or enthusiasm
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
perimeter n. 周长,周界
the boundary of a closed plane figure
country:border=circle:perimeter
peripatetic adj. 巡游的
moving or traveling from place to place:ITINERANT
peripatetic←→rooted
peripheral adj.边缘的,周边的
of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
crux←→peripheral element
periphery←→central
perjury n. 伪誓,伪证
the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under
oath:false swearing=perjury:deposition
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
perjure←→depose
permanence n.永久,持久
the quality or state of being permanent:DURABILITY
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation
interim←→permanent
transience←→permanence
permeable a. 有浸透性的,能透过的
capable of being permeated:PENETRABLE; especially :having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
waterproof←→permeable
permissivist n. 极端纵容者
granting or tending to grant permission:TOLERANT
deficient in firmness or control:INDULGENT, LAX
pernicious a. 有害的,有毒的,致命的
highly injurious or destructive:DEADLY
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
perpetual a. 永久的,不断的
continuing forever:EVERLASTING
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation
persecute vt. 迫害,虐待,困扰
to harass in a manner designed to injure, grieve, or afflict; specifically :to cause to suffer because of belief
persecute:injure=haunt:remember
persevere vi. 坚持不懈;不屈不挠
to persist in a state, enterprise, or undertaking in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
persevere←→give up
persiflage n. 挖苦,嘲弄
frivolous bantering talk:light raillery
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
personable a. 风度好的,优雅的,貌美的
pleasant or amiable in person:ATTRACTIVE
personable←→unattractive
perspective n. 远景,看法,透视
an optical glass (as a telescope)
perspicacious adj. 独具慧眼的
of acute mental vision or discernment:KEEN
perspicacious←→obtuse/undiscerned
perspicuity n. 明晰,明了,简明
plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation
perspicuous←→dull
pertinacious adj. 顽固的
stubbornly unyielding or tenacious
pertinacious←→tractable
pertinacity←→vacillation
pertinent a. 相关的,中肯的,切题的
having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
immaterial←→pertinent/relevant
pertinent←→irrelevant
perturb vt.使担忧
to disturb greatly in mind:DISQUIET
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
pervade vt. 弥漫,遍及,充满,渗透,漫延
to become diffused throughout every part of
pessimism n. 悲观,悲观主义
an inclination to emphasize adverse aspects, conditions, and possibilities or to expect the worst possible outcome
pesticide n. 杀虫剂
an agent used to destroy pests
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide
pestle n. 杵,乳钵槌
a usually club-shaped implement for pounding or grinding substances in a mortar
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen/spice:flavor/whetstone:sharpen/spoon:stir
awl:pierce=pestle:hash
petition vt.vi. 请求,恳求,请愿
to make a request to:SOLICIT
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner
petrography n. 岩石记述学
the description and systematic classification of rocks
petrography:rock=mural:wall
petulance n. 发脾气,生气,易怒,暴躁,性急
the quality or state of being petulant:PEEVISHNESS
philanthropic a. 博爱的
of, relating to, or characterized by philanthropy:HUMANITARIAN
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
philanthropist:eleemosynary==??
philistine n. 庸人,市侩
a person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values
philistine←→aesthete
philosophical a. 哲学的,冷静的,哲学上的
characterized by the attitude of a philosopher; specifically :calm or unflinching in face of trouble, defeat, or loss
phlegmatic adj. 冷静的,冷淡的,冷漠的,无活力的
having or showing a slow and stolid temperament
phlegmatic:arouse=??
phlegmatic←→spirited
phlegmatic←→vivacious
piddling a. 无用的,琐屑的
TRIVIAL, PALTRY
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
pigment n.天然色素,干粉颜料
a coloring matter in animals and plants especially in a cell or tissue;
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
pilfer vt.vi. 盗,偷,窃
STEAL; especially :to steal stealthily in small amounts and often again and again
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
pillar n. 柱子,栋梁,重要的支持者
a firm upright support for a superstructure:POST
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
derelict←→pillar of society
pillory n.颈手枷,示众,嘲弄
to expose to public contempt, ridicule, or scorn
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory{persuade:convince}
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
pillory←→exalt
pilot n. 飞行员,领航员,领导人,响导,航船者
one employed to steer a ship:HELMSMAN
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
pine vi. 消瘦,憔悴,渴望
to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable
longing:pine=remorse:rue
pinnacle n. 小尖塔,尖峰,高峰
an upright architectural member generally ending in a small spire and used especially in Gothic construction to give weight especially to a buttress
pinpoint n. 极小之物,针尖 vt.精确地找到
extremely fine or precise
piquant adj.辛辣的,开胃的
agreeably stimulating to the palate; especially :SPICY
pique←→mollify
pithy a. 有髓的,有力的,含蓄的
having substance and point:tersely cogent
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
pithy←→prolix
pitiless a. 无情的,冷酷的,无怜悯心的
devoid of pity:MERCILESS
pittance n. 配给的食物,施舍少量的钱,少量
a small portion, amount, or allowance; also :a meager wage or remuneration
cornucopia←→lack/pittance
placate vt.安抚;和解
to soothe or mollify especially by concessions:APPEASE
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
galling←→placating
placate←→peeve
placate←→antagonize
placebo n.安慰剂
an inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
plagiarize vt.vi. 剽窃,抄袭
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own:use (another's production) without crediting the source
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle
plangent adj.如泣如诉的,悲哀的
having a loud reverberating sound
plangent←→muffled
plantation n. 耕地,森林,殖民
a usually large group of plants and especially trees under cultivation
plantation:tobacco=media:bacteria
plateau n. 高地,高原
a region of little or no change in a graphic representation
plateau:change=respite:activity
plateau:slope
platitude n. 单调,平凡,陈腐
a banal, trite, or stale remark
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
platonic a. 柏拉图哲学的,柏拉图主义的,唯心的
of, relating to, or being a relationship marked by the absence of romance or sex
plausible a. 似真实的,似合理的,说得煞有其事的 ]
superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious
rationalize:plausible=??
plethora n. 过量,过剩
EXCESS, SUPERFLUITY; also :PROFUSION, ABUNDANCE
plethora←→dearth
pliable a. 易曲折的,柔软的,圆滑的
supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking
static:move=pliable:inflexible
pliable←→rigid
pliant adj.易受影响的,易弯的
easily influenced:YIELDING
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
pliant←→mulish
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
plight n. 境况,誓约,困境
to put or give in pledge:ENGAGE
plight←→favorable condition
plodding a. 沉重缓慢的,单调乏味的
working laboriously and monotonously:DRUDGE
meteoric←→plodding
plot vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
a secret plan for accomplishing a usually evil or unlawful end:INTRIGUE
cabal:association=plot:plan
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
plot vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
the plan or main story of a literary work
choreography:dance=plot:story
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
pluck n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏
courageous readiness to fight or continue against odds:dogged resolution
pluck←→cowardice
pluck n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏, 弹奏
to play by sounding the strings with the fingers or a pick
horn:blow=harp:pluck
plumb vt.铅锤测定是否垂直或深度
to measure the depth of with a plumb
assess:value=plumb:depth
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
plumb←→examine curiously
plummet v. 垂直或突然地堕下
to drop sharply and abruptly
fall descend:plummet=move:dart
plummet:ascend=??
plump a.丰满的;鼓起的,直率的
having a full rounded usually pleasing form
a plump woman
svelte←→plump
plump vt. 突然放下,支持,使丰满,使鼓起
to drop, sink, or come in contact suddenly or heavily
plurality n. 复数,较大数,许多,兼职
a:the state of being plural
b:the state of being numerous
c:a large number or quantity
polemic n. 争论,论战
the art or practice of disputation or controversy
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
polish a. 擦亮的,精练的,优美的
highly developed, finished, or refined PERFECT
rustic←→polished
untutored←→polished
gaucheness←→polish
politic a. 精明的,圆滑的,慎重的,策略的
characterized by shrewdness in managing, contriving, or dealing
politic:offend=aloof:associate
politic←→unsophisticated
politic←→officious
pollster n. 民意测验家
one that conducts a poll or compiles data obtained by a poll
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
pompous a. 傲慢的,自大的,夸大的,豪华的
having or exhibiting self-importance:ARROGANT
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
ponderous adj. 笨重的,笨拙的
of very great weight
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively
slight←→ponderous
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
pontificate v. 自大武断地做,装模作样的说话
to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak
pontificate←→comment tentatively
porcelain n.瓷,瓷器
a hard, fine-grained, sonorous, nonporous, and usually translucent and white ceramic ware that consists essentially of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar and is fired at high temperatures
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
glaze:porcelain=vanish:wood
pore n.毛孔,气孔,细孔
a minute opening especially in an animal or plant; especially :one by which matter passes through a membrane
pore:membrane=door:room
porous adj. 可渗透的,多孔的
capable of being penetrated fragile:break=porous:penetrate
porous←→impenetrable
portentous a. 前兆的,不吉的,自大的,奇怪的
eliciting amazement or wonder:PRODIGIOUS
portentous←→regular
portrait n.肖像,人像,半身像,人物描写
PICTURE; especially :a pictorial representation (as a painting) of a person usually showing the face
portrait:painting=jazz:music
portrait:person=seascape:ocean
poseur n. 装模作样的人
a person who pretends to be what he or she is not:an affected or insincere person
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person
posit v.假定,认为
to assume or affirm the existence of:POSTULATE
posit←→deny as false
posterity n.后代
the offspring of one progenitor to the furthest generation
postulate v.假定,要求
to assume or claim as true, existent, or necessary:depend upon or start from the postulate of
postulate←→deny as false
posture vi. 作姿势
to assume an artificial or pretended attitude:ATTITUDINIZE
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
posture←→behave naturally
potable adj. 适于饮用的
suitable for drinking
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
potentate n. 有权的人,有势力的人,统治者
RULER, SOVEREIGN; broadly :one who wields great power or sway
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
potentate←→subject
potentiate n. 统治者,当权者 vt. 赋与力量,加强
to make effective or active or more effective or more active; also :to augment the activity of (as a drug) synergistically
deactivate←→potentiate
pout vt.vi. 撅嘴,绷脸
to show displeasure by thrusting out the lips or wearing a sullen expression
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
pout←→grin
prairie n. 大草原,牧场
a large area of level or rolling land in the Mississippi valley that in its natural uncultivated state usually has deep fertile soil, a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
prate vi. 唠唠叨叨的讲,闲聊,空谈
to talk long and idly:CHATTER
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
prate:speak=saunter:walk
preach vt.vi. 传道,讲道,鼓吹,宣讲,说教
to deliver a sermon
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
precarious a.不稳定的
characterized by a lack of security or stability that threatens with danger
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
precarious←→secure/stable
precedent n. 先例,前例
prior in time, order, arrangement, or significance
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
unique:precedent=infinite:end
precipice n. 悬崖
a very steep or overhanging place
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
precipitous←→level
precipitate v. 加速,促成adj. 匆忙的,鲁莽的
to bring about especially abruptly
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
precipitation n.急躁,降雨(量)
something precipitated:as a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
precipitous adj. 陡峭的,仓促的
very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging in rise or fall
precipitous←→gradually sloping
precursor n. 先驱者,前导,先进者
one that precedes and indicates the approach of another
precursory←→derivative
predecessor n. 前任,先辈,以前的东西
one that precedes; especially :a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
preeminent a. 优秀的,超群的,卓越的
having paramount rank, dignity, or importance:OUTSTANDING
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
preempt v. 以先买权取得,取代
to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority:take precedence over
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
preen v. 整理羽毛,(人)打扮修饰
to dress or smooth (oneself) up:PRIMP
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
preen←→ruffle
preface n. 序文,绪言,前言
the introductory remarks of a speaker or author
preface←→epilogue
prefatory←→conclusive
pregnant a. 怀孕的,充满的,含蓄的
abounding in fancy, wit, or resourcefulness:INVENTIVE
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty
preliminary a. 初步的,开始的,预备的
coming before and usually forming a necessary prelude to something else
premeditated a. 预先想过的,预谋的,有计划的
characterized by fully conscious willful intent and a measure of forethought and planning
offhand←→premeditated
spontaneous←→premeditate
preponderant a. 以重胜的,优势的,压倒性的
having superior weight, force, or influence
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
preponderant←→commensurate
prepossessing a. 讨人欢喜的,有魅力的,给人好感的
tending to create a favorable impression:ATTRACTIVE
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
preposterous adj. 荒谬的,可笑的
contrary to nature, reason, or common sense:ABSURD
preposterous←→commonsensical
presage vt. 成为...的前兆,预示,预言
FORETELL, PREDICT
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
prescription n. 处方,命令,指示
a written direction for a therapeutic or corrective agent; specifically :one for the preparation and use of a medicine
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
presentiment n. 预感,预觉
a feeling that something will or is about to happen:PREMONITION
preservative n. 预防法,预防药,防腐剂
something that preserves or has the power of preserving; specifically:an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
censorship:communication=preservative:decay
presumptuous a. 放肆的,冒昧的,冒失的
overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy):taking liberties
transgression:morality=:presumption:propriety presumptuous:unruly
pretense n. 借口,虚假,伪装
an inadequate or insincere attempt to attain a certain condition or quality
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
prevail vi.胜,优胜;流行
to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority:TRIUMPH
prevalent adj.流行的,普遍的
generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored:WIDESPREAD
prevalent←→unusual
prevaricate vi. 支吾其辞,搪塞,撒谎
to deviate from the truth:EQUIVOCATE
blandishment:coax=prevarication:deceive
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
prime n. 最佳部分,初期
the earliest stage
prime←→uninitial
primordial a. 原始的;初发的
existing in or persisting from the beginning
primordial←→most recent
primp vt.vi. 打扮,装饰
to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner
primp:vain=gloat:smug
principal a. 主要的,重要的,首要的
most important, consequential, or influential:CHIEF
principal←→subordinate
prissy a. 谨小慎微的,神经质的,为小事挂虑的
being prim and precise:FINICKY
pristine a. 原来的,古时的,原始的,纯净的,无垢的
not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by civilization):PURE
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation
squalid←→pristine
pristine←→taint
privilege n.特权,优惠
a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor:PREROGATIVE; especially :such a right or immunity attached specifically to a position or an office
probe v.探索,探测
to make a searching exploratory investigation
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
probity n. 刚直,正直
adherence to the highest principles and ideals:UPRIGHTNESS
probity←→unscrupulousness
procrastinate v. 耽搁,拖延
to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done
dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
procrastination←→diligence
procure vt. 获得,取得,促成
to get possession of:obtain by particular care and effort
procure←→relinquish
prod vt. 戳,刺,刺激
to incite to action:STIR
rein←→prod
prodigal a. 浪费的,挥霍的,放荡的
characterized by wasteful expenditure:LAVISH
mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
husbandry←→prodigality
parsimonious←→prodigal
prodigy n. 惊人的事物,不凡的人,神童
a:an extraordinary, marvelous, or unusual accomplishment, deed, or event
b:a highly talented child or youth
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence
prodigious←→slight
profane v. 亵渎,玷污
to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt:DESECRATE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure
proffer v. 献出,赠送,n. 提议,建议
to present for acceptance:TENDER, OFFER
proffer←→retain
profligate adj. 挥金如土的,n. 挥霍者
wildly extravagant:PRODIGAL
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
querulous:words=profligate:money
loquacious:word=profligate:money
profligate←→parsimonious
provident←→profligate
barren←→profligate
proliferate←→dwindle
profusion n.丰富、大量、浪费
great quantity:lavish display or supply
profusion←→paucity
profuse←→scanty
prolix adj.罗嗦的,冗长的
marked by or using an excess of words
pithy←→prolix
prolixity←→succinctness
taciturn←→prolix
prolong vt. 延长,拖延,拖长
to lengthen in extent, scope, or range
prolong←→truncate
prominent a. 卓越的,显著的,凸出的,突起的
a:readily noticeable:CONSPICUOUS
b:widely and popularly known:LEADING
promote vt. 促进,升迁,创办
to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER
abate←→intensify/promote
subside←→promote
propagate vt.繁殖;传播,普及
to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area:EXTEND
propagate←→check
propensity n. 习性;倾向
an often intense natural inclination or preference
propensity←→aversion
prosperous a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
marked by success or economic well-being
prosperous←→depressed
prophetic a. 预言的,先知的,预示的
foretelling events:PREDICTIVE
propitiate vt. 慰抚,安抚,和解( a. propitiatory)
to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of:APPEASE, CONCILIATE
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
propitiate←→incense
propitiate←→antagonize
propitious a. 顺利的,适合的,吉祥的,慈悲的
favorably disposed:BENEVOLENT
proposal n.提案,建议
an act of putting forward or stating something for consideration
prosaic a.单调的,无趣的
DULL, UNIMAGINATIVE,EVERYDAY, ORDINARY
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting
proscribe v. (当作危险物而) 禁止<习惯等>,排斥
to condemn or forbid as harmful or unlawful:PROHIBIT
proscribed←→permitted
prosecution n. 实行,经营,起诉
the act or process of prosecuting; specifically :the institution and continuance of a criminal suit involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
proselytize vi. 劝诱改宗
to recruit or convert especially to a new faith, institution, or cause
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
prosperous a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
a:marked by success or economic well-being
b:enjoying vigorous and healthy growth:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
prostrate a. 拜倒的,降伏的,伏地的,沮丧的,衰竭的
stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission; also :lying flat
prostrate←→erect
protagonist n. 主演,主角,主唱者
a:the principal character in a literary work (as a drama or story)
b:a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work or real event
protean a.千变万化的,变化不定的
displaying great diversity or variety:VERSATILE
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
protean←→static
protest vt.vi. 反对,抗议,拒付,主张,断言
to execute or have executed a formal protest against (as a bill or note)
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
protocol n. 外交礼节,协议
a code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and precedence
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
protract v.延长,拖长
to prolong in time or space:CONTINUE
protract:length=throng:number
protract←→curtail
protuberant a. 突起的,凸出的,显著的
thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass:PROMINENT
protuberant←→depressed
provident adj. 深谋远虑的,节俭的
FRUGAL, SAVING
provident←→profligate
provincial a. 省的,地方的,偏狭的
limited in outlook:NARROW
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
provisional a. 暂时的,暂定的,临时的
serving for the time being:TEMPORARY
definitive←→provisional
provisory a. 有附文的,有附带条件的,暂时的
containing or subject to a proviso:CONDITIONAL
provisory←→unconditional
provoke vt. 激怒,惹起,驱使
to call forth (as a feeling or action):EVOKE
choleric←→difficult to provoke
jejune←→thought provoking
prowess n. 英勇,勇敢,超凡技术
distinguished bravery; especially :military valor and skill
prowess←→timid
prude n. 装成规矩的女人,过分正经的女人
a person who is excessively or priggishly attentive to propriety or decorum; especially :a woman who shows or affects extreme modesty
fanatic:devoted=prude:proper
prudent a. 审慎的,三思而后行的,精明的,节俭的
marked by circumspection:DISCREET
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
fool←→prudent
prudish a. 装淑女样子的,装规矩的,过分规矩的
marked by prudery:PRIGGISH
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
prune n. 干梅子,梅干,深紫红色,傻瓜
a plum dried or capable of drying without fermentation
prune:plum=raisin:grape
pry v.刺探,打听,撬开
to look closely or inquisitively; also :to make a nosy or presumptuous inquiry
psychology n. 心理学,心理状态
the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
puckish adj. 爱恶作剧的精灵似的; 爱恶作剧的,淘气的,顽皮的
IMPISH, WHIMSICAL
puckish←→sober
puckish←→grave
puerile adj. 幼稚的,儿童的
CHILDISH, SILLY
puerile←→sagacious
pulchritude n. 美丽
physical comeliness
pulchritude←→ugliness ,hideous
pullet n. 小母鸡,小姑娘
a young hen; specifically :a hen of the domestic chicken less than a year old filly:horse=pullet:chicken
punch line n. 结论,点睛之笔
the sentence, statement, or phrase (as in a joke) that makes the point
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
punctilious a. 精密细心的,一丝不苟的,拘泥形式的
marked by or concerned about precise accordance with the details of codes or conventions
punctilious←→remiss
pundit n.权威人士,专家
one who gives opinions in an authoritative manner:CRITIC
augur:predict=pundit:opine
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
pundit:opinion=augur:prediction
pungent a. 苦痛的,刺激性的,严厉的
causing a sharp or irritating sensation; especially :ACRID
pungency←→blandness
puny a. 微小的,弱小的,微不足道的
slight or inferior in power, size, or importance:WEAK
measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly
purgatory n. 灵魂的净化,涤罪,炼狱
an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification; specifically :a place or state of punishment wherein according to Roman Catholic doctrine the souls of those who die in God's grace may make satisfaction for past sins and so become fit for heaven
purity n. 杂质,不洁,不纯
the quality or state of being pure
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
winnow:grain=purify:water
distill:purity=leaven:volume
inviolable←→profane/impure
purlieu n. 森林边缘地,常去的地方,范围,界限
a frequently visited place:HAUNT
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu
purloin vt.vi. 偷窃,盗取
to appropriate wrongfully and often by a breach of trust
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
pursue vt. 追赶,追踪,追捕,追随,追求,
to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat
purvey v. (大量)供给,供应
to supply (as provisions) usually as a matter of business
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
pusillanimous adj. 懦弱的,胆小的
lacking courage and resolution:marked by contemptible timidity
dauntless←→pusillanimous
pusillanimous←→stouthearted
temerity←→pusillanimity/circumspection
valiance←→pusillanimous
quaff vt.vi. 一口气喝干,大口地喝
to drink (a beverage) deeply
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=delve:skim
quail vi. 胆怯,畏缩
to recoil in dread or terror:COWER
quail←→become resolute
quaint a. 古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的
unusual or different in character or appearance:ODD
qualified a.合格的,受限制的
limited or modified in some way
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
absolute←→qualified
categorical←→qualified/conditional
quarantine n. 隔离检疫期,隔离
to isolate from normal relations or communication
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
quarry n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
an open excavation usually for obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone
mine:ore=quarry:rock
quarry n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
one that is sought or pursued:PREY
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
quash v. 取消,拒绝接受,撤销
to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely
quash←→engender
quell vt. 压制,平息,减轻
to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
quench vt. 熄灭,结束,冷浸,淬火
to cool (as heated metal) suddenly by immersion (as in oil or water)
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
querulous adj. 抱怨的,多牢骚的
habitually complaining
querulous:words=profligate:money
questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷,调查表
set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from individuals
queue vi.排长队 n.一行
a waiting line especially of persons or vehicles
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
queue:people=chain:link=colonnade:pillar
quibble n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话 v. 推托,诡辩,说模棱两可的话
to evade the point of an argument by caviling about words
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
quiescent a. 静止的,不活动的,寂静的
marked by inactivity or repose:tranquilly at rest
tumult←→quietude/quiescence
quip n. 名言,讽刺语 v. 讽刺,嘲弄
a:a clever usually taunting remark:GIBE
b:a witty or funny observation or response usually made on the spur of the moment
quixotic adj. 不切实际的,空想的
foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals; especially :marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action
quixotic←→displaying consistently practical behavior
quotidian adj.每日的,平凡的
COMMONPLACE, ORDINARY
quotidian←→remarkable
quotidian←→striking
rabble n. 乌合之众,暴民,下等人
a disorganized or disorderly crowd of people:MOB
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble
rabid a. 猛烈的,热烈的,急进的,疯狂的,固执的,狂怒的
extremely violent:FURIOUS rabid←→logical
racketeer n. 敲诈者,获取不正当钱财的人
one who obtains money by an illegal enterprise usually involving intimidation
raconteur n.善于讲故事的人 '
a person who excels in telling anecdotes
raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing
racy a. 保持原味的,活泼的,生动的
a:full of zest or vigor
b:having a strongly marked quality:PIQUANT
tame←→racy
raffish a. 名誉不好的,无赖的,卑鄙的,艳俗的
marked by or suggestive of flashy vulgarity or crudeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
raffle n. 抽彩售货,废物
a lottery in which the prize is won by one of numerous persons buying chances lottery:raffle=ticket:admission
rafter n. 椽,椽架屋顶,筏夫
any of the parallel beams that support a roof
roof:rafter=table:leg
rage n. 愤怒,情绪激动,狂暴
violent and uncontrolled anger bigot=dedication=rage:anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate
ragged a. 衣衫褴褛的,参差的,刺耳的,粗糙的,不协调的
torn or worn to tatters
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety
rail vi. 责骂,抱怨,n. 横杆,围栏,栏杆,秧鸡,扶手
to revile or scold in harsh, insolent, or abusive language
ramble vi. 漫步,漫谈,漫游,蔓延
to move aimlessly from place to place
draw:doodle=travel:ramble
rambunctious a. 粗暴的,难控制的,骚乱的
marked by uncontrollable exuberance:UNRULY
rampart n. 垒,壁垒,城墙
a protective barrier:BULWARK
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier
ramshackle adj. 摇摇欲坠的
appearing ready to collapse:RICKETY
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
rancid a. 腐臭的
offensive in odor or flavor:RANK
rancor n.深仇,怨恨
bitter deep-seated ill will
rancor←→goodwill
rancor←→charitableness
range n. 排,行,山脉,射程,行列
a series of things in a line:ROW
a series of mountains
range:mountain=chain:link {archipelago:island }
ranger n. 守林人,骑警,徘徊者
the keeper of a British royal park or forest
ranger:forest=curator:museum
rank a. 繁茂的,恶臭的,讨厌的,下流的
offensive in odor or flavor; especially :RANCID
rankle v. (怨恨,失望等)难以释怀
to cause anger, irritation, or deep bitterness
rankle←→pacify
rankle←→calm
rant vt.vi. 咆哮,激昂地说
to scold vehemently
fear:cower=anger:rant
rapacious a. 强夺的,贪欲的,贪婪的
excessively grasping or covetous
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
rapport n.和睦,意见一致
RELATION; especially :relation marked by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity
rapprochement n. (尤指国与国之间的) 建立或恢复友谊或和睦关系
establishment of or state of having cordial relations
estrangement←→rapprochement
rapt a. 全神贯注的,入迷的,出神的
wholly absorbed:ENGROSSED
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
rapt←→distracted
rash a.轻率的;鲁莽的
marked by or proceeding from undue haste or lack of deliberation or caution
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous
loquacious:talkative=rash:adventurous
raisin n. 葡萄干
a grape of any of several varieties that has been dried in the sun or by artificial heat
prune:plum=raisin:grape
raspy a. 刺耳的,粗糙的,易怒的
HARSH, GRATING
mellifluous←→raspy
ratify vt. 认可;批准
to approve and sanction formally:CONFIRM
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
ratiocination n. 推理,推论
the process of exact thinking:REASONING
ratiocination:thinking=articulate:talking
ration n. 定额,定量,配给
a food allowance for one day
dose:medicine=ration:food
rationalize:plausible=
raucous a. 沙哑的,粗声的,刺耳的
disagreeably harsh or strident:HOARSE
ravel vi. 散开,解除
to separate or undo the texture of:UNRAVEL
ravel←→knit
ravenous a. 贪婪的,饿极的,渴望的,狼吞虎咽的
very eager or greedy for food, satisfaction, or gratification
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied}
rave←→pan
raze vt.摧毁,破坏,抹去,消除
to destroy to the ground:DEMOLISH
raze←→build
reactant n. 反应物
a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
reactant←→inert material
reactionary adj.反动的
relating to, marked by, or favoring reaction; especially :ultraconservative in politics
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
ream n. 令,大量的纸
a quantity of paper being 20 quires or variously 480, 500, or 516 sheets
ream:paper=cord:wood
reaper n. 收割者,收割机
one that reaps; especially :any of various machines for reaping grain
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter
reassure v. 使安心,安慰
to restore to confidence
feed:hunger=reassure:uneasiness
rebuff vt. 严厉拒绝
to reject or criticize sharply:SNUB
rebuff←→approve
rebus n. 谜,画谜
a representation of words or syllables by pictures of objects or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound; also :a riddle made up of such pictures or symbols
rebus:dissimulation=??
recalcitrant adj.固执的,顽抗的
obstinately defiant of authority or restraint
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
recant vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly:RENOUNCE
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
recant:declare=??
recant←→reaffirm
recant vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to make an open confession of error
recantation:error=confession:crime recant←→reaffirm
receipt n. 收据,收入,收到
a writing acknowledging the receiving of goods or money
recessive a. 退行的,逆行的,后退的,隐性的
producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele
dominant←→recessive
recidivism n. 累犯,重犯 '
a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior; especially :relapse into criminal behavior
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
reciprocate vi. 往复运动,互换,酬答
to move forward and backward alternately
reciprocating←→moving unidirectional
reckless a. 不注意的,大意的,卤莽的,不顾后果的
marked by lack of proper caution:careless of consequences
circumspect←→audacious/reckless
reclaim v. 要求收回,要求恢复,开垦,填筑
a:to recall from wrong or improper conduct:REFORM
b:TAME, SUBDUE
recluse n. 隐遁者,遁世者
a person who leads a secluded or solitary life
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
recluse:communicate=??
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
turncoat:consistency:recluse:compassion
recoil vi. 退却,畏缩,弹回,报应,反冲,撤退
to fall back under pressure
recoil:advanced
reconcile vt. 使和解,调停,使和谐,使听从,使顺从,使一致
to make consistent or congruous
rift←→reconciliation
recondite adj. 深奥的,难解的
difficult or impossible for one of ordinary understanding or knowledge to comprehend:DEEP
recondite←→widely understood
recondite←→patent
recondite←→self explain
reconnoiter vi. 侦察,勘查,勘测; 观察,探究
to make a reconnaissance of
reconnoiter:information=??
reconstitute vt. 重新组成,重新设立
to constitute again or anew; especially :to restore to a former condition by adding water
reconstitute←→dehydrate
rectify v. 改正,调正
to correct by removing errors:ADJUST
rectify:treaty=confirm:hypothesis
rectitude n. 诚实,正直
moral integrity:RIGHTEOUSNESS
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inequity←→rectitude
redolent adj. 芬芳的芳香的 exuding fragrance:AROMATIC
redolent←→unscented
redoubtable adj.可敬畏的,可怕的,厉害的,著名的
ILLUSTRIOUS, EMINENT; broadly :worthy of respect
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
redress n./v. 改正,修正, 赔偿,救济,矫正
to set right:REMEDY
redundant a. 多余的,过多的,冗长的
exceeding what is necessary or normal:SUPERFLUOUS
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
reel n. 卷轴,一卷,蹒跚,旋转,纺车
a revolvable device on which something flexible is wound
reel:winging=die:shaping
refectory n. 餐厅,休息室
a dining hall (as in a monastery or college)
refinery n.精炼厂,提炼厂
a building and equipment for refining or processing (as oil or sugar)
refinery:petroleum=mill:grain
crass←→refined
refine←→reduce purity
reflective a. 反射的,反映的,熟虑的
marked by reflection:THOUGHTFUL, DELIBERATIVE
refractory adj.难驾驭的,(病)难治的
resisting control or authority:STUBBORN, UNMANAGEABLE
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
refractory←→responsive
refresh vt. 使清新,使恢复,使生气蓬勃
to restore strength and animation to:REVIVE
disgruntle←→refresh
refugee n. 难民,流亡者
one that flees; especially :a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution
refugee:asylum=??
refuse vt.拒绝 vt.拒绝n. 废物
TRASH, GARBAGE
refute vt. 驳倒,反驳
to prove wrong by argument or evidence:show to be false or erroneous
refutation←→verification
regard n. 关心,注意,问候,关系,尊敬
a feeling of respect and affection:ESTEEM
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
regenerate a. 新生的,再生的
restored to a better, higher, or more worthy state
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
regimen n. 养生法,生活规则
a systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient
regimen:health=mnemonics:memory
regimen:health=budget:solvency
regression n. 复原,逆行,退步
a trend or shift toward a lower or less perfect state
regressive←→forward
rehabilitation n. 复原
a:to restore to a former state (as of efficiency, good management, or solvency)
b:to restore or bring to a condition of health or useful and constructive activity
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
reign n. 执政,君主统治,统治,支配
royal authority:SOVEREIGNTY
coronation:reign=wedding:marriage
rein n.缰绳 vi.驾驭,控制
to check or stop by or as if by a pull at the reins
rein←→prod
reiterate v. 重申,反复地说
to state or do over again or repeatedly sometimes with wearying effect
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
relapse vi. 故态复萌,再陷邪道,再度堕落
to slip or fall back into a former worse state
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
release vt. 释放,解放,放松,豁免,免除
to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
constrain←→release
immure←→release
relentless a. 无情的,冷酷的,残酷的
showing or promising no abatement of severity, intensity, strength, or pace:UNRELENTING
inexorable←→relenting
relevant a. 有关联的,中肯的,有关系的,适当的
having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
relevant←→immaterial
religion n. 宗教,信仰
a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
relinquish vt. 放弃,撤回,让与,放手
a:to stop holding physically:RELEASE
b:to give over possession or control of:YIELD
procure←→relinquish
relinquish←→cling to
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure
relish n. 滋味,风味,美味,爱好,食欲
characteristic flavor; especially :pleasing or zestful flavor
remiss adj. 疏忽的,不留心的
showing neglect or inattention:LAX
assiduous←→remiss
punctilious←→remiss
remnant n. 残余物,零头布料
a usually small part, member, or trace remaining
shred:remnant=??
remodel vt. 改造,改型,改变
to alter the structure of:REMAKE
construct:remodel=compose:edit
remonstrance n.抗议,抱怨
an earnest presentation of reasons for opposition or grievance; especially :a document formally stating such points
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
remonstrance:dissuade=syllogism:disprove
remorse n. 懊悔,悔恨
a gnawing distress arising from a sense of guilt for past wrongs:SELF-REPROACH
longing:pine=remorse:rue
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
remunerate vt. 给与报酬,赔偿,酬劳
to pay an equivalent to for a service, loss, or expense:RECOMPENSE
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury
remunerative←→unrequited
rend v.撕裂,猛拉
to split or tear apart or in pieces by violence
rend←→unite/mend
rend←→repair
renounce vi. 垫牌,放弃权利
to give up, refuse, or resign usually by formal declaration
claim←→renounce
renovate vt. 更新,革新,恢复,修复,刷新
to restore to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding)
renovate←→cause to decay
repartee n. 机灵的回答
a succession or interchange of clever retorts:amusing and usually light sparring with words
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}
repatriate v. (自异国)遣返
to restore or return to the country of origin, allegiance, or citizenship
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
repeal v. 废除(法律)
to rescind or annul by authoritative act; especially :to revoke or abrogate by legislative enactment
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
repel vt. 逐退,抵制,使厌恶,抗据
a:to drive back:REPULSE
b:to drive away:DISCOURAGE
court←→repel intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
repellent adj. 令人厌恶的
serving or tending to drive away or ward off
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure
repertoire n. 全部剧目,保留剧目,全部技能
the complete list or supply of dramas, operas, or musical works available for performance
palette:color=repertoire:play
repertoire:performance=manifest:cargo=agenda:meeting
replete adj. 饱满的,塞满的
fully or abundantly provided or filled
repletion←→want
repose n. 休息,睡眠,静止
to take a rest
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose
reprehensible a. 应斥责的,应该谴责的
worthy of or deserving reprehension:CULPABLE
lamentable:pity=reprehensible:censure
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
repressed adj. 被压抑的,被抑制的
characterized by restraint
unrepressed←→restrained
reprieve n. 缓刑,缓刑令,暂缓
to delay the punishment of (as a condemned prisoner)
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity
reprimand n./v. 训诫,谴责
to reprove sharply or censure formally usually from a position of authority
reprisal n.(政治或军事的)报复
a:the act or practice in international law of resorting to force short of war in retaliation for damage or loss suffered
b:an instance of such action
reproach n. 责备,耻辱
an expression of rebuke or disapproval
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
scurvy←→above reproach
opprobrious←→irreproachable
reprobate v. 谴责,指责 n./adj. 堕落的(人)
to condemn strongly as unworthy, unacceptable, or evil
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
reprobate←→righteous individual
reproof n. 斥责,责备
criticism for a fault:REBUKE
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
reprove v. 责骂,申斥
to scold or correct usually gently or with kindly intent
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
reprove:reprimand=blame:censure
repudiate vt. 离婚,抛弃,拒绝履行,拒付
a:to refuse to accept; especially :to reject as unauthorized or as having no binding force
b:to reject as untrue or unjust
repugnant adj. 令人厌恶的
exciting distaste or aversion
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear
cogent:convince=repugnant:repel
repulse v./n. 驱逐,击退,厌恶
to drive or beat back:REPEL
captivate←→repulse
court←→repulse intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
rescind v.废除,取消 (n. rescission)
to make void (as an act) by action of the enacting authority or a superior authority:REPEAL
rescind←→institute
rescission←→enactment
resentment n. 怨恨,愤恨
a feeling of indignant displeasure or persistent ill will at something regarded as a wrong, insult, or injury
reserved adj. 说话不多的,隐讳的,缄默的,冷淡的,性格孤独的
restrained in words and actions
expansive←→reserved/diffident
resign v.辞(职);放弃
to give up one's office or position:QUIT
abdicate:throne=resign:office
resin n.树脂,松脂
any of various solid or semisolid amorphous fusible flammable natural organic substances that are usually transparent or translucent and yellowish to brown, are formed especially in plant secretions, are soluble in organic solvents (as ether) but not in water, are electrical nonconductors, and are used chiefly in varnishes, printing inks, plastics, and sizes and in medicine
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant
resolute 坚决的,刚毅的,毅然的
marked by firm determination:RESOLVED
malleable:shape=irresolute:opinion
daunt←→make resolute
jittery←→resolute
resonant adj. (声音)洪亮的,共鸣的
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound
resourceful a. 策略的,机智的,资源丰富的
able to meet situations:capable of devising ways and means
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
respite n. 休息,中止,暂缓
a period of temporary delay; especially :REPRIEVE
fast:eat=respite:labor
plateau:change=respite:activity
resplendent adj.华丽的,辉煌的
shining brilliantly:characterized by a glowing splendor
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
bravura:performance=resplendent:appearance
resplendent←→dull
responsive a. 回答的,应答的,易感应的
quick to respond or react appropriately or sympathetically:SENSITIVE
dispassionate←→responsive
restive adj. 不安静的,不安宁的倔强, 难以驾御
marked by impatience:FIDGETY
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse restive←→calm/imperturbable
restiveness←→contentment
restore vt. 回复,恢复,修复,修补
to put or bring back into existence or use
dilapidated←→restored
restrain vt.抑制,制止,遏制
to limit, restrict, or keep under control
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
bridled←→without restraint
fervid←→restrained
unrepressed←→restrained
resurgence n. 再起,复活,再现
a rising again into life, activity, or prominence:RENASCENCE
resuscitate v.使复活,使苏醒
to revive from apparent death or from unconsciousness; also:REVITALIZE
extinct←→resuscitated
resuscitation←→enervation
retainer n. 家臣,扈从,保持者
a person attached or owing service to a household; especially :SERVANT
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
retaliate v. 报复,反击
to repay (as an injury) in kind
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury
retard vt. 妨碍,延迟,迟缓
to slow up especially by preventing or hindering advance or accomplishment:IMPEDE
divert:shunt=retard:brake
catalyze←→retard
expedite←→retard
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
reticent adj.沉默不语的
restrained in expression, presentation, or appearance
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
reticent:voluble=??
reticent←→loquacious
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
retinue n. 侍从,随员
a group of retainers or attendants
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
retort vi. 反驳,回嘴,反击
to pay or hurl back:RETURN
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}
retort:response=??
retouch vt. vi. 润饰,修正
to alter (as a photographic negative) to produce a more desirable appearance
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture
retract vt. vi. 缩回,收回,取消,撤消
TAKE BACK, WITHDRAW
misunderstood:clarify=erroneous:retract
foster←→retract
retreat n. 休息寓所,撤退,避难所,退避,隐居
the usually forced withdrawal of troops from an enemy or from an advanced position
incursion←→retreat
retrench v. 节省,削减
a:CUT DOWN, REDUCE
b:to cut out:EXCISE
retrench←→enlarge
retrospective adj. 追想的,回顾的
affecting things past:RETROACTIVE
retrospective←→anticipatory
revenge n. 报仇,复仇,报复
to inflict injury in return for
mercenary:money=vindictive:revenge
revere v.尊崇,尊敬
to show devoted deferential honor to:regard as worthy of great honor
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
revere←→jape at
revise vt. 校订,修正,校正
to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture
revive vi. 苏醒,复活,复兴,恢复精神
to return to consciousness or life:become active or flourishing again
wither←→revive
lull←→revive
revue n. 时事讽刺剧
a theatrical production consisting typically of brief loosely connected often satirical skits, songs, and dances
rewarding a. 有益的,有所得的,有报酬的
yielding or likely to yield a reward:VALUABLE, SATISFYING
drudgery←→rewarding work
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure
ribald a. 说话猥亵的,下流的,卑贱的
CRUDE, OFFENSIVE
ribald←→seemly
rickety a. 患佝偻病的,驼背的,摇摆的
lacking stability or firmness:SHAKY
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety
rider n. 骑士,附件,扶手
a clause appended to a legislative bill to secure a usually distinct object rider:bill=endorsement:policy
ridicule n .v. 嘲笑,愚弄,笑柄
the act of exposing to laughter:DERISION, MOCKERY
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
ridicule:derision=??
sublime←→base/ridiculous
rife a. 流行的,盛传的,非常多的
copiously supplied:ABOUNDING
sparse←→rife
rift n.裂缝,隙缝
BREACH, ESTRANGEMENT
rift←→reconciliation
rigid adj.硬性的
a:inflexibly set in opinion
b:strictly observed
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
pliable←→rigid
rigorous a. 严厉的,严酷的,严格的,精确的
a:marked by extremes of temperature or climate
b:HARSH, SEVERE
rile vt. 搅浑浊,惹怒,使焦急
to make agitated and angry:UPSET
appease←→rile
risible adj.可笑的,引人发笑的
arousing or provoking laughter; especially:LAUGHABLE
rite n.宗教仪式
a prescribed form or manner governing the words or actions for a ceremony
rite←→improvised act
rival n. 对手,竞争者
one of two or more striving to reach or obtain something that only one can possess
rive vt. 撕开,使沮丧
to wrench open or tear apart or to pieces:REND
rive←→unite
rodent n.啮齿类动物(如鼠等)
any of an order (Rodentia) of relatively small gnawing mammals (as a mouse, a squirrel, or a beaver) that have in both jaws a single pair of incisors with a chisel-shaped edge
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent
roil v.搅浑,激怒
a:to make turbid by stirring up the sediment or dregs of
b:to stir up:DISTURB, DISORDER
roil←→clarify/appease/settle
roisterer n. 作威作福者, 闹饮者
to engage in noisy revelry:CAROUSE
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
riot vi. 参加暴动,纵情,放荡
to indulge in revelry or wantonness
sedate←→riot
roster n.值勤表,花名册
a roll or list of personnel
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
rosy a. 美好的;乐观的;玫瑰色的
characterized by or tending to promote optimism
rouse vt. 激起,使振奋,唤起,唤醒
a:to stir up:EXCITE
b:to arouse from or as if from sleep or repose:AWAKEN
mollify←→rouse
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
rubicund a. 红润的,透红的
having a healthy reddish color
rubicund←→pale
rudder n. 舵,方向舵,指导原则
a flat piece or structure of wood or metal attached upright to the stern of a boat or ship so that it can be turned causing the vessel's head to turn in the same direction
rue n.后悔,遗憾.
to feel penitence, remorse, or regret for
longing:pine=remorse:rue
rue:satisfaction rueful←→impenitent
ruffian n. 恶棍,歹徒. adj. 残暴的
a brutal person:BULLY
ruffle n. 皱褶,波纹,生气,轻擂
a strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
preen←→ruffle
ruminate vt. vi. 反刍,沉思
to go over in the mind repeatedly and often casually or slowly
ruminate:decide
rumple n. 皱纹,皱褶
FOLD, WRINKLE
rumple:shirt
run n. 一个完整的表演或放映程序
an unbroken course of performances or showings
journal:entries=run:performance
rupture n. 破裂,断裂,敌对,决裂,裂开
breach of peace or concord; specifically :open hostility or war between nations
rustic a. 乡村的,纯朴的,手工粗糙的
of, relating to, or suitable for the country:RURAL
rustic←→polished
urbane←→rude/rustic
rustling n. ((美口语))偷牛[马]
to steal cattle
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle
rostrum n. 讲坛,演讲坛
a stage for public speaking
rostrum:orator=bench:judge
sabbatical a. 安息日的,周期性休息的
of or relating to the break or change from a normal routine
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
sabotage vt. 妨害,破坏
destructive or obstructive action carried on by a civilian or enemy agent to hinder a nation's war effort
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
saccharine adj. <态度> 娇媚的; <说话声> 娇滴滴的
overly or sickishly sweet
sacrifice n. 牺牲,供俸,祭品
an act of offering to a deity something precious; especially :the killing of a victim on an altar
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
sacrilege n. 亵渎圣物,冒渎,悖理逆天的行为
a technical and not necessarily intrinsically outrageous violation (as improper reception of a sacrament) of what is sacred because consecrated to God
safeguard n.保护措施;护照
a technical contrivance to prevent accident
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
sagacious adj.聪明的,睿智的
of keen and farsighted penetration and judgment:DISCERNING
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:sagacity folly←→sagacious
puerile←→sagacious
sagacious←→without wisdom
sagacity←→folly
salient adj.显著的,突出的
standing out conspicuously:PROMINENT; especially :of notable significance
salient:ignore=incomprehensible:understand
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
salient←→unconspicuous
salmon n. 大麻哈鱼,鲜肉色
a large anadromous salmonid fish (Salmo salar) of the No. Atlantic noted as a game and food fish
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
salubrious adj . 有益健康的
favorable to or promoting health or well-being
virulent←→salubrious
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
insalubrious←→wholesome
salutary adj 的益的,有益健康的
producing a beneficial effect:REMEDIAL
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
salvage n./v. (从灾难中)抢救,海上救助
to rescue or save especially from wreckage or ruin
salve n. 药膏,v. 减轻,缓和
an unctuous adhesive substance for application to wounds or sores
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
sanctify vt. 使神圣,奉献给神,使成为神圣之物
to set apart to a sacred purpose or to religious use:CONSECRATE
desecrate←→sanctify/revere
sanctimonious a. 假装神圣的,假装虔诚的,假装诚实的
affecting piousness:hypocritically devout; also :indicative of affected piousness
sand v. 磨光
to smooth or dress by grinding or rubbing with an abrasive (as sandpaper) varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
sanguine adj. 充满希望的,乐观的, 血红色的
CONFIDENT, OPTIMISTIC
sanguine←→despondent
sanguine←→morose
sanitation n. (公共)卫生
the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of sanitary conditions
censorship:information=sanitation:disease
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
sapient a. 装聪明样的,聪明的,伶俐的,有见识的
possessing or expressing great sagacity
sapient←→foolish
sarcastic a. 讽刺的,讥讽的,辛辣的
given to the use of sarcasm:CAUSTIC
sartorial a. 裁缝匠的,缝工的,裁缝的
of or relating to a tailor or tailored clothes; broadly:of or relating to clothes
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
satiated adj. 1 充分满足的 2 [对…]厌倦的,生腻的[with]
to satisfy (as a need or desire) fully or to excess
satiated:food=saturated:moisture
satire n.讽剌(作品)
a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
saturated a. 饱和的,渗透的,深颜色的
full of moisture:made thoroughly wet
satiated:food=saturated:moisture
small:minuscule=moist:saturated
saturnine adj. 忧郁的,沉默寡言的,阴沉的,感染铅毒的
of a gloomy or surly disposition
saturnine←→jovial
saunter n./v. 闲逛,漫步
to walk about in an idle or leisurely manner:STROLL
prate:speak=saunter:walk
savanna n. 大草原
a tropical or subtropical grassland containing scattered trees and drought-resistant undergrowth
savanna←→slope
savory a. 风味极佳的,可口的,味香的
pleasing to the sense of taste especially by reason of effective seasoning
savvy n./v. 理解能力,机智,悟性
practical know-how
savvy←→simplicity
scale n. 天平,秤盘,秤
an instrument or machine for weighing
gauge:pressure=scale:weight
scale:weight=yardstick:length=gauge:pressure
scalpel n.外科手术刀,解剖刀
a small straight thin-bladed knife used especially in surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer
scan vt. 细看,浏览,分析韵律,详细调查,扫描
to read or mark so as to show metrical structure
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical
scanty a. 缺乏的,仅有的,节省的,狭小的,不够的
limited or less than sufficient in degree, quantity, or extent
scant:considerable=
voluminous←→scanty/scarce
profuse←→scanty
scarp n.悬崖,陡坡
a line of cliffs produced by faulting or erosion
scathing a. 伤害的,损伤的,足致伤害的
bitterly severe
scathing←→politely {cooperative}
schematic a. 概要的,图解的
of or relating to a scheme or schema
scintillating adj.才气横溢的,闪闪发光的; 闪烁的
brilliantly lively, stimulating, or witty
scoff v. ①嘲笑,②狼吞虎咽
to show contempt by derisive acts or language
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
scooter n. 滑行车,踏板车
child's foot-operated vehicle consisting of a narrow footboard mounted between two wheels tandem with an upright steering handle attached to the front wheel
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
score n.乐谱
the copy of a musical composition in written or printed notation
director:script=conductor:score
score:instrument
script:drama=score:music
scorn vt. 轻蔑,不屑做
to treat with scorn:reject or dismiss as contemptible or unworthy
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
adulate←→scorn
scour vt. 擦亮,洗涤,冲洗,急速穿过,冲刷成,清洗
to rub hard especially with a rough material for cleansing
scour:wash
scowl vi. 皱眉头,做出不高兴的脸
to contract the brow in an expression of displeasure
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
scrappy adj. 好斗的,生气勃勃的a. 杂凑的,不连贯的,爱打架的,斗志旺盛的
scrappy←→timorous
screw n. 螺旋,螺杆,螺孔,吝啬鬼,螺旋桨,螺丝钉 vt. 调节,扭紧,旋,拧,加强,鼓舞,勒索,压榨
a nail-shaped or rod-shaped piece with a spiral groove and a slotted or recessed head designed to be inserted into material by rotating
gear:tooth=screw:thread
scribble vt. vi. 潦草地书写,乱写,滥写
to write hastily or carelessly without regard to legibility or form
tinker:adjust=scribble:write
script n. 手迹,手稿,副本
the written text of a stage play, screenplay, or broadcast; specifically :the one used in production or performance
director:script=conductor:score
script:drama=score:music
scrupulous a. 小心谨慎的,细心的
having moral integrity:acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper
probity←→unscrupulousness
scrutable adj. 通过细看和细查可以理解的
capable of being deciphered:COMPREHENSIBLE
mysterious←→scrutable
scrutiny n. 细看,仔细检查,监视,选票的复查
a searching study, inquiry, or inspection:EXAMINATION
scrutinize=gloss=delve:skim
scuff n./v. 拖着脚走,磨损
to scratch, gouge, or wear away the surface of
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
sculptor n. 雕刻家
an artist who makes sculptures
canvas:painter=marble:sculptor
scurvy a. 下流的,卑鄙的,无礼的
disgustingly mean or contemptible:DESPICABLE
scurvy←→above reproach
scythe n. 长柄的大镰刀,战车镰
an implement used for mowing (as grass) and composed of a long curving blade fastened at an angle to a long handle
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter
secrete vt. 隐秘,隐藏,隐匿,分泌
to form and give off (a secretion)
secrete←→absorb
sedate a. 沉着的,镇静的,安静的 vt. 给...服镇静剂
to dose with sedatives
sedate←→riot
sedentary adj. 久坐的,固定不动的
not migratory:SETTLED
migratory←→sedentary
seduce vt. 怂恿,瞒骗,引诱,诱奸
to persuade to disobedience or disloyalty
sedulous adj. 聚精会神的、勤勉的
involving or accomplished with careful perseverance
seemly a. 适当的,恰当的,合适的,好看的
conventionally proper:DECOROUS
seemly←→uncouth
ribald←→seemly
seminal adj. 有创意的,种子的,生殖的
containing or contributing the seeds of later development
seminal←→hampering further development
seminary n. 学校,学院,发源地
an institution of secondary or higher education
conservatory:music={seminary:theology}=observatory:astronomy
sensation n.感觉,知觉;轰动
a mental process (as seeing, hearing, or smelling) due to immediate bodily stimulation often as distinguished from awareness of the
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
numb:insensible:burnish:lustrous
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
sensation←→anesthesia
sensitive a. 敏感的,易感的,灵敏的,感光的
highly responsive or susceptible
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
sensitive←→numb
sentinel n.哨兵,看守
SENTRY:GUARD, WATCH; especially:a soldier standing guard at a point of passage (as a gate)
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
sepulchral adj. 坟墓的,阴深的
suited to or suggestive of a sepulchre:FUNEREAL, MORTUARY
sepulchral←→merry
sequester vt. 使隐退,使隔绝,扣押,没收
to place (property) in custody especially in sequestration
sequester←→permit to mingle
sere adj.干枯的,凋萎的
being dried and withered
sere←→lush/damp
serendipity n. 善于发掘新奇事物的天赋
the faculty or phenomenon of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance
serenity n. 宁静,沉着,晴朗
the quality or state of being shining bright and steady
havoc←→serenity
sermon n. 说教,训诫,布道
a religious discourse delivered in public usually by a clergyman as a part of a worship service
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
serrate a. 锯齿状的
notched or toothed on the edge; specifically :having marginal teeth pointing forward or toward the apex
serrated←→without notches/smooth
serried a. 密集的,林立的,重重叠叠罗列的
crowded or pressed together:COMPACT
serried←→widely separated
servile adj.奴隶的;卑屈的
meanly or cravenly submissive:ABJECT
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
severe a. 严格的,凶猛的,严肃的,朴素的
rigorous in restraint, punishment, or requirement:STRINGENT, RESTRICTIVE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
shackle vt. 加桎梏,加枷锁,束缚
to deprive of freedom especially of action by means of restrictions or handicaps:IMPEDE
emancipate←→shackle
shackle←→loose
shadow vt. 遮蔽,使朦胧,预示,尾随
to follow especially secretly:TRAIL
follow:shadow=leave:abscond
shadowy←→overt
shale n. 页岩,泥板岩
a fissile rock that is formed by the consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, has a finely stratified or laminated structure, and is composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition
shale:lode=well:aquifer
shard n.(陶瓷器、瓦等的) 破片,碎片
fragments of pottery vessels found on sites and in refuse deposits where pottery-making peoples have lived
shard:pottery=fragment:bone
shelter vt. 庇护,保护,隐匿
to constitute or provide a shelter for:PROTECT
conspicuous:sheltered=??
shiftless a. 无计谋的,偷懒的,不中用的,无能的
lacking in ambition or incentive:LAZY
shirk v.逃避,规避
to evade the performance of an obligation
duty:shirk=question:parry
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
shod v. adj. ((文语))穿鞋的
furnished or equipped with a shoe
shopworn a. 陈旧的
stale from excessive use or familiarity
shred n. 碎片,碎条
a long narrow strip cut or torn off shred:remnant
shrewd a. 精明的,锐利的,厉害的,机灵的
marked by clever discerning awareness and hardheaded acumen
shrink n. 收缩,萎缩,畏缩
to recoil instinctively
shrug vt. vi. 耸肩
to raise or draw in the shoulders especially to express aloofness, indifference, or uncertainty
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
shunt v. 使(火车)转到另一轨道,转移方向
to switch (as a train) from one track to another
divert:shunt=retard:brake
shuttle vt. vi.(使)穿梭移动,往返运送
to cause to move or travel back and forth frequently
sidereal adj. 恒星的
of, relating to, or expressed in relation to stars or constellations:ASTRAL
arboreal:trees=sidereal:stars
signal a. 作为信号的,显著的
distinguished from the ordinary
signal←→unremarkable
simpleton n. 笨蛋,傻子
a person lacking in common sense
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:precedent
simplicity n.简单,简易;朴素
freedom from pretense or guile:CANDOR
simulate vt. 模拟,假装,模仿
to give or assume the appearance or effect of often with the intent to deceive:IMITATE
simulation←→authentic article
sin n. 罪,犯罪,失礼,过失,犯法
an offense against religious or moral law
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
sincere a. 诚实的,正直的,真挚的,纯净的
a:free of dissimulation:HONEST
b:free from adulteration:PURE
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person
sinew n. 肌肉,精力,腱,原动力,体力
solid resilient strength:POWER
tendinous:sinewy=
sinew←→weakness
singular a. 异常的,单一的
distinguished by superiority:EXCEPTIONAL
worldly←→singular
sinister adj. 不吉祥的,险恶的
singularly evil or productive of evil
sinuous a. 弯弯曲曲的,迂回的,乖僻的
a:of a serpentine or wavy form:WINDING
b:marked by strong lithe movements
sip vi. 啜饮
to drink in small quantities
sip:drink=mince:walk
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip
siren n.汽笛,警报器
a device often electrically operated for producing a penetrating warning sound
skeptic n. 怀疑者,怀疑论者,无神论者
a person disposed to skepticism especially regarding religion or religious principles
votary←→skeptic
sketchy a. 写生的,写生风格的,概略的
wanting in completeness, clearness, or substance:SLIGHT, SUPERFICIAL
fawn:imperiousness=elaborate:sketchy
skimpy adj.吝啬的;太少的
deficient in supply or execution especially through skimping:SCANTY
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
skirt vt. 位于...边缘,装边于,回避
to avoid especially because of difficulty or fear of controversy
skirt←→seek
skirt←→face
skit n.滑稽短剧
a brief burlesque or comic sketch included in a dramatic performance (as a revue) skit:revue=??
vignette:scene=skit:drama
skittish adj. <马等>容易受惊的,容易惊恐的
a:lively or frisky in action:CAPRICIOUS
b:VARIABLE, FLUCTUATING
slake vt. 消除,平息,熄灭
SATISFY, QUENCH
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
slate n. 石板,竞选提名
a list of candidates for nomination or election
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
slew v.(使)旋转,n. 大量,许多
a large number
paucity←→slew
slight a.细长的;轻微的
small of its kind or in amount:SCANTY, MEAGER
grievous←→slight
prodigious←→slight
slight←→ponderous
slight n. 轻蔑,怠慢
to treat with disdain or indifference
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect
cosset←→slight
slight←→show respect to
slink v. 偷偷走动
to go or move stealthily or furtively (as in fear or shame):STEAL
slippery a.滑的,使人滑跤的
causing or tending to cause something to slide or fall
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
slipshod adj. 粗心的,邋遢的
a:wearing loose shoes or slippers
b:down at the heel:SHABBY
slogan n. 呐喊声,标语,口号
a brief attention-getting phrase used in advertising or promotion
sloppy adj.邋遢的,不整洁的
a:wet so as to spatter easily:SLUSHY
b:wet or smeared with or as if with something slopped over
sloth n. 怠惰,懒惰
a:disinclination to action or labor:INDOLENCE
b:spiritual apathy and inactivity
slouch n. 没精打采的样子,耷拉,笨人
to walk, stand, or sit with a gait or posture characterized by an ungainly stooping of the head and shoulders or excessive relaxation of body muscles:DROOP
slouch←→stand erect
sloven adj. 不修边幅的,邋遢的,懒散的
untidy especially in personal appearance:slovenly
sloven←→tidy
slumber n. 睡眠,沉睡状态
a:to be in a torpid, slothful, or negligent state
b:to lie dormant or latent
slur n. 连音符,诽谤,耻辱,印刷模糊
a:an insulting or disparaging remark or innuendo:ASPERSION
b:a shaming or degrading effect:STAIN, STIGMA
sly adj. 狡猾的,诡密的,淘气的,偷偷摸摸的
lacking in straightforwardness and candor:DISSEMBLING
sly←→artless
smart vi. 刺痛
a smarting pain; especially :a stinging local pain
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
smart a. 聪明的,漂亮的,敏捷的,潇洒的,伶俐的
a:NEAT, TRIM
b:stylish or elegant in dress or appearance
tatty←→smart
smattering n. 一知半解,浅薄的知识; 少量[of]
superficial piecemeal knowledge
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
smirk v.假笑,得意地笑
to smile in an affected or smug manner:SIMPER
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
smother vt. 窒息,扼杀,抑制,忍住,覆盖,笼罩
to be overcome or killed through or as if through lack of air
smother:choke=??
smug n. 装模做样, 矫矜
highly self-satisfied
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
primp:vain=gloat:smug
smuggle v. 走私,私运
to convey or introduce surreptitiously
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
smuggle←→transport openly
snag n.意外的障碍
a tree or branch embedded in a lake or stream bed and constituting a hazard to navigation
snarl n./v. 纠缠,混乱
to cause to become knotted and intertwined:TANGLE
disentangle←→snarl
sneer n.冷笑,嘲笑 vt.轻蔑
to smile or laugh with facial contortions that express scorn or contempt
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
snob n. 势利的人,假内行
one who has an offensive air of superiority in matters of knowledge or taste attentive:officious=refined:snobbish {absorbed:engrossed}
snub v. 冷落,不理睬
to treat with contempt or neglect
dissemble:honesty=snub:politeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
snub:disdain=double cross:disloyalty court←→snub
soak v. 浸泡,渗透
to lie immersed in liquid (as water):become saturated by or as if by immersion
sober a. 清醒的,稳重的,节制的,严肃的,朴素的,合理的,不夸大的
marked by sedate or gravely or earnestly thoughtful character or demeanor
puckish←→sober
sumptuous←→sobriety
sodden a. 浑身湿透的,不成样子的,浸过酒的
heavy with or as if with moisture or water
marsh:sodden=desert:arid
soggy a. 浸水的,沉闷的
saturated or heavy with water or moisture:as
solace n. 安慰. 慰藉
alleviation of grief or anxiety
solace:grief=pacification:anger
solder v. 焊接,焊合 to unite or make whole by solder
breach←→solder
solder←→breach
solemn n. 严肃,一本正经
marked by grave sedateness and earnest sobriety
jest←→solemnity
solicitous adj. 热切的,挂念的
full of concern or fears:APPREHENSIVE
solicitous←→unconcerned
solvent a. 有偿付能力的,有溶解力的 n. 溶剂
1:able to pay all legal debts
2:that dissolves or can dissolve
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
regimen:health=budget:solvency
somber a. 昏暗的,阴天的,阴森的,忧郁的
a:of a serious mien:GRAVE
b:of a dismal or depressing character:MELANCHOLY
c:conveying gloomy suggestions or ideas
cherubic←→somber
somnolence n. 想睡; 瞌睡; 嗜睡
the quality or state of being drowsy:SLEEPINESS
sonata n. 奏鸣曲
an instrumental musical composition typically of three or four movements in contrasting forms and keys
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
sonnet n. 十四行诗
a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of fourteen lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme; also :a poem in this pattern
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer
sonnet:verse monger=
soothe vt. 缓和,使安静,安慰,奉承
to please by or as if by attention or concern:PLACATE,RELIEVE, ALLEVIATE
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
sop n.有安慰作用的东西, 面包片,湿透的东西,懦夫
a conciliatory or propitiatory bribe, gift, or gesture
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
sophism n.诡辩
an argument apparently correct in form but actually invalid; especially :such an argument used to deceive
sophism:reasoning=counterfeit:money
sophistication n. 诡辩,强词夺理,久经世故,精明
the process or result of becoming cultured, knowledgeable, or disillusioned; especially :CULTIVATION, URBANITY
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
callow←→behaving with adult sophistication
politic←→unsophisticated
sophomoric adj.大学二年级学生的, 一知半解的,傲慢的
conceited and overconfident of knowledge but poorly informed and immature
soporific adj. 催眠的,n. 安眠药
a:causing or tending to cause sleep
b:tending to dull awareness or alertness
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
soporific←→stimulant
soporific←→provocative
sordid a. 肮脏的,不干净的,卑鄙的,暗淡的
marked by baseness or grossness:VILE
sound adj. 稳固的, 健全的,可靠的,合理的,有效的,彻底的
(1)SOLID, FIRM; also :STABLE
(2)free from error, fallacy, or misapprehension
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
tenable←→unjustified/unsound
sparse a. 稀疏的,稀稀落落的,薄的
of few and scattered elements; especially :not thickly grown or settled
copious←→sparse
sparse←→rife
spartan adj. 简朴的,刻苦的
marked by simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
voluptuous←→spartan
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
spate n. 泛滥,洪水,一阵,大量
a large number or amount
spate←→dearth
specialist n. 专门医师,专家
one who specializes in a particular occupation, practice, or branch of learning
dabbler←→specialist
specificity n. 特性; 特征
the condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group of organisms
specious adj.似是而非的,华而不实的
having a false look of truth or genuineness:SOPHISTIC
specious←→valid
speck n. 小点,斑点,少量
a very small amount:BIT
mite:creature=speck:amount
spectator n. 观众,目击者,旁观者
one who looks on or watches
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
speculate vi. 深思,推测,投机
to meditate on or ponder a subject:REFLECT
conjecture←→restrain from the speculation
spendthrift n. 浪费的人
a person who spends improvidently or wastefully
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
spendthrift←→miser
spent a.用尽的,精疲力竭的
drained of energy or effectiveness:EXHAUSTED
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
spindly adj.细长的,纤弱的
of a disproportionately tall or long and thin appearance that often suggests physical weakness
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
spiny a. 多针的,尽是尖刺的,棘手的,麻烦的,尖刺状的
abounding with difficulties, obstacles, or annoyances:THORNY
spire n. 尖塔,尖顶,旋涡,螺旋
a tapering roof or analogous pyramidal construction surmounting a tower
spire:church=minaret:mosque
spleen n.脾;脾气,怒气
feelings of anger or ill will often suppressed
spleen←→good will
splint n. ( 固定断骨的)夹板,托板
material or a device used to protect and immobilize a body part (as a broken arm)
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
spoil vt. 损坏,破坏,溺爱
to pamper excessively:CODDLE
cosseted←→unspoiled
spoke n.(车轮上)幅条,阻碍物
any of the small radiating bars inserted in the hub of a wheel to support the rim
spoke:hub=radius:center
spontaneous a.自发的;本能的
arising from a momentary impulse
spontaneous←→premeditate
spoof n. 诳骗,愚弄,戏弄
a light humorous parody spoof:parody
sporadic a. 偶尔发生的,零星发生的,分散的
occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances
chronic←→sporadic
sprain n. 扭伤,扭筋
a sudden or violent twist or wrench of a joint with stretching or tearing of ligaments sprain:injure=cold:contagion
sprightly adj. 愉快的,活泼的
marked by a gay lightness and vivacity:SPIRITED
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
spur vt. 刺激,激励,用马刺刺
to incite to action or accelerated growth or development:STIMULATE
deter←→spur
spurious adj. 假的,伪造的
outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities:FALSE
spurious←→genuine
spurn v. 拒绝,摈弃
to reject with disdain or contempt:SCORN
spurn←→welcome willingly
spurn←→court, crave, embrace
squabble n. 争吵,口角
a noisy altercation or quarrel usually over trifles
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
squalid adj. 污秽的,肮脏的
marked by filthiness and degradation from neglect or poverty
squalid←→pristine
splendor←→squalor
squall n.小骚乱 狂风,暴风雪,哇哇叫声
a short-lived commotion
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
squander vt. 浪费,使分散
to spend extravagantly or foolishly:DISSIPATE
husband←→squander
conserve←→waste/squander/exhaust
squelch n./v. 压制,镇压
to completely suppress:QUELL
squelch←→foment
stagnant a. 不流动的,停滞的,不景气的
not advancing or developing
stagnant←→flowing
staid adj. 稳重的,沉着的
marked by settled sedateness and often prim self-restraint:SOBER, GRAVE
staid←→jaunty
stalemate n. 和棋局面,僵局
a drawn contest:DEADLOCK
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
stalwart adj.健壮的,坚定的
marked by outstanding strength and vigor of body, mind, or spirit
lank←→stalwart
stammer v.口吃,结巴
to make involuntary stops and repetitions in speaking:HALT
falter:act=stammer:speak
stanza n.(诗)节,段
a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a usually recurring pattern of meter and rhyme:STROPHE
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
stanza:line=volume:issue
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
stark a.(外表)僵硬的,刻板的,完全的
a:rigid in or as if in death
b:rigidly conforming (as to a pattern or doctrine):ABSOLUTE
startle vt.使大吃一惊 n.吃惊
to frighten or surprise suddenly and usually not seriously
startle←→lull
static a. 静态的,静电的
characterized by a lack of movement, animation, or progression
static:move=pliable:inflexible
motility←→stasis
steadfast a. 坚定的,踏实的,固定的,不变的
a:firmly fixed in place:IMMOVABLE
b:not subject to change
capricious←→steadfast
stealth n. 秘密行动,秘密,鬼祟
the act or action of proceeding furtively, secretly, or imperceptibly
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
steep vt.vi. 浸,泡
to saturate with or subject thoroughly to
steep←→parch
stench n.臭气,恶臭
to emit a strong offensive odor :STINK
stench:nose=din:ear
stentorian adj.(指声音)极响亮的
extremely loud
audible:stentorian=discernable:obvious
stentorian←→faint
sterile a. 不毛的,不孕的,无菌的,枯燥的,无效的,贫瘠的
free from living organisms and especially microorganisms
verdant←→sterile
stickler n.坚持细节之人
one who insists on exactness or completeness in the observance of something
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
stickler:exacting=martinet:discipline
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
stiff a.硬的;僵直的
a:not easily bent:RIGID
b:lacking in suppleness or responsiveness numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
stifle vt.使不能呼吸,窒息,抑制
DETER, DISCOURAGE
foment←→stifle
stigma n. 耻辱,污名,烙印
a mark of shame or discredit:STAIN
stigma←→mark of esteem
stilted adj. 夸张的,夸大的, 踩高跷的
a:POMPOUS, LOFTY
b:FORMAL, STIFF
stint v. 吝惜,节省
to be sparing or frugal
lavish←→stint
stingy a. 小气的,吝啬的,缺乏的,有刺的
not generous or liberal:sparing or scant in giving or spending
generosity←→stinginess
stipple v.点画,点描.
to engrave by means of dots and flicks
stipple:dot=striate:band
stock n.血统,原料 adj. 存货的,常备的,平凡的
a store or supply accumulated; especially :the inventory of goods of a merchant or manufacturer
census:population=inventory:stock
stock←→unique
stockade n. 栅栏,围栏
a:an enclosure or pen made with posts and stakes
b:an enclosure in which prisoners are kept
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
stodgy a. 不易消化的,塞满的,笨重的
BORING, DULL
stodgy←→exciting
stoic adj. 禁欲的,冷静的
not affected by or showing passion or feeling; especially :firmly restraining response to pain or distress
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
stoic:flinch
stolid adj. 无动于衷的,感情麻木的
having or expressing little or no sensibility:UNEMOTIONAL
stouthearted a. 刚毅的,大胆的
having a stout heart or spirit:
a:COURAGEOUS
b:STUBBORN
pusillanimous←→stouthearted
straggle vi. 迷路,落伍,蔓延
to wander from the direct course or way:ROVE, STRAY
strait n. 海峡,困难
a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water
isthmus:land=strait:water
stratify v. (使)层化
a:to divide or arrange into classes, castes, or social strata
b:to divide into a series of graded statuses
stratify←→homogenize
stray a. 迷途的,偶然的
having strayed or escaped from a proper or intended place
digressive:topic/subject=stray:group
stray:group=digress:subject
strength n. 力量,强度,抵抗力,浓度
degree of potency of effect or of concentration
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength
striate vt. 加条纹
to mark with striations or striate
grooved:striated=braided:stranded
stipple:dot=striate:band
striated:groove=dappled:spot
stricture n. 狭窄,苛评,束缚
a:an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage; also :the narrowed part
b:a constriction of the breath passage in the production of a speech sound
stride vi.vt. 迈大步走,跨过,跨
to move with or as if with long steps
quaff:sip=stride:mince
strident a. 刺耳的,吱吱尖叫的,尖锐的
characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound
stridency:sound=acridity:odor
strike vi. 打,打击,抓,罢工,搏动
to aim and usually deliver a blow, stroke, or thrust (as with the hand, a weapon, or a tool)
strike:medal=mint:coin
stringent a. 迫切的,严厉的,银根紧的
TIGHT, CONSTRICTED
stringent←→lax
strip vt.剥;夺去 n.条带
to remove clothing, covering, or surface matter from
bedeck←→strip
strut v. 昂首阔步地走
a:to walk with a proud gait '
b:to walk with a pompous and affected air
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak
strut n. 支柱,抗压材
a structural piece designed to resist pressure in the direction of its length
strut:wing=buttress:wall
stubborn a. 顽固的,不听话的,执拗的,棘手的
(1):unreasonably or perversely unyielding:MULISH
(2):justifiably unyielding:RESOLUTE
studio n. 工作室,画室,演播室
the working place of a painter, sculptor, or photographer
studio:artist=laboratory:scientist
stultify vt.使显得愚蠢;使无效,使无价值
to cause to appear or be stupid, foolish, or absurdly illogical
stultify←→stir/excite
stultifying←→exciting/stirring
stun vt. 使晕倒,使惊吓,打晕
to make senseless, groggy, or dizzy by or as if by a blow:DAZE
stunt v.阻碍 n. 特技,绝技,花招,噱头,矮小物,发育迟缓,手腕
to hinder the normal growth, development, or progress of
sturdy a. 强健的,健全的
marked by or reflecting physical strength or vigor
stylus n. 铁笔,尖笔,唱针
an instrument for writing, marking, or incising
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
stymie v. 阻碍
to present an obstacle to:stand in the way of
stymie←→abet
subdue vt. 使服从,压制,克制,抑制
to conquer and bring into subjection:VANQUISH impervious:
damaged=indomitable:subdued
subdue←→inflame
subdued←→unruly
flamboyant←→subdued
burgeon←→subdue
subject n. 受隶属、受支配的人
one that is placed under authority or control
potentate←→subject
subjugate vt. 征服,使服从,抑制,克制
to bring under control and governance as a subject:CONQUER
subjugation←→liberation
sublime a. 壮观的,卓越的
lofty, grand, or exalted in thought, expression, or manner
sublime←→base/ridiculous
submerge vt.浸没 vi.潜入水中
to put under water
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
submissive a. 服从的,顺从的,柔顺的
submitting to others
subordinate a. 下级的,次要的,附属的
placed in or occupying a lower class, rank, or position:INFERIOR
principal←→subordinate
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
subpoena n. (法律)传票,v. 传讯
a writ commanding a person designated in it to appear in court under a penalty for failure
lien:claim=subpoena:command
subside v. (建筑物等)下陷,(天气等)平息,平静
to tend downward:DESCEND; especially :to flatten out so as to form a depression
subside←→promote
subsidiary n. 子公司,附加物,辅助者
furnishing aid or support:AUXILIARY
subsidy n. 补助金,津贴
a grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
substantial a. 实质上的,物质的,有内容的
a:consisting of or relating to substance
b:not imaginary or illusory:REAL, TRUE
c:IMPORTANT, ESSENTIAL
diaphanous←→substantial
substantive←→trivial
vaporous ←→substantial
substantiate vt. 证实;证明...有根据
to establish by proof or competent evidence:VERIFY
substantiate←→disapprove
unsubstantiated←→verified
substantiate vt. 使实体化,证实
to establish by proof or competent evidence
controvert←→substantiate
subterfuge n. 遁辞,借口,托辞
deception by artifice or stratagem in order to conceal, escape, or evade
subterfuge:deceive=decant:pour
subtle a.微妙的;精巧的
difficult to understand or perceive:OBSCURE
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
subtle:overlook=tractable:lead
palpable←→subtle
blatant←→subtle
succinct adj.简明的;简洁的
marked by compact precise expression without wasted words
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
babble←→express succinctly
prolixity←→succinctness
verbosity←→succinctness
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
succor vt. 救援,援助
to go to the aid of:RELIEVE
succor:relief=caution:warning
succor←→aggravate
suffuse v.(色彩等)弥漫,染遍
to spread over or through in the manner of fluid or light:FLUSH, FILL
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
suite n. 随员,套房,一组
RETINUE; especially :the personal staff accompanying a ruler, diplomat, or dignitary on official business
summary n. 摘要,概要
an abstract, abridgment, or compendium especially of a preceding discourse
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
summit n. 顶点,最高阶层
TOP, APEX; especially :the highest point:PEAK
crest:wave=summit/peak:mountain
roof:room=summit:mountain
nadir←→summit
summon vt.召唤;鼓起(勇气)
to command by service of a summons to appear in court
command:request=summon:invite
summons:citation
summon←→dismiss
sumptuous adj. 豪华的,奢侈的,华丽的
extremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent
sumptuous←→sobriety
sunder v. 分裂,分离 (asunder)
to break apart or in two:separate by or as if by violence or by intervening time or space
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
sunder←→connect
sunder←→link
sunder←→combine/yoke/bond
supercilious adj.目中无人的,高傲的
coolly and patronizingly haughty
supercilious←→obsequious
supercilious←→humble
superficial a.表面的;肤浅的
of or relating to a surface
superficial←→central
superfluous a. 多余的,过剩的
exceeding what is sufficient or necessary:EXTRA
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
integral←→superfluous
supple n. 易弯曲,柔软,顺从
easy and fluent without stiffness or awkwardness
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
supplement n. 补充物,增刊,补充
something that completes or makes an addition
supplicate v. 恳求,乞求
to make a humble entreaty; especially :to pray to God
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
supplicate←→demand
suppress vt.防止,阻止;抑制
to put down by authority or force:SUBDUE
surfeit n. (食物)过量,过度
an overabundant supply:EXCESS
surfeit←→deficiency
deprivation←→surfeit
surgeon n. 外科医生,军医,船上的医生
a medical specialist who practices surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer
surrender n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to yield to the power, control, or possession of another upon compulsion or demand
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
surrender n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to give (oneself) over to something (as an influence)
appropriate←→surrender
surreptitious adj. 鬼鬼祟祟的,保密的
done, made, or acquired by stealth:CLANDESTINE
surreptitious←→barefaced/aboveboard
surrogate n. 代理,代理人,代用品
to put in the place of another:
a:to appoint as successor, deputy, or substitute for oneself
b:SUBSTITUTE
suspend vi. 暂停,中止,悬浮,宣布破产
to cause to stop temporarily
suspend←→erect
invoke←→ suspend
suspicion n. 怀疑,觉察,嫌疑
a state of mental uneasiness and uncertainty:DOUBT
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
suture n. 缝合,缝合处,缝合用的线
the act or process of sewing with sutures to unite, close, or secure with sutures
suture←→incision
svelte adj. (女人)体态苗条的
SLENDER, LITHE
svelte←→plump
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
swagger v. 大摇大摆地走
to conduct oneself in an arrogant or superciliously pompous manner; especially :to walk with an air of overbearing
blustering:speak=swaggering:walk
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciate
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
swamp n. 沼泽,湿地
a wetland often partially or intermittently covered with water; especially :one dominated by woody vegetation
sweltering adj. 酷热的
oppressively hot
sweltering←→frigid
swerve v. 转向,突然改变方向
to turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course:DEVIATE
swerve←→maintain direction
swill v.冲洗,痛饮
to drink great drafts of:GUZZLE
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip
swindle vt.vi. 骗取,诈取
to obtain money or property by fraud or deceit
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
swing n. 摇摆,振幅,音律,节奏,涨落,自由活动,旋转,秋千
omething that swings freely from or on a support; especially :a seat suspended by a rope or chains for swinging to and fro on for pleasure
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
sybarite n. ((文语))沉于奢侈逸乐者,爱奢侈享乐的人
VOLUPTUARY, SENSUALIST
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
sybarite←→ascetic
sycophant n.马屁精
a servile self-seeking flatterer
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
syllogism n. 三段论法,推论法,演绎
a deductive scheme of a formal argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
symphony n. 交响乐,交响曲
a symphony orchestra concert
instrumentalist:symphony=dancer:ballet
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer
synergic adj. 协作的,合作的
working together:COOPERATING
synergic←→antagonistic
synopsis n. 摘要,概要
a condensed statement or outline (as of a narrative or treatise):ABSTRACT
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
synopsis←→protracted
synthesis n.综合,合成
the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole
synthesis←→analysis
taciturn adj. 沉默寡言的
temperamentally disinclined to talk
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
loquacious←→taciturn
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
taciturn←→prolix
volubility←→taciturnity
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
windbag←→taciturnity
expansive←→taciturn/withdrawn/limited
tackle n. 滑车,v. 解决(问题)
an assemblage of ropes and pulleys arranged to gain mechanical advantage for hoisting and pulling
bolster:support=tackle:hoist
tactile a. 触觉的,有触觉的,能触知的
perceptible by touch:TANGIBLE
tactile:touch=affective:emotion
tactless a. 无机智的,不机敏的,不得体的
marked by lack of a keen sense of what to do or say in order to maintain good relations with others or avoid offense
chicanery:clever=tactlessness:truthful
gaffe:tactless=??
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
taint vt. 污染,使腐败,沾染,腐蚀
to contaminate morally:CORRUPT
taint:integrity=??
tainted←→unspoiled/wholesome
pristine←→taint
taint←→integrity
tame v.驯养,制报
lacking spirit, zest, interest, or the capacity to excite:INSIPID
tame:tractable=??
tame←→racy
tamper vi. 干预,玩弄,贿赂,窜改,削弱,损害
to interfere so as to weaken or change for the worse
tamper:adjust=misrepresent:communicate
tangent a. 接触的,切线的,相切的,离题的
diverging from an original purpose of course:IRRELEVANT
tangent←→essential
tangy a. 强烈的,扑鼻的
having or suggestive of a tang
tangy←→bland
tantalize v. 挑惹,挑逗
to tease or torment by or as if by presenting something desirable to the view but continually keeping it out of reach
tease:tantalize=??
tantalize←→comfort, console, solace; alleviate, assuage, ease, relieve
tantamount adj. 与…相等的
equivalent in value, significance, or effect
tantamount←→incommensurate
tantrum n. 勃然大怒,脾气发作
a fit of bad temper
tantrum←→pacify
taper n.细小的蜡烛;微光vi.vt.(使)逐渐变小,(使)逐渐减少
progressively narrowed toward one end
tapestry n. 挂毯,丰富多采的画面
a heavy handwoven reversible textile used for hangings, curtains, and upholstery and characterized by complicated pictorial designs
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy { filigree:delicacy}
tardy adj. 缓慢的,迟缓的
delayed beyond the expected or proper time:LATE
tarnish n./v. 失去光泽,晦暗
something that tarnishes; especially :a film of chemically altered material on the surface of a metal (as silver)
silver:tarnish=iron:rust
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
tarpaulin n. 涂油防水布,防水衣,防水帽
a piece of material (as durable plastic) used for protecting exposed objects or areas
tarpaulin:protect=??
tasty a. 好吃的,可口的
a:having a marked and appetizing flavor
b:strikingly attractive or interesting
tasty←→uninteresting
tatty adj.不整洁的,简陋的
rather worn, frayed, or dilapidated:SHABBY
tatty←→smart
taunt v. 嘲笑,讥笑
to reproach or challenge in a mocking or insulting manner:jeer at
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
taut a. 拉紧的,绷紧的,紧张的
having no give or slack:tightly drawn
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu
slacken←→tauten
taut←→slack
tauten←→loosen/slacken
taxing a. 繁重的,费力的
ONEROUS, WEARING
taxing←→light
tease vt.逗乐,戏弄;强求
to tantalize especially by arousing desire or curiosity without intending to satisfy it
tease:tantalize=??
tedious a.乏味的
tiresome because of length or dullness:BORING
tedious:energy=disturbing:composure
tedious←→entertaining
tedious a. 沉闷的,冗长乏味的
tiresome because of length or dullness:BORING
teeter a. 摇摆,摇摇欲坠,踌躇,犹豫不决
a:to move unsteadily:WOBBLE
b:WAVER, VACILLATE
tear←→tether
teeter←→stabilize
telling a. 有效的,显著的,生动的
carrying great weight and producing a marked effect:EFFECTIVE, EXPRESSIVE
telling←→not effective
temerity n.鲁莽,大胆
unreasonable or foolhardy contempt of danger or opposition:RASHNESS, RECKLESSNESS
temerity←→circumspection
temerity←→pusillanimity
temerity←→cautious approach
temperate a. 温和的,适度的,有节制的
marked by moderation
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
harangue←→speak temperately
tenable adj. 站得住脚的,无懈可击的
capable of being held, maintained, or defended:DEFENSIBLE, REASONABLE
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
tenable←→unjustified/unsound
tenacious a. 固执的,不屈不挠的,抓住不放的
persistent in maintaining or adhering to something valued or habitual
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
tendentious a. 有支持某种立场的,有倾向的
marked by a tendency in favor of a particular point of view:BIASED
tendencious:objective=??
tendinous a. 腱的
consisting of tendons:SINEWY
tendinous:sinewy=??
tepid a. 微温的,温热的,不太热心的
moderately warm:LUKEWARM
tepid←→fever
terminus n. 终点,界标,终点站
either end of a transportation line or travel route; also :the station, town, or city at such a place:TERMINAL
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation
terminus:stop=epilogue:story
terror n. 恐怖,可怕的人
a state of intense fear apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
terror:fear=craving:desire
testator n. 立遗嘱之人
a person who dies leaving a will or testament in force
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
testimony n. 证言,证据,声明
a solemn declaration usually made orally by a witness under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
testy adj. 性急的,暴躁的
easily annoyed:IRRITABLE
testy:annoy=tractable:control
tether vt.用绳拴 n. 系绳,系链,界限,范围
to fasten or restrain by
tether←→detach
tether←→loose
tear←→tether
theatrical a. 剧场的,夸张的,戏剧性的
marked by pretense or artificiality of emotion
theatrical←→natural
theatrical←→professional
theology n.神学,宗教
the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially :the study of God and of God's relation to the world
conservatory:music={seminary:theology}=observatory:astronomy
therapeutic a. 治疗的,治疗学的
of or relating to the treatment of disease or disorders by remedial agents or methods
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
thorny a. 多刺的,痛苦的
full of difficulties or controversial points:TICKLISH
thorny←→smooth
threadbare adj. 磨破的,陈腐的
exhausted of interest or freshness
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
thrive vi. 繁荣,兴旺,茁壮成长
to grow vigorously:FLOURISH
languish←→thrive
wizened←→thrive
throng vi. 群集,蜂拥
to crowd together in great numbers
protract:length=throng:number
thwart v. 阻挠,使…受挫
to oppose successfully:defeat the hopes or aspirations of
oppose:thwart=treat:cure
abet←→thwart/impede
thwart←→support/aid
ticklish adj. 怕痒的,问题棘手的
a:TOUCHY, OVERSENSITIVE
b:easily overturned
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
ticklish←→imperturbable
tidy a. 整齐的,精简的 n. 椅子的背罩,装杂碎的容器
neat and orderly in appearance or habits:well ordered and cared for
sloven←→tidy
tiff n./v. 小争吵,生气
a petty quarrel
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
tightfisted a. 吝啬的
reluctant to part with money
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
timeworn a. 陈旧的,老朽的
HACKNEYED, STALE
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
timeworn←→novel
timid a. 胆小的,羞怯的
lacking in courage or self-confidence
self-confident:timid=open:shy
timorous adj. 胆小的,胆怯的
of a timid disposition:FEARFUL
scrappy←→timorous
tinge vt. 染,使带气息
to color with a slight shade or stain:TINT
tinged←→colorless
tinker n.(流动的)补锅工人; v.做拙劣修补
to repair, adjust, or work with something in an unskilled or experimental manner:FIDDLE
tinker:adjust=scribble:write
tint n. 色彩,浅色
a variation of a color produced by adding white to it and characterized by a low saturation with relatively high lightness
tint:suffuse=damp:quench
tirade n. 长篇的攻击性演说
a protracted speech usually marked by intemperate, vituperative, or harshly censorious language
anger:tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
toady n. 谄媚者,拍马屁的人
one who flatters in the hope of gaining favors:SYCOPHANT
toady:flatter=??
tolerance n. 容许量,公差,容忍,忍受
sympathy or indulgence for beliefs or practices differing from or conflicting with one's own
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
tonic n. 增进健康之物,补品
increasing or restoring physical or mental tone:REFRESHING
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
tonic←→enfeebling
tonsorial a. 理发师的,理发的
of or relating to a barber or the work of a barber
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
topsy-turvy adj. 颠倒的,相反的 , 乱七八糟的,混乱的
topsy-turvy←→tranquil
torpid adj. 懒散的,死气沉沉的
sluggish in functioning or acting
torpid←→responsive
torpor n. 迟钝;麻木
a state of mental and motor inactivity with partial or total
insensibility:extreme sluggishness or stagnation of function
torpor:iciness=??
torpor←→zeal
torpor←→animation
torrid adj. 酷热的
giving off intense heat:SCORCHING
torrid←→arctic
tortuous adj.弯曲的;歪曲的
marked by repeated twists, bends, or turns:WINDING
tortuous←→direct/straightforward
tractable adj. 易于驾御的,温顺的
capable of being easily led, taught, or controlled:DOCILE
complaisance:intractable=adeptness:maladroit
subtle:overlook=tractable:lead
testy:annoy=tractable:control
tame:tractable=??
balky←→tractable
pertinacious←→tractable
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
trait n. 显著特点,特性
a distinguishing quality (as of personal character):PECULIARITY
transcend vt. 超越,胜过
to rise above or go beyond the limits of , to triumph over the negative or restrictive aspects of:OVERCOME
ossify←→transcend conventions
transgress vt. 违反,犯罪,逸出
to go beyond limits set or prescribed by:VIOLATE
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse
transgression:morality=:presumption:propriety
transient a. 短暂的,易变的,瞬变的,路过的
passing especially quickly into and out of existence:TRANSITORY
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
transience←→permanence
transient←→lasting
transitory adj. 短暂的(=transient)
tending to pass away:not persistent
transitory:endure=immutable:change
transitory←→enduring
transient←→protracted
translucent a. 半透明的,透明的
permitting the passage of light:CLEAR, TRANSPARENT
slack:tension=opaque:translucence
transparent a. 透明的,显然的,明晰的
a:free from pretense or deceit:FRANK
b:easily detected or seen through:OBVIOUS
c:readily understood
conspicuous:see=transparent:understand
manifest/lucid:perceive=transparent:understand
opacity←→transparency
transparent←→deceitful
transparent←→delusive
traverse vt.横越,横切,横断
to go or travel across or over
diverge:apart=traverse:across
travesty n. 滑稽化的作品,漫画,滑稽模仿
a debased, distorted, or grossly inferior imitation
travesty←→paragon
treacherous adj.阴险的,危险的
characterized by or manifesting treachery:PERFIDIOUS
treacherousness←→faithfulness
treaty n. 条约,谈判
an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation
rectify:treaty=confirm:hypothesis
tremendous adj.惊人的,巨大的
a:notable by reason of extreme size, power, greatness, or excellence
b:unusually large:HUGE
tremulous a. 发抖的,战栗的,胆小的
such as is or might be caused by nervousness or shakiness
trenchant a. 锐利的,尖刻的,苛刻的,清晰的,分明的
vigorously effective and articulate
trenchant←→vague/dull
trendsetter n. 创造新流行的人,新风尚 [潮流] 开创者
one that sets a trend
trepidation n. 恐惧,惶恐
timorous uncertain agitation:APPREHENSION
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
trespass vi. 侵夺,犯罪,冒犯,打扰
to enter unlawfully upon the land of another
trespass←→undo
trespass←→without to intrude
tribute n.贡物;颂词
a payment by one ruler or nation to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the price of protection; also :the tax levied for such a payment
trickle v.一滴滴地流,徐徐地流
a:to issue or fall in drops
b:to flow in a thin gentle stream blast:whiff=gush:trickle
trite a.陈腐的,陈词滥调的
hackneyed or boring from much use:not fresh or original
trite←→unbanal
triumph n. 凯旋,胜利,欢欣
a:a victory or conquest by or as if by military force
b:a notable success
trivial a. 细小的;不重要的
of little worth or importance
substantive←→trivial
trivial←→massive
trophy n.奖品,战利品
something gained or given in victory or conquest especially when preserved or mounted as a memorial
trophy:contestant=honors:student
truant n.逃学,逃学者 adj. 偷懒的,旷课的,游荡的
one who shirks duty; especially :one who stays out of school without permission
truant:dutiful=??
truculent adj. 残暴的,凶狠的
feeling or displaying ferocity:CRUEL, SAVAGE
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
truculent←→gentle
trudge vt.跋涉;吃力地走
to walk or march steadily and usually laboriously
lug:carry=trudge:walk
truncate v. 把(某物)截短,去尾
to shorten by or as if by cutting off
prolong←→truncate
truculent←→pacific
tumbler n. 杯子,一杯量,打滚的人,翻斤斗者
one that performs tumbling feats:ACROBAT
tumult n.骚动,暴动,吵闹
disorderly agitation or milling about of a crowd usually with uproar and confusion of voices:COMMOTION
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
tumult←→quietude/quiescence
turbid adj. 混浊的,紊乱的
deficient in clarity or purity:FOUL, MUDDY
turbulent a.骚动的,骚乱的
causing unrest, violence, or disturbance
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
turgid adj. 浮肿的,浮夸的
excessively embellished in style or language:BOMBASTIC, POMPOUS
turgid←→simple
turmoil n. 骚动,混乱
a state or condition of extreme confusion, agitation, or commotion
turncoat n. 背叛者,变节者
one who switches to an opposing side or party; specifically :TRAITOR
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:sagacity
turncoat:consistency=recluse:compassion
tutor n. 家庭教师,导师,助教,监护人
a person charged with the instruction and guidance of another
tuxedo n. 男士无尾半正式晚礼服
a single-breasted or double-breasted usually black or blackish blue jacket
typo n. 打字错误
an error (as of spelling) in typed or typeset material
typo:text=
ugly a. 丑陋的,邪恶的,险恶的,不祥的
offensive to the sight:HIDEOUS
pulchritude←→ugliness ,hideous
unavailing a. 无益的,无用的,无效的,徒劳的
not availing:FUTILE, USELESS
unconventional a. 非传统的
not conventional:not bound by or in accordance with convention:being out of the ordinary
hero:admirable=eccentric:unconventional
uncouth a. 粗俗的,怪异的
awkward and uncultivated in appearance, manner, or behavior
seemly←→uncouth
unctuous adj. 油腔滑调的
smooth and greasy in texture or appearance
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
underscore n. 下划线
line drawn under a word or line especially for emphasis or to indicate intent to italicize
underscore:emphasis=brand:ownership
underdog n. 牺牲者,受害者,输家
a loser or predicted loser in a struggle or contest
underdog←→bully
unexceptionable a. 无懈可击的,极好的,完全的
not open to objection or criticism:beyond reproach:UNIMPEACHABLE
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
unexceptional adj. 非例外的,普通的,平凡的
not out of the ordinary:COMMONPLACE
unflappable adj.镇定的,从容不迫的
marked by assurance and self-control
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
unflappable←→disturbed
ungainly adj.笨拙的,不雅的
lacking in smoothness or dexterity:CLUMSY
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
lissome←→ungainly
adroit←→ungainly
unimpeachable adj.无可指摘的,无可置疑的
not impeachable:not to be called in question:not liable to accusation:IRREPROACHABLE, BLAMELESS
unkempt adj.(衣服,头发)不整洁的
deficient in order or neatness
unkempt←→dapper
unlettered a. 无教育的,无学问的,文盲的
a:lacking facility in reading and writing and ignorant of the knowledge to be gained from books
b:ILLITERATE
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
unpalatable a. 不适口的,味道差的,不好吃的
not palatable:DISTASTEFUL
unpretentious adj. 不炫耀的,含蓄的,谦虚的
free from ostentation, elegance, or affectation:MODEST
bombastic←→unpretentious
unrequited a. 无报答的,不受报酬影响
not requited:not reciprocated or returned in kind
remunerative←→unrequited
unruly a. 难控制的,无法无天的,任性的
not readily ruled, disciplined, or managed presumptuous:unruly
subdued←→unruly
untenable a.难以防守的,站不住脚的
not able to be defended
untenable:defense=invulnerable:injury
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{intrepid:feared}
untold a.无数的,数不清的
too great or numerous to count:INCALCULABLE, VAST
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
untold←→able to quantify/quantifiable/calculable
untoward adj. 不幸的,(坏事)没料到的
not favorable:ADVERSE, UNPROPITIOUS
untoward←→favorable
untoward←→fortunate
toward←→obdurate
untutored a. 未受教育的,粗野的,幼稚的
a:having no formal learning or training
b:NAIVE, UNSOPHISTICATED
untutored←→polished
unwonted a. 不习惯的,不寻常的,非习常的
not accustomed by experience
habit←→unwonted behavior
unwonted←→usual
upbraid vt. 谴责,责骂,申斥
to reproach severely:scold vehemently
upbraid←→laud/extol
uphold vt. 支撑,赞成,坚持,举起,鼓励
to support against an opponent
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
uproar n. 喧嚣,骚动
a state of commotion, excitement, or violent disturbance
upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴
to trouble mentally or emotionally:disturb the poise of
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
urbane adj. 温文尔雅的,懂礼的
notably polite or finished in manner:POLISHED
urbane←→rude/rustic
urge vi. 强烈要求
to present, advocate, or demand earnestly or pressingly
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge { risible:ridicule}
usurp vt. 篡夺,做霸占行为,夺取
to take the place of by or as if by force:SUPPLANT
usurp:take=overwhelm:defeat
vaccinate vt.vi. 预防接种
to inoculate (a person) with cowpox virus in order to produce immunity to smallpox
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
vacillate adj. 亦作 vacillatory 摇动的; 摇摆的; 犹豫不决的
to sway through lack of equilibrium:FLUCTUATE, OSCILLATE
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
adamant←→vacillatory
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
pertinacity←→vacillation
equipoise←→vacillate
vacuous adj.发呆的,无意义的,空的,空虚的,心灵空虚的
marked by lack of ideas or intelligence:STUPID, INANE
vacuous←→intelligent
vagary n. 奇想,异想天开
an erratic, unpredictable, or extravagant manifestation, action, or notion
vagary:predict=impossibility:execute
vagrant n. 流浪汉,漂泊者,无赖
one who has no established residence and wanders idly from place to place without lawful or visible means of support
vague a.模糊的
not thinking or expressing one's thoughts clearly or precisely
trenchant←→vague
vague←→well defined
valediction n.告别演说,告别词
an act of bidding farewell
panegyric:praise:valediction:farewell
valediction←→greeting
valiant a.英勇的
possessing or acting with bravery or boldness:COURAGEOUS
valiance←→pusillanimous
valid a. 有确实根据的,有效的,正当的
logically correct
specious←→valid
vanquish vt. 打败,征服,克服
to defeat in a conflict or contest
dominate:vanquished=??
vapid adj. 索然无味的
lacking liveliness, tang, briskness, or force:FLAT, DULL
bracing←→vapid
vapid←→zeal
vaporize vt.vi. (使)蒸发
to convert (as by the application of heat or by spraying) into vapor
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
gasification/vaporization←→solidification
vaporization←→solidification
vaporous ←→substantial
variance n. 分岐;差异
the fact, quality, or state of being variable or variant:DIFFERENCE, VARIATION
immutable←→variable
variance←→congruity
varnish n. 清漆,v. 涂上清漆
to apply varnish to
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
vault n. 窖,地下室,撑竿跳,圆顶
a room or compartment for the safekeeping of valuables
larder:provisions=vault:valuables
vaunt vt.vi. 自夸
to make a vain display of one's own worth or attainments:BRAG
vaunt←→deprecate
vaunting←→meek
veer v.转向,改变(话题等)
to change direction or course
veer:direction=convert:belief
veer←→maintain constant
vehement adj.猛烈的;激烈的
marked by forceful energy:POWERFUL
venom n. 毒液,恶意
poisonous matter normally secreted by some animals (as snakes, scorpions, or bees) and transmitted to prey or an enemy chiefly by biting or stinging
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
venal adj. 唯利是图的,贪脏枉法的
capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration:PURCHASABLE; especially :open to corrupt influence and especially bribery:MERCENARY
venal←→unsusceptible of bribery
vendor n. 小贩,卖主,自动售货机
one that sell especially as a hawker or peddler
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
veneer n. (镶于劣质东西上的)镶面板,外表
a layer of wood of superior value or excellent grain to be glued to an inferior wood
foil:metal=veneer:wood
veneer:furniture=baseboard:wall
venerate vt.敬拜;崇拜 (a. venerable 令人尊敬的;神圣庄严的)
to regard with reverential respect or with admiring deference
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
veneration←→derision
vengeful a. 复仇心重的,报复的
REVENGEFUL:as
a:seeking to avenge
b:serving to gain vengeance
venial adj. (错误等)轻微的,可原谅的
of a kind that can be remitted:FORGIVABLE, PARDONABLE; also :meriting no particular censure or notice:EXCUSABLE
venial:excuse=pellucid:understand
ventilate vt. 使空气流通,使通风,宣布,公开
a:to examine, discuss, or investigate freely and openly:EXPOSE
b:to make public:UTTER
veracious adj.诚实的,说真话的
TRUTHFUL, HONEST
veracious←→mendacious
verbatim a. 逐字的,照字面的
being in or following the exact words:WORD-FOR-WORD
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
argot←→standard language/common verbalism
verbose a. 用字多的,冗长,累赘的
containing more words than necessary:WORDY
laconism←→verbosity
verbosity←→succinctness
verdant a. 翠绿的,青翠的,生疏的,不老练的
green with growing plants
verdant←→sterile
verdict n. 裁决,判决,结论,定论,判断
the finding or decision of a jury on the matter submitted to it in trial
verify vt. 查证,证实,检验
to establish the truth, accuracy, or reality of
refutation←→verification
unsubstantiated←→verified
vermin n. 害虫,歹徒
an offensive person
vernacular a. 地方的,用地方语写成的
using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language
versatile a.多方面的;通用的
having many uses or applications
versatile←→having limited application
verse monger n. 拙劣诗人
sonnet:verse monger=??
vertigo n. 眩晕
a disordered state in which the individual or the individual's surroundings seem to whirl dizzily
vertigo:nauseate=??
vessel n. 船,容器,脉管
a tube or canal (as an artery) in which a body fluid is contained and conveyed or circulated
aqueduct:water=pipeline:gas=vessel:blood
vestigial a. 痕迹的,遗迹的,退化的
a bodily part or organ that is small and degenerate or imperfectly developed in comparison to one more fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual, in a past generation, or in closely related forms
vestigial←→fully developed
veteran n. 老手,退伍军人,老兵,老树
a person of long experience in some occupation or skill (as politics or the arts)
veto v.,n.否决(权)
an authoritative prohibition:INTERDICTION
veto:prohibitive=overture:introductory
veto←→consent
vex vt.使烦恼,使恼火
to bring trouble, distress, or agitation to
conciliate←→vex
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
vex←→conciliation
vex←→mollify
viable a. 能养活的,能生育的
capable of living; especially :capable of surviving outside the mother's womb without artificial support
elastic:expand=viable:live
viability←→inability to live
vibrant adj. 振动的,明快的,生气勃勃
(1)oscillating or pulsating rapidly
(2)pulsating with life, vigor, or activity
flagging←→vibrant
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
vicarious a. 代理的,担任代理的,替身的
performed or suffered by one person as a substitute for another or to the benefit or advantage of another:SUBSTITUTIONARY
vicious a. 邪恶的,堕落的,品性不端的
having the nature or quality of vice or immorality:DEPRAVED
vicissitude n. 变化,变迁,荣枯,盛衰
natural change or mutation visible in nature or in human affairs vicissitudinous←→unchanging
victim n. 受害人,牺牲者,牺牲品
a living being sacrificed to a deity or in the performance of a religious rite
vigilant adj.警惕着的,清醒的
alertly watchful especially to avoid danger
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
oblivious←→vigilant
vigilant←→oblivious
vigilant←→unalert
vigilant←→negligible
vignette n. 小巧可爱的插 图或照片
a:a short descriptive literary sketch
b:a brief incident or scene (as in a play or movie)
vignette:scene=skit:drama
vigor n. 精力,活力
active bodily or mental strength or force
decrepit←→vigorous
vim n. 精力,活力
robust energy and enthusiasm
lassitude←→vim/animation
vindicate n. 为…平反,证明…正确
to free from allegation or blame
(1) CONFIRM, SUBSTANTIATE
(2) to provide justification or defense for:JUSTIFY
calumniate←→vindicate
impugn←→vindicate
vindictive adj.报复性的
a:disposed to seek revenge:VENGEFUL
b:intended for or involving revenge
mercenary:money=vindictive:revenge
violate vt. 违犯,亵渎,干扰,妨碍,侵犯
to do harm to the person or especially the chastity of; specifically :RAPE
virility n.雄劲,丈夫气
the quality or state of being virile:
a:MANHOOD
b:manly vigor:MASCULINITY
virtuoso n. 演艺精湛的人,大师
an experimenter or investigator especially in the arts and sciences:SAVANT
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
virtuosity←→mediocrity
virtuous a. 有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的
morally excellent:RIGHTEOUS
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
base←→virtuous
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
virulent adj. 剧毒的,恶毒的
marked by a rapid, severe, and malignant course
virulent←→salubrious
viscous a.粘滞的,粘性的
having a glutinous consistency:VISCID
glutinous←→non viscous
visionary a. 幻影的,幻想的,梦想的
a:of the nature of a vision:ILLUSORY
b:incapable of being realized or achieved:UTOPIAN
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
vista n. 街景,展望,回想
a distant view through or along an avenue or opening:PROSPECT
placebo :painkiller=backdrop:vista
vitality n. 活力,生命力
capacity to live and develop; also :physical or mental vigor especially when highly developed
attenuate:thickness=enervate:vitality
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality
enervation:vitality=debase:value
arrest←→vitalize
vitiate v.使腐败,败坏
to make faulty or defective:IMPAIR
vitiate←→fortify/strengthen
vitrify vi. 变成玻璃,成为玻璃状
to convert into glass or a glassy substance by heat and fusion
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
vituperative adj. 辱骂的,责骂的
uttering or given to censure:containing or characterized by verbal abuse
vituperative←→complimentary
vivacious adj. 活泼的,快活的
lively in temper, conduct, or spirit:SPRIGHTLY
phlegmatic←→vivacious
vivacious←→languid
vociferous adj. 喧哗的,大叫大嚷的
marked by or given to vehement insistent outcry
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
vogue n. 时尚,时髦,流行
a:popular acceptation or favor:POPULARITY
b:a period of popularity
volatile adj. 反复无常的,挥发性的
characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change
craven:heroic=volatile:constant
volatile:temper=ready:wit
volatile←→constant
volition n. 自决,自主
an act of making a choice or decision; also :a choice or decision made
volition←→inability to choose
voluble a. 流利的,健谈的,易旋转的,缠绕的
characterized by ready or rapid speech:GLIB, FLUENT
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
maladroit:deft=voluble:verse
volubility←→taciturnity
laconic←→voluble
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
voluminous a. 卷数多的,大部分的,著书多的,长篇的,庞大的,盘绕的
a:having or marked by great volume or bulk:LARGE also :FULL
b:NUMEROUS
voluminous←→scanty/scarce
voluptuous adj.撩人的,沉溺酒色的
given to or spent in enjoyments of luxury, pleasure, or sensual gratifications
voluptuary←→ascetic
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
voluptuous←→spartan
voluptuous←→self contained/self denying
vomit n. 呕吐,呕吐物,催吐剂
an act or instance of disgorging the contents of the stomach through the mouth; also :the disgorged matter
voracious a. 狼吞虎咽的,贪婪的
excessively eager:INSATIABLE
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
voracity←→lack of appetite
votary n. 崇拜者,热心支持者
a:a devout or zealous worshiper
b:a staunch believer or advocate
votary←→skeptic
vouch vi. 担保,保证,证明,确定
to summon into court to warrant or defend a title
vouch←→refuse to guarantee
vulgar a. 粗俗的,庸俗的,本土的,通俗的,普通的
lacking in cultivation, perception, or taste:COARSE
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
waffle vi. 闲聊,胡扯
to talk or write foolishly:BLATHER
waffle←→speak unequivocally
wag n. 摇摆,小丑
WIT, JOKER
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
wag:humorous=dolt:stupid
want n. 缺乏,贫困,需要
a:DEFICIENCY, LACK
b:grave and extreme poverty that deprives one of the necessities of life
repletion←→want
wanton a. 荒唐的,嬉戏的,繁茂的,肆意的
playfully mean or cruel:MISCHIEVOUS
wardrobe n. 衣橱,衣室,全部衣服
a room or closet where clothes are kept :CLOTHESPRESS
larder:food=wardrobe:clothes
warmonger n. 战争贩子,好战者,主战论者
one who urges or attempts to stir up war:JINGO
dove←→warmonger/jingoist
warrant vt. 保证,辩解,使有正当理由,批准
to guarantee to a person good title to and undisturbed possession of (as an estate)
gratuitous←→warranted/merited
wary a. 小心的,机警的,周到的,唯恐的
marked by keen caution, cunning, and watchful prudence especially in detecting and escaping danger
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
wastrel n.浪费者,饭桶,流浪者,废品,浪子
one who dissipates resources foolishly and self-indulgently:PROFLIGATE
inexperience:neophyte=irresponsibility:wastrel
waterproof a. 防水的
impervious to water; especially :covered or treated with a material
waterproof←→permeable
watershed n.分水岭,流域
a crucial dividing point, line, or factor:TURNING POINT
watershed←→ambiguity/routine
wax vt. 上蜡于
to treat or rub with wax usually for polishing or stiffening
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
wax vi. 变大,增大,月亮渐满
to increase in phase or intensity ,used chiefly of the moon, other satellites, and inferior planets
wax←→decrease
wax←→waste away
flag←→wax
wheedle vt. 以甜言蜜语诱惑,用甜言蜜语骗,
to influence or entice by soft words or flattery
whet vt. 磨,磨快,刺激,促进
to sharpen by rubbing on or with something
blunt←→whet
whiff n. 一吹,一吸,香烟的一口,一点点,
a quick puff or slight gust especially of air, odor, gas, smoke, or spray
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
whimsical adj.古怪的,异想天开的
resulting from or characterized by whim or caprice; especially :lightly fanciful
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
mercurial:mood=whimsical:behavior
wholesome a. 有益健康的,合乎卫生的,健全的,审慎的,有生气的,有益的
promoting health or well-being of mind or spirit
decadence←→wholesomeness
tainted←→unspoiled/wholesome
wholesome←→deleterious
insalubrious←→wholesome
morbid←→wholesome
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
wick n. 灯芯,油绳
a bundle of fibers or a loosely twisted, braided, or woven cord, tape, or tube usually of soft spun cotton threads that by capillary attraction draws up to be burned a steady supply of the oil in lamps or the melted tallow or wax in candles
wicked a. 坏的,邪恶的,缺德的,淘气的,恶劣的,刻毒的
morally very bad:EVIL
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
welter vi. 翻滚,滚动,挣扎,颠簸,浸湿
to be in turmoil
wily a. 使用计谋的,有诡计的,狡猾的
full of wiles:CRAFTY
wince v. 避开,畏缩
to shrink back involuntarily (as from pain):FLINCH
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
windbag n. 风囊,饶舌之人,好说话的人
an exhaustively talkative person
windbag←→taciturnity
windy a. 多风的,风强的,坏天气的,虚无的,吹牛的,腹胀的
a:VERBOSE, BOMBASTIC
b:lacking substance:EMPTY
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
winnow v.把(谷物)的杂质吹掉,扬去
to remove (as chaff) by a current of air
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
winnow:grain=purify:water
winsome adj.媚人的,漂亮的
generally pleasing and engaging often because of a childlike charm and innocence
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
wit n. 机智,机警,智力,头脑,机智的人,妙语,理智
mental capability and resourcefulness:INGENUITY
volatile:temper=ready:wit
witch n. 巫婆,女巫
one that is credited with usually malignant supernatural powers; especially :a woman practicing usually black witchcraft often with the aid of a devil or familiar:SORCERESS
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
withdraw vi. 撤退,离开
to remove (money) from a place of deposit;to become socially or emotionally detached
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
press←→withdrawal
wither vt.凋谢
to become dry and sapless; especially :to shrivel from or as if from loss of bodily moisture
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality
burgeon←→wither
wither←→revive
withhold vt. 扣留,保留,抑制
to refrain from granting, giving, or allowing
withhold←→grant
wizen adj. 凋谢的, 枯萎的
to become dry, shrunken, and wrinkled often as a result of aging or of failing vitality
wizened←→thrive/blooming
wobble vi. 摇晃,动摇,游移不定,犹豫
to move or proceed with an irregular rocking or staggering motion or unsteadily and clumsily from side to side
b:TREMBLE, QUAVER
woo v. 向(女人)求爱,争取…的支持
to sue for the affection of and usually marriage with:COURT
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
wordsmith n. 擅长文字创作的人
a person who works with words; especially :a skillful writer
raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing
worldly a. 世间的,世俗的,世上的
of, relating to, or devoted to this world and its pursuits rather than to religion or spiritual affairs
worldly←→singular
worldly←→naive
worship n. 崇拜,礼拜,尊敬
extravagant respect or admiration for or devotion to an object of esteem
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
wrangler n. 口角者,争论者,牧马者
a ranch hand who takes care of the saddle horses; broadly :COWBOY
lariat:wrangler=crook:shepherd
writ n.命令状,书面命令
a formal written document; specifically :a legal instrument in epistolary form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch
wry adj.讽刺的;歪斜的
(1)cleverly and often ironically or grimly humorous
(2)having a bent or twisted shape or condition
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
wry←→even, straight, true; directly, undeviatingly
yacht n. 游艇
any of various recreational watercraft
yardstick n. 码尺,准绳
graduated measuring stick three feet (0.9144 meter) long
b:a standard basis of calculation
yaw v.(船,飞机等)偏航
of a ship :to deviate erratically from a course (as when struck by a heavy sea); especially :to move from side to side
yield vi. 出产,屈服,投降,同意
to surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another:hand over possession of
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
default:pay=yield:resist
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
meek←→unyielding
dogged←→yielded
outmaneuver←→yield
yoke vt. 给...上轭,连接,结合,使成配偶
to join as if by a yoke
sunder←→combine/yoke/bond
zeal n. 热心,热衷,热诚
eagerness and ardent interest in pursuit of something:FERVOR
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
fervor:zealot=improvidence:spendthrift
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
zeal:dedication={mesmeric:interest}
torpor←→zeal
zealotry←→lack of fervor
vapid←→zeal
zest n. 风味,强烈的风味,热情,热心
keen enjoyment:RELISH, GUSTO
zigzag n. & a. 之字形(的);v. 弯弯曲曲地行进
one of a series of short sharp turns, angles, or alterations in a course; also:something having the form or character of such a series
zigzag:turns=montage:images
zone vi. 分成区
to arrange in or mark off into zones; specifically:to partition (a city, borough, or township) by ordinance into sections reserved for different purposes (as residence or business
land=zoning=??
资料来源是从99年机考至今的所有机经,在机经词汇的真题中记忆单词,请大家用心体会
合成于2001年4月3日星期二 2:41:37 AM
abandon vt. 放弃,沉溺
to give (oneself) over unrestrainedly
abandon:inhibition=despair:hope
abash a. 害羞的
to destroy the self-possession or self-confidence of
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
abate v. 减轻,降低
to reduce in degree or intensity
abate:tax=alleviate:distress
abate←→intensify/promote
abbreviate vt. 缩写,使...简略,缩短
to make briefer; especially :to reduce to a shorter form intended to stand for the whole
abbreviate:sentence=abridgment:essay
abbreviate←→extend
abdicate v. 让位,辞职,放弃
to renounce a throne, high office, dignity, or function
abdicate:throne=resign:office
abdicate←→constitute
abdicate←→assume
aberrant a.脱离常轨的
deviating from the usual or natural type:ATYPICAL
aberrant←→typical/normal
abet vt. 教唆,帮助
to assist or support in the achievement of a purpose
abet:assistance=counsel:guidance
abet←→thwart/impede
stymie←→abet
frustrate←→abet
abeyance n. 中止,暂搁,停止
temporary inactivity:SUSPENSION
abeyance←→continuance
abhor vt.憎恶
(n. abhorrence) to regard with extreme repugnance
abhorrence:dislike=adoration:fondness
abiding a. 永久的,持久的,不变的
ENDURING, CONTINUING
abiding←→evanescent
abject adj. ①凄惨的 ②怯懦的
cast down in spirit:SERVILE, SPIRITLESS
abject←→exultant
abjure vt. 发誓放弃
to abstain from:AVOID
abjure←→embrace/espouse
abnegate vt. 放弃,舍弃,禁忌
SURRENDER, RELINQUISH
abnegate←→reaffirm
abolitionism n. 废除主义,废奴主义
principles or measures fostering abolition especially of slavery
anarchist:government=abolitionist:slavery
abolitionist←→persiste in slavery
arboretum n. 树园,植物园
a place where trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are cultivated for scientific and educational purposes
arboretum:trees=aviary:birds
aboveboard a. 光明正大的,率直的
in a straightforward manner
surreptitious←→barefaced/aboveboard
abrasion n. 表面磨损(v. abrade)
a wearing, grinding, or rubbing away by friction
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
abrade←→augment
abridge vt. 删节,缩短,剥夺
to shorten by omission of words without sacrifice of sense:CONDENSE
abbreviate:sentence=abridgment:essay
abrogate v. 废止,废除
to abolish by authoritative action:ANNUL
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
abscond v. 潜逃,逃亡
to depart secretly and hide oneself
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
follow:shadow=leave:abscond
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
absolve vt.赦免;解除(责任等)
to set free from an obligation or the consequences of guilt
exculpatory:absolve=motivational:stir
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
absolve←→inculpate
abstain vi. 自制,戒绝,弃权,避免
to refrain deliberately and often with an effort of self-denial from an action or practice
mandatory:comply=forbidden:abstain
abstemious adj. 有节制的,节俭的
marked by restraint especially in the consumption of food or alcohol
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate { intransigence:control}
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
abstract a. 抽象的,不具体的;n. 摘要,提要
having only intrinsic form with little or no attempt at pictorial representation or narrative content
abstract←→elaborate
abstruse adj.深奥的
difficult to comprehend:RECONDITE
abstruse←→accessible/patent
abuse n./v. 辱骂,滥用
to attack in words:REVILE
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
accede v.同意
to express approval or give consent:give in to a request or demand
accelerate vt.vi. 加速
to move faster:gain speed
expedite:process=accelerate:pace
accelerate←→retard
accessible a. 易接近的,可进入的,易受影响的,可理解的
capable of being understood or appreciated
abstruse←→accessible/patent
accessory n. 附件
a thing of secondary or subordinate importance:ADJUNCT
accessory←→of primarily importance
accidental a. 意外的,偶然的
occurring unexpectedly or by chance
inventiveness:accidental=effect:casual
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
intentional:accidental=arrogant:humble
acclimate vt.使习惯于新环境
to adapt to a new temperature, altitude, climate, environment, or situation
acclimate←→make unfamiliar with
accolade n. 推崇备至,赞扬
an expression of praise
accolade←→cutting remark/speak ill/derogate/denounce
deplore←→accolade/extol
accomodate v. 容纳,留宿,使...适应
to provide with something desired, needed, or suited (as a helpful service, a loan, or lodgings)
obliterate:remove=accomodate:supply (不是convey:conduct)
accomplice n. 共犯,同谋
one associated with another especially in wrongdoing
accost vt.向人搭话
to approach and speak to often in a challenging or aggressive way accost:approach
accountability n. 有责任,有义务
an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one's actions
accrete v. 共生,附着,增加
ACCUMULATE
accrete:growth=erode:destruction
accumulate vt.vi. 积聚,堆积
to gather or pile up especially little by little:AMASS
accumulation←→dissipation
accuse v. 责备,控告,谴责
to charge with a fault or offense:BLAME
acme n.顶点,极点
the highest point or stage
acquiesce v.勉强同意,默认
to accept, comply, or submit tacitly or passively
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
acquiesce←→defy
resist←→acquiesce
acquisition n. 获得,添加物品
the act of acquiring
divestiture←→acquisition
acquit vt. 开释,释放,完成,表现
to discharge completely
acrid a. 苦味的,辛辣的,尖刻的
sharp and harsh or unpleasantly pungent in taste or odor:IRRITATING
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
grating:sound=acrid:odor
stridency:sound=acridity:odor
acrid←→gentle
acrimonious a. 严厉的,辛辣的,刻毒的
caustic, biting, or rancorous especially in feeling, language, or manner
acrimonious←→harmonious
adamant a.强硬的,固执的
unshakable or immovable especially in opposition:UNYIELDING
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
impossible:execute=adamant:moved
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
adamant←→vacillatory
adamant←→moved
adapt vt. 使适应,改编
to make fit (as for a specific or new use or situation) often by modification
adapt←→remain unchanged
addicted adj. 痴迷
to devote or surrender (oneself) to something habitually or obsessively
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
ad-hoc adv. 临时地,没有充分准备的
for the particular end or case at hand without consideration of wider application
adjacent a. 毗连的,邻近的,接近的
adjourn vi. 延期,休会,换地方
to suspend a session indefinitely or to another time or place
convoke←→adjourn
adjudicator n. 评判员
one that act as judge
adjunct n. 附属物,附件,修饰语
something joined or added to another thing but not essentially a part of it
adjunct:←→essential element
ad-lib v. 即兴演唱,临时穿插,信口说出
without restraint or limit
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
admission n. 许可,入会费,承认
the act or process of admitting
lottery:raffle=ticket:admission
admonish v. 训诫,警告
to express warning or disapproval to especially in a gentle, earnest, or solicitous manner
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory {persuade:convince}
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
adore vt. 崇拜,爱慕,喜爱
to regard with loving admiration and devotion
abhorrence:dislike=adoration:fondness
adulate:fawn=woo:adore
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
adroit adj. 熟练的,灵巧的
having or showing skill, cleverness, or resourcefulness in handling situations
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
adroit←→ungainly
adulate v. 谄媚,奉承
to flatter or admire excessively or slavishly
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
adulate←→scorn
adulation←→disdain
adulterate vt. 掺杂
to corrupt, debase, or make impure by the addition of a foreign or inferior substance or element stickler
approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
adversary n. 敌手,对手
one that contends with, opposes, or resists:ENEMY
adversary←→ally
advertise vt. 做广告,通知
to announce publicly especially by a printed notice or a broadcast
advertising:commercial=publishing:journal
advocate vt. 主张,提倡
to plead in favor of
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
aerate v. 充气,让空气进入
to supply (the blood) with oxygen by respiration
aerate:oxygen=hydrate:water
aerial a. 空中的,航空的,空想的,空气的
of, relating to, or occurring in the air or atmosphere
aerial:air=aquatic:water
aesthetics n. 美学
a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste and with the creation and appreciation of beauty
aesthetics:beauty=epistemology:knowledge
philistine←→aesthete
affable adj.易于交谈的,和蔼的
characterized by ease and friendliness
affable←→irascible
affected a. 假装的
assumed artificially or falsely:PRETENDED
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
affected←→natural
affection n. 爱,情感,影响,病
tender attachment:FONDNESS
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
antipathy←→affection
affidavit n. 宣誓书
a sworn statement in writing made especially under oath or on affirmation before an authorized magistrate or officer
affidavit=statement←→wedding:ceremony
affiliation n.入会,加入
to bring or receive into close connection as a member or branch
affiliation←→dissociation
affinity n.密切关系,吸引力
likeness based on relationship or causal connection
aloft←→affinity
affinity←→aversion/hideous
affliction n. 痛苦,苦恼,苦难
great suffering
affluent adj. 富裕的 n. 支流
having a generously sufficient and typically increasing supply of material possessions
affluent←→needy
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
penury←→affluence
indigent←→affluent
agenda n.议程
a list or outline of things to be considered or done
program:concert=agenda:meeting
repertoire:performance=manifest:cargo=agenda:meeting
aggrandize vt. 增加,夸大
to make appear great or greater:praise highly
aggrandize←→disparage
aggravate vt. 使恶化,使更严重加重
to make worse, more serious, or more severe:intensify unpleasantly
succor←→aggravate
ameliorate←→aggravate
aggregate vt.vi. 聚集,集合,合计
to collect or gather into a mass or whole
coalesce←→disaggregate
disaffected←→content
aggrieve vt. 使委屈,使苦恼,侵害
to give pain or trouble to:DISTRESS
aggrieve←→gratify
agony n. 极大的痛苦
intense pain of mind or body:ANGUISH, TORTURE
agonized:distress=obsessed:concern
painful:agonizing=important:paramount
airtight a. 密闭的,不透气的,无懈可击的
airtight:loophole=
alacrity n. 敏捷,轻快,乐意
promptness in response:cheerful readiness
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
albino n. 白公,白化病者,白化变种 (or albinism)
an organism exhibiting deficient pigmentation
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
alibi n.托辞,借口,辩解
an excuse usually intended to avert blame or punishment
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
align v.定位,对齐,排成一行,结盟
to bring into line or alignment
aligned←→askew
awry←→orderly/aligned
allay v. ①平息(愤怒等) ②缩小
to subdue or reduce in intensity or severity:ALLEVIATE
allay←→increase the intensity of
adversary←→ally
allegiance n.忠诚,拥护
devotion or loyalty to a person, group, or cause
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
allegory n. 寓意;寓言
the expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence allegory:fiction
alleviate v.缓和,减轻
RELIEVE, LESSEN
abate:tax=alleviate:distress
alleviate←→exacerbate
alliterate v. 押头韵
the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface
allude vi. 暗示,提及
to make indirect reference; broadly :REFER
allude←→mention explicitly
aloft ad. 在高处,在上的
at or to a great height
aloft←→affinity
founder←→stay aloft
grounded←→aloft
aloof a. 疏远的,冷淡的
removed or distant either physically or emotionally
politic:offend=aloof:associate
gregarious←→aloof
alphabetical a.字母(表)的,ABC的
arranged in the order of the letters of the alphabet
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
altruism n. 利他主义,不自私
unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others
altruism←→egocentric
amalgamate v. 合并,混合
to merge into a single body
amalgamate←→separate/isolate
amass v.积聚
to collect for oneself:ACCUMULATE
ambiguous a.模棱两可的;分歧的
doubtful or uncertain especially from obscurity or indistinctness
ambiguous:clarity=mendacious:truth
ambiguous:understand=blatant:ignore
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
watershed←→ambiguity
ambivalent a. 矛盾的,好恶相克的
a:continual fluctuation (as between one thing and its opposite)
b:uncertainty as to which approach to follow
ambivalent←→commitment
amble vi. 缓行,溜蹄
a leisurely walk
walk:amble=talk:chat
ambrosial a. 特别美味的
something extremely pleasing to taste or smell
mellifluous:music=ambrosial:food
ameliorate vt. 改善,改良,变好
to make better or more tolerable
ameliorate←→aggravate
amenity n. 适意,温和,礼仪
something that conduces to comfort, convenience, or enjoyment
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful
amenable←→inimical
amiable a. 亲切的,和蔼可亲的
being friendly, sociable, and congenial
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amicable a. 友善的,和平的 characterized by friendly goodwill:PEACEABLE
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amiss a. 有毛病的,出差错的
in a faulty way:IMPERFECTLY
amorphous adj. 无定形的,散漫的
having no definite form:SHAPELESS
amorphous:shape=errant:course
amphibian n. 两栖动物,水陆两用飞机,水陆两用车
any of a class (Amphibian) of cold-blooded vertebrates (as frogs, toads, or salamanders) intermediate in many characters between fishes and reptiles and having gilled aquatic larvae and air-breathing adults
eaglet:bird=frog:amphibian
amplify vt. 扩大,详述,使增幅
to make larger or greater (as in amount, importance, or intensity):INCREASE
mute←→amplify
amplitude n.广大;充足;振幅
the quality or state of being ample:FULLNESS
amplitude←→meagerness
anaerobic a.厌氧的. anaerobe n.厌氧微生物
living, active, occurring, or existing in the absence of free oxygen
anaerobic←→living in oxygen
anaerobic←→respiration
analgesic n.镇痛剂, a.止痛的
insensibility to pain without loss of consciousness
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative
analgesia:pain=simplify:complexity
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
analogy n. 类似,相似,类比,类推
a:resemblance in some particulars between things otherwise unlike:SIMILARITY
b:comparison based on such resemblance
analysis n. 分析
separation of a whole into its component parts
synthesis←→analysis
anarchist n. 无政府主义者
one who rebels against any authority, established order, or ruling power
anarchist:government=abolitionist:slavery
anarchist:rebel=apologist:defend
anarchy←→order
anathema n. 诅咒
the denunciation of something as accursed
panegyric←→anathema
ancestor n. 祖先,祖宗
one from whom a person is descended and who is usually more remote in the line of descent than a grandparent
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
anecdote n. 短故事,轶事
a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incident
anecdote:amusement=lecture:instruction=caption:illustration
anesthetic a.麻醉的 ,麻醉剂的
lacking awareness or sensitivity
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
sensation←→anesthesia
anew ad. 重新,再
in a new or different form
angle n. 角,角落 ;夺取、追逐
to turn, move, or direct at an angle
anhydrous a. 无水的
free from water and especially water of crystallization
anhydrous←→wet
animation n. 活泼,生气,卡通制作
possessing or characterized by life:ALIVE
lassitude←→vim/animation
annals n. 纪年表,年鉴,年报
a record of events arranged in yearly sequence
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
annoy vt. 使苦恼,骚扰
to disturb or irritate especially by repeated acts
mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy
testy:annoy=tractable:control
annul v. 宣告无效,取消
to declare or make legally invalid or void
annul←→make legal
anodyne n. 止痛药
something that soothes, calms, or comforts
anomalous a. 不规则的,反常的
inconsistent with or deviating from what is usual, normal, or expected:IRREGULAR, UNUSUAL
anomaly:paradigmatic=blemish:flawless
anomalous←→typical/conformity to norms
anonymous a.匿名的
not named or identified
anonymous:identify=nonchalant:excite
antagonize vt. 使成敌人,敌对,反对
to incur or provoke the hostility of
placate←→antagonize
synergic←→antagonistic
propitiate←→antagonize
mollify←→antagonize/ire
antennae n. 天线,触须,触角
one of a pair of slender movable segmented sensory organs on the head of insects, myriapods, and crustaceans
{antennae:butterfly}
anterior a. 前面的,在前的
coming before in time or development
anterior←→ensuing
anthology n.诗集,文选
a collection of selected literary pieces or passages or works of art or music
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
antic adj 古怪的,笨拙的
characterized by clownish extravagance or absurdity
facetious:speech=antic:behavior
anticipatory adj. 1 预想,预期的 2 占先的,先发制人的
to give advance thought, discussion, or treatment to
retrospective←→anticipatory
antidote n. 解毒剂,解药
a remedy to counteract the effects of poison
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
remedy:disease=antidote:poisoning
antipathy n. 憎恶,反感
settled aversion or dislike:DISTASTE
antipathy←→affection
antique a. 旧式的,过时的
existing since or belonging to earlier times:ANCIENT
antiseptic n. 杀菌剂,防腐剂
opposing sepsis, putrefaction, or decay;
oil:lubricate=antiseptic:disinfect
antonym n. 反义字,反义语,对语
a word of opposite meaning
anvil n. 铁砧
a heavy usually steel-faced iron block on which metal is shaped
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
apathy n. 漠然,冷淡
lack of feeling or emotion:IMPASSIVENESS
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
apex n. 顶点,最高点
the highest or culminating point
aphorism n. 格言
a terse formulation of a truth or sentiment:ADAGE
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
apocalyptic adj 预示灾祸的,启示的
forecasting the ultimate destiny of the world:PROPHETIC
apocalyptic←→inconsequential
apocrypha n. 伪经,伪书
writings or statements of dubious authenticity
apologist n.辩护士(尤指卫护基督教教义的辩护者)
one who speaks or writes in defense of someone or something
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
apologist←→critic/detractor
apophasis n. 『修』故抑其词,以求婉达
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
apoplectic adj.中风的,易怒的
greatly agitated
apoplectic←→calm
apostasy n. 背教,脱党
renunciation of a religious faith
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
apostasy←→fidelity
apostrophe n书写中撇号(')(表示省略或所有格)
a mark ' used to indicate the omission of letters or figures, the possessive case, or the plural of letters or figures
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence
appall vt. 使胆寒,使惊骇
to overcome with consternation, shock, or dismay
appall←→embolden/nerve
encourage←→appall
apparel vt. 使穿衣,装饰
to put clothes on:DRESS
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
appeal vi. 求助,诉请,要求
to make an earnest request
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
appealing a. 引起兴趣的,动人的
having appeal:PLEASING
noisome←→appealing
appease vt. 安抚,缓和,平息,满足
to bring to a state of peace or quiet:CALM
roil←→clarify/appease
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
appease←→rile
appetite n. 食欲,欲望,爱好
an inherent craving
voracity←→lack of appetite
applause n. 鼓掌,喝彩,赞许
approval publicly expressed
mirth:laughter=approval:applause
approve:applause=??
applicant n. 申请者,请求者
one who applies remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
appoint vt. 任命,指定,命令
to name officially
appoint:official=cast:actor
apposite adj. 适当的,恰切的
highly pertinent or appropriate:APT
apposite←→extraneous
appreciable a. 可感知的,可评估的
capable of being perceived or measured
appreciable←→imperceptible
apprehension n. 理解,忧惧,逮捕
suspicion or fear especially of future evil:FOREBODING
apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
apprentice n. 学徒,生手
an inexperienced person:NOVICE
approbation n. 认可,嘉许
COMMENDATION, PRAISE
praise:approbation=demur:objection
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
appropriate a. 适当的
especially suitable or compatible:FITTING
meet←→inappropriate/unsuitable
apt←→extremely inappropriate
appropriate v. 盗用
to take or make use of without authority or right
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
approve vt. 赞同,核准,证实
to have or express a favorable opinion of
mirth:laughter=approval:applause
approve:applause=??
substantiate←→disapprove
approximate a. 大约的,近似的
nearly correct or exact
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
apt a.易于...
unusually fitted or qualified:READY
apt←→extremely inappropriate
apt←→unlikely
aquatic a. 水生的,水中的,水上的
growing or living in or frequenting water
aerial:air=aquatic:water
aqueduct n. 高架渠,渡槽
a conduit for water
aqueduct:water=pipeline:gas=vessel:blood
aquifer n. 含水土层((含水量足以成为井水或泉水))
a water-bearing stratum of permeable rock, sand, or gravel
shaft:lode=well:aquifer
arboreal adj. 树木的
of, relating to, or resembling a tree
arboreal:trees=sidereal:stars
archaic a.古老的
of, relating to, or characteristic of an earlier or more primitive time:ANTIQUATED
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
archaic←→current
archipelago n. 群岛,多岛海
an expanse of water with many scattered islands
range:mountain=chain:link={archipelago:island }
archetype n. 原型
the original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies:PROTOTYPE; also :a perfect example
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
archive n. 档案文件
a place in which public records or historical documents are preserved
archive:manuscript=arsenal:weapon
archive:records=museum=artifacts
arctic a. 北极的,极寒的
bitter cold:FRIGID
torrid←→arctic
ardor n. 热心,热情
extreme vigor or energy:INTENSITY
assuage:sorrow=dampen:ardor
argot n. 隐语,暗语,暗号
an often more or less secret vocabulary and idiom peculiar to a particular group
argot←→standard language/common verbalism
arid a.干旱的
excessively dry
marsh:sodden=desert:arid
arid←→damp
armory n. 纹章,纹章学,军械库,兵工厂
a place where arms and military equipment are stored
pantry:food=armory:weapons
arrest vt. 拘捕,妨碍,吸引,阻止
to make inactive
arrest←→vitalize
arresting adj. 引人注意的; 醒目的; 有趣的
catching the attention:STRIKING, IMPRESSIVE
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
arresting←→banal
arrhythmic a. 无节奏的
lacking rhythm or regularity
arrhythmic←→regular
arrogance n.傲慢,自大
a feeling or an impression of superiority manifested in an overbearing manner or presumptuous claims
mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
intentional:accidental:arrogant:humble
arsenal n. 兵工厂,军械库
a:an establishment for the manufacture or storage of arms and military equipment
b:a collection of weapons
archive:manuscript=arsenal:weapon
articulate vt. 以关节连接,接合,明白地说
to give clear and effective utterance to:put into words
ratiocination:thinking:articulation:talking
artifacts n. 史前古器物
something created by humans usually for a practical purpose; especially :an object remaining from a particular period
archive:records=museum=artifacts
artifice n. 巧办法,诡计
false or insincere behavior
artifice←→candor
artless adj. 朴质; 率直; 拙劣
free from guile or craft:sincerely simple
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
artless←→cunning/guile
artlessness←→urbanity
sly←→artless
artless←→disingenuous
ascendant n. 运星,运道,支配力,优势
governing or controlling influence:DOMINATION
ascendant←→having no influence
ascent n. 上升,上坡路
an upward slope or rising grade:ACCLIVITY
ascetic adj. 禁欲的n. 苦行者
austere in appearance, manner, or attitude
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
sybarite←→ascetic
voluptuary←→ascetic
indulgent←→ascetic
aseptic adj. 无菌的,洁净的
preventing infection
aseptic:disinfections=anesthetic:numbs
askew adj. 歪斜的v. 歪斜,弯曲
out of line:AWRY
aligned←→askew{curve}
asperity n.粗鲁,艰苦
roughness of manner or of temper:HARSHNESS
asperity:optimistic=??
asperity←→mildness of temper
aspiration n.渴望,热望
a strong desire to achieve something high or great
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
assert vt. 主张,声明,断言
to state or declare positively and often forcefully or aggressively
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
assess v.估价,评价
to determine the importance, size, or value of
assess:value=plumb:depth
asset n. 资产,有用的东西
the entire property of a person, association, corporation, or estate applicable or subject to the payment of debts
asset←→liability
assiduous adj.勤勉的,专心的
marked by careful unremitting attention or persistent application
assiduous←→remiss
assuage vt. 缓和,减轻,镇定
to lessen the intensity of (something that pains or distresses):EASE
assuage:sorrow=dampen:ardor
assuage←→intensify/inflame
gall←→calm/assuage
assume vt. 假定,承担,摆架子
to take to or upon oneself:UNDERTAKE
abdicate←→assume
assume←→refuse
unassuming←→overbearing
astounding a. 令人惊骇的
causing astonishment or amazement indelible:forget=astounding:expect
astute a. 机敏的,狡猾的
having or showing shrewdness and perspicacity
asunder ad.分开,化为碎片
into parts
asymmetrical adj. 不匀称的,不对称的,不均匀的
not symmetrical
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
asylum n. 庇护,收容所
an inviolable place of refuge and protection giving shelter to criminals and debtors:SANCTUARY
refugee:asylum
atone v. 赎罪,补偿
to supply satisfaction for:EXPIATE
atrocious adj.残忍的,凶恶的 (n. atrocity)
extremely wicked, brutal, or cruel:BARBARIC
atrocious:bad=momentous:important
attenuate v.变薄,变弱
to lessen the amount, force, magnitude, or value of:WEAKEN
attenuate:force=decelerate:speed
attenuate:thickness=cool:temperature/enervate=vitality/debilitate:strength
collapse:volume=attenuate:thickness
debase:value=attenuate:force
auction n.拍卖
a sale of property to the highest bidder
audacious adj. 大胆的,愚勇的
intrepidly daring:ADVENTUROUS
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
audacious:cautious=??
circumspect←→audacious/reckless/direct encounter
audible a. 听得见的
heard or capable of being heard
audible:stentorian=discernable:obvious
augur n. 占兆官,占卜师,相命者
to foretell especially from omens
augur:predict=pundit:opine
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
pundit:opinion=augur:prediction
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
augury:appearance=??
auspicious adj.吉兆的;幸运的
affording a favorable auspice:PROPITIOUS
auspicious←→boding ill
austere a.朴素的,(人)正经的;(经济)紧缩的
markedly simple or unadorned
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
baroque←→austere
authenticity n. 确实性,真实性
not false or imitation:REAL, ACTUAL
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
genuine:authenticity=honest:trust
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
authority n. 权威,专家,威信
power to influence or command thought, opinion, or behavior
authoritative:acceptance=conspicuous:attention
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
avarice n.贪婪
excessive or insatiable desire for wealth or gain:GREEDINESS, CUPIDITY
avarice:money=gluttony:food
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
aversion n.嫌恶,憎恨
a feeling of repugnance toward something with a desire to avoid or turn from
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
aversion:inclination=??
affinity←→aversion
aversion←→court
penchant←→aversion
propensity←→aversion
avid adj.热切的,贪婪的
characterized by enthusiasm and vigorous pursuit
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm
avid←→indifferent
awash a. 与水面齐平的,被浪冲打的
covered with water:FLOODED
awash←→dry
awe n. 敬畏
an emotion variously combining dread, veneration, and wonder that is inspired by authority or by the sacred or sublime
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
awe←→irreverence
awkward a. 笨拙的
lacking dexterity or skill
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
dexterous:awkward=??
lithe←→awkward
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
awl n. 锥子,尖钻
a pointed tool for marking surfaces or piercing small holes (as in leather or wood)
awl:pierce=pestle:hash
awning n.雨篷,遮阳篷
a rooflike cover extending over or in front of a place (as over the deck or in front of a door or window) as a shelter
awning:sun=umbrella:rain
awry adj. 扭曲的,走样的
in a turned or twisted position or direction:ASKEW
awry←→orderly/aligned
babble vt.唠叨;说话不清
to utter meaningless or unintelligible sounds
babble:sense=parrot=originality
babble←→express succinctly
backdrop n. 背景幕,背景
a painted cloth hung across the rear of a stage
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
backset n. 倒退,逆流,涡流
SETBACK
backset←→hike
badge n. 半自动防空警戒管制组织,徽章,标记
a device or token especially of membership in a society or group
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
badger vt. 纠缠
to harass or annoy persistently
badger:bother=belabor:mention
badinage n. 打趣,嘲弄
playful repartee:BANTER
badinage←→serious conversation
bait n.饵;引诱物
ENTICE, LURE
bait←→disarm
baleful adj. 邪恶的,恶意的
deadly or pernicious in influence
balk n. 障碍,错误,失败vt. 阻止,突然停止,退缩
to check or stop by or as if by an obstacle:BLOCK
balk←→move ahead willingly
balky a. 停蹄不前的
refusing or likely to refuse to proceed, act, or function as directed or expected
balky←→tractable
ballad n. 民谣
a narrative composition in rhythmic verse suitable for singing
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
ballet n. 芭蕾舞
a theatrical art form using dancing, music, and scenery to convey a story, theme, or atmosphere
instrumentalist:symphony=dancer:ballet
balm n. 香油,药膏; 安慰; 慰藉
a soothing restorative agency
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
balm←→irritant
inclement←→balmy
balmy←→piquant
bamboozle v. 欺骗,隐瞒
to deceive by underhanded methods:DUPE, HOODWINK
ban n. 禁令
to prohibit especially by legal means ban:protect
banal a.陈腐的
lacking originality, freshness, or novelty:TRITE
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
arresting←→banal
banal←→novel
banality←→freshness
trite←→unbanal
baneful adj.有害的,致祸的
productive of destruction or woe:seriously harmful
banish vt. 驱逐,消除
to drive out or remove from a home or place of usual resort or continuance
evict:residence=banish:country
banister n. 栏杆的支柱,楼梯的扶栏
a handrail with its supporting posts
staircase:banister=garden:fence
barb n. 尖锐而严厉的批评
a biting or pointedly critical remark or comment
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
barefaced a. 公然的,无耻的,无面具的
a:OPEN, UNCONCEALED
b:lacking scruples
barefaced←→surreptitious
bargain n. 交易,买卖,物美价廉的东西
to negotiate over the terms of a purchase, agreement, or contract:HAGGLE
debate:issue=bargain:price
baroque n./adj. (艺术、建筑等)高度装饰的,过份雕琢的
characterized by grotesqueness, extravagance, complexity, or flamboyance
baroque←→austere
barter n. 物物交换,实物交易
to trade by exchanging one commodity for another
correspond:letters=barter:commodities
jog:exercise=barter:trade
base a. 卑鄙的,低级的
being of comparatively low value and having relatively inferior properties
debase:value=attenuate:force
base←→virtuous
base←→noble
sublime←→base/common
baseboard n. 护壁板,脚板
a molding covering the joint of a wall and the adjoining floor
veneer:furniture=baseboard:wall
bathetic adj. 平凡的,陈腐的,顿降的
exceptional commonplaceness:TRITENESS
bedeck vt. 装饰,修饰
to clothe with finery:DECK
bedeck←→strip
bedlam n. 混乱,骚乱,疯人院
a place, scene, or state of uproar and confusion
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
belabor vt. 冗长的解释,痛打
to explain or insist on excessively
badger:bother=belabor:mention
beleaguer vt. 使困扰,使烦恼,围攻
TROUBLE, HARASS
beleaguer←→delight
belie v. ①掩饰,②证明为假
to show (something) to be false or wrong
belie←→affirm
belittle vt. 轻视,使渺小
to speak slightingly of:DISPARAGE
belletristic a. 文学研究的,纯文学的
bellicose adj. 好战的,好斗的
favoring or inclined to start quarrels or wars
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
bellicose←→appeasing
belligerence n. 交战,好战性,斗争性
an aggressive or truculent attitude, atmosphere, or disposition
bemoan vt. 惋惜,认为遗憾,哀叹
to express deep grief or distress over
bend vi. 弯曲,屈服
to make submissive:SUBDUE,COMPROMISE
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
benediction n. 祝福
the invocation of a blessing
curse←→benediction
beneficent a. 仁慈的,慈善的,善行的
doing or producing good; especially :performing acts of kindness and charity
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
noxious←→beneficial
toxic←→beneficial
bequest n. 遗赠物,遗产,遗赠
something bequeathed:LEGACY
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
beseech v. 祈求,恳求
to request earnestly:IMPLORE
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
besmirch v. 诽谤,玷污
SULLY, SOIL
besmirch←→honor
betray vt.背叛;辜负;泄漏
to deliver to an enemy by treachery
bibliophile n. 爱书者,藏书家
a lover of books especially for qualities of format; also :a book collector
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
bigot n. (宗教,政治等的)盲信者,顽固者
a person obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
bigot=dedication=rage:anger
bigoted:advice=conservative:change
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
bigot:tolerant:provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
bit n. 钻头
the jaws of tongs or pincers
bit:drill=blade:razor
blackout n.(幕间或剧中)灯暗;临时眩晕;删除;新闻封锁)
a blotting out by censorship:SUPPRESSION
bland a. 温和的,乏味的,冷漠的
DULL, INSIPID
pungency←→blandness
tangy←→bland
blandishment n.奉承
something that tends to coax or cajole:ALLUREMENT
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
blandishment:coax=medal:honor/prevarication:deceive
blandishment←→threat
blase adj. 1 对享乐 [人生] 等厌倦的
apathetic to pleasure or excitement as a result of excessive indulgence or enjoyment
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
blaspheme vt.vi. 亵渎
REVILE, ABUSE
blast n.一阵(风);v. 爆破
a violent gust of wind blast:whiff=gush:trickle
blatant adj. 喧哗的,无耻的
completely obvious, conspicuous, or obtrusive especially in a crass or offensive manner:BRAZEN
ambiguous:understand=blatant:ignore
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
blatant←→inconspicuous/unimpressive/unobtrusive
blatant←→subtle
blazon vt. 以家徽装饰,宣布
to publish widely:PROCLAIM
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface
blazon:adorn=pillar:support
blazon←→efface
bleach vt. 漂白
to remove color or stains from
blemish v. 损害,玷污n. 瑕疵,缺点
to spoil by a flaw
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
blender n. 混合的人,混合器,搅拌器
an electric appliance for grinding or mixing
blight n. 植物枯萎病 v. 使…枯萎
a disease or injury of plants resulting in withering, cessation of growth, and death of parts without rotting
blighted←→hale
blimp n. 软式小型飞船,顽固的保守分子
a nonrigid airship
bliss n.狂喜
complete happiness
dislike:loathing=pleasure:bliss
blunder v.犯大错 n.愚蠢之举
a gross error or mistake resulting usually from stupidity, ignorance, or carelessness
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
blunt a. 钝的,坦率的,麻痹的
blunt←→whet
blurb n. 大肆宣传
a short publicity notice
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation
bluster vt. 风狂吹,咆哮,汹涌
to talk or act with noisy swaggering threats
blustering:speak=swaggering:walk
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
boding n. 凶兆,前兆,预感
an omen, prediction, or presentiment especially of coming evil:PORTENT ,FOREBODING
auspicious←→boding ill
boggle vi. 犹豫,踌躇,吃惊,搪塞
to hesitate because of doubt, fear, or scruples
boggle←→embolden
boisterous adj. 喧闹的,欢闹的
noisily turbulent:ROWDY
boisterous←→quiet
bolster n. 枕垫v. 支持,鼓励
a structural part designed to eliminate friction or provide support or bearing
bolster:support=tackle:hoist
bombast n. 夸大的言辞
pretentious inflated speech or writing
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
bombast←→down to earth language/understated/unpretentious
bonhomie n. 好性情,温和,和蔼
good-natured easy friendliness
congenial:bonhomie=??
bonhomie:good natured=??
bonus n. 奖金,红利
something in addition to what is expected or strictly due
bonus:employee={decoration:soldier}
boon n. 恩惠
BENEFIT, FAVOR
boon←→misfortune
boor n. 粗野的人,不懂礼貌的人,农民
a rude or insensitive person
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
bootless a. 无用的,无益者
USELESS, UNPROFITABLE
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
bore vt. 使烦扰,钻孔
to make a hole by or as if by boring
die:shaping=drill:boring
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
bottleneck n.瓶颈口,(喻)交通易阻塞的狭口;妨碍生产流程的一环
NARROW
{bottleneck:indefinite}
bough n. 大树枝
a branch of a tree; especially :a main branch
box vi. 拳击
to fight with the fists:engage in boxing
box:fight:debate:argue
bracing adj. 增加气力的,令人振奋的,提神的,使心神清爽的
giving strength, vigor, or freshness
bracing←→vapid
bracket n. 支架,括弧,托架
an overhanging member that projects from a structure (as a wall) and is usually designed to support a vertical load or to strengthen an angle
buttress:wall=bracket:shelf
brackish a. 有盐味的,可厌的
REPULSIVE
brackish:repulse
braided adj. 编织成的,梳成辫子的,编成缏的;束
made by intertwining three or more strands
grooved:striated=braided:stranded
brake n. 刹车,阻碍,丛林
to retard or stop by a brake
divert:shunt=retard:brake
brash a. 性急的,仓促的,无礼的,傲慢的
done in haste without regard for consequences
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
brassy a. 似黄铜的,厚脸皮的
being shamelessly bold
diffident←→brassy
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
brassy←→humble
brattish adj. (指小孩) 讨厌的; 宠坏的; 不听话的; 不礼貌的
an ill-mannered annoying child
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
bravura adj. 雄壮华丽的,气势磅礴的
marked by an ostentatious display of skill
bravura:performance=resplendent:appearance
brazen a. 黄铜制的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous boldness
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
brazen←→modest
breach v. 毁坏,泄密 n. 缺口
to make a breach in
breach←→solder
solder←→breach
breezeway n. 有屋顶的通路
a roofed often open passage connecting two buildings (as a house and garage) or halves of a building
breezeway:building=stairway:floor
brevity n.简短,简洁
shortness or conciseness of expression
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
bribe v. & n. 贿赂,收买
to induce or influence by or as if by bribery
bribe:incorruptible=affect:insensible
bridle v. 限制,阻止
to restrain, check, or control with or as if with a bridle
bridled←→without restraint
brisk a. 敏锐的,凛冽的,活泼的
keenly alert:LIVELY
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
bristle n. 硬毛 v. 气势汹汹,直立,发怒,充满
to take on an aggressive attitude or appearance (as in response to a slight)
bristle←→cower
brittle a. 易碎的,脆弱的,易坏的
easily broken, cracked, or snapped
manifest:perceive=brittle:break
broach v. ①开瓶 ②提出(问题)
to open for the first time
broach←→close off
bromide n. 溴化物(镇静药用),平庸的人或物
a commonplace or hackneyed statement or notion
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
browbeat vt. (用神情、言词) 威吓; 严词厉色地斥责
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
bruit vt. 散播
to noise abroad:REPORT
bruit←→keep secret
buck n. ①雄鹿 ②美元 v. (马)跳跃,反对,吹牛,闲聊
to refuse assent:BALK
buck←→assent to
bucolic adj. 乡村的,牧羊的
relating to or typical of rural life
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
bucolic←→urban
budge vi. 移动,微微一动,放弃
to give way:YIELD
palter:candor=diehard:budge
buffoon n.丑角,缺乏教养之人
a ludicrous figure:CLOWN
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
bully n. 欺凌弱小者,土霸
one habitually cruel to others who are weaker
instigator:incite:bully:browbeat underdog←→bully
bumper n. 缓冲器,满杯,丰收
a device for absorbing shock or preventing damage
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
bumptious a. 瞎自夸的,瞎自大的,傲慢的
presumptuously, obtusely, and often noisily self-assertive:OBTRUSIVE
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
bumptious←→humble
bung n. (桶口等的) 塞子
the stopper especially in the bunghole of a cask
bungle vt.vi. 拙劣地工作,粗制滥造,失败
to act or work clumsily and awkwardly
bungle←→bring off
buoy vt. 使浮起,支撑,鼓励
SUPPORT, UPLIFT
buoyed←→unsupported
buoyant adj.易浮的,快乐的
a:capable of floating
b:CHEERFUL, GAY
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
hangdog←→buoyant
buoyant←→sink
burgeon v. 迅速成长,发展
to grow and expand rapidly:FLOURISH
burgeon←→wither
burgeon←→subdue
burial n.安葬,埋葬,埋藏
the act or process of burying
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
burlesque n. 讽刺或滑稽的戏剧
mockery usually by caricature
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
doggerel:verse=burlesque:play
burnish v. 擦亮,磨光
to make shiny or lustrous especially by rubbing
numb:insensible:burnish:lustrous
burrow n. (兔子等)所掘的地洞,v. 挖洞
to construct by tunneling
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
buttress n.扶墙,拱壁
a projecting structure of masonry or wood for supporting or giving stability to a wall or building
strut:wing=buttress:wall
buttress:wall=bracket:shelf
buttress v.支持
to furnish or shore up with a buttress; also :SUPPORT, STRENGTHEN
contravene←→buttress
bygone n. 过去的事,往事
gone by:PAST; especially :OUTMODED
byline n. (列作者名字的)报刊文章首行
a line at the beginning of a news story, magazine article, or book giving the writer's name
article:byline=movie:credits
cabal n. 徒党,秘密结社,(尤指政治上的)阴谋
the artifices and intrigues of a group of persons secretly united to bring about an overturn or usurpation especially in public affairs
cabal:association=plot:plan
cacophony n. 刺耳的声音
harsh or discordant sound:DISSONANCE
cacophony:sound=malodor:scent
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
cadge v.行乞,乞求
BEG, SPONGE
cadge←→earn
!caisson n. 弹药箱,弹药车,潜水箱(水中工程用)
a usually 2-wheeled vehicle for artillery ammunition attachable to a horse-drawn limber
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
cajole v. (以甜言蜜语)哄骗
to persuade with flattery or gentle urging especially in the face of reluctance:COAX
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
calamitous a. 多灾难的,不幸的
being, causing, or accompanied by calamity
calcify vi. 变成石灰质,钙化
to make inflexible or unchangeable calcification←→flexibility
calibrate vt. 测定口径,校准,查看刻度,划刻度
to determine, rectify, or mark the graduations of
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
calibrated←→unstandardized
calligrapher n. 书法家
one who writes a beautiful hand
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
callow adj.(鸟)未生羽毛的,(人)未成熟的
lacking adult sophistication:IMMATURE
frank:secretiveness=callow:maturity
callow←→behaving with adult sophistication
callus n. 皮肤的硬结,胼胝,(植物伤口的)愈合组织
a thickening of or a hard thickened area on skin or bark
gully:erosion=callus:friction
calorie n. 卡路里
the amount of heat required at a pressure of one atmosphere to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius that is equal to about 4.19 joules
power:watt=heat:calorie=decibel:sound=volt:electricity
calumniate v. 诽谤,中伤( adj. Calumnious)
to utter maliciously false statements, charges, or imputations about
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
calumniate←→vindicate
calumnious:←→flattering
calumny←→approbation
cameo n. 刻有浮雕的宝石或贝壳
a small piece of sculpture on a stone or shell cut in relief in one layer with another contrasting layer serving as background
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
candidate n. 候选人,投考者
one that aspires to or is nominated or qualified for an office, membership, or award
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
ballot:candidates=??
candor n. 坦白,直率
unreserved, honest, or sincere expression:FORTHRIGHTNESS
palter:candor=diehard:budge
artifice←→candor
canon n. 教会法规,圣典,准则
(1)the authentic works of a writer
(2)a regulation or dogma decreed by a church council
religion:devoutness canon:orthodoxy
canon←→apocrypha
canonical←→nontraditional
cantankerous adj.脾气坏的,好争吵的
difficult or irritating to deal with
canvas n. 帆布,画布,油画
a piece of cloth backed or framed as a surface for a painting canvas:painter=marble:sculptor
canvass v.游说
to seek orders or votes:SOLICIT
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
canyon n. 峡谷,溪谷
a deep narrow valley with steep sides and often with a stream flowing through it
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
capitulate v. (有条件地)投降
to cease resisting:ACQUIESCE
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
capitulate←→resist
capitulation←→resistance
caprice n.异想天开
a sudden, impulsive, and seemingly unmotivated notion or action
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
capricious←→steadfast
caprice←→confirmation
caption n. 说明,字幕,标题
the part of a legal document that shows where, when, and by what authority it was taken, found, or executed
captivate vt. 迷住,迷惑
to influence and dominate by some special charm, art, or trait and with an irresistible appeal
captivate←→repulse
careworn a. 疲倦的,饱经忧患的
showing the effect of grief or anxiety
careworn←→lighthearted
caricature n. 讽刺画,滑稽模仿
exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics
brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
caricature:presentation
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
carouse vi. 痛饮,畅饮
to drink liquor deeply or freely
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
carp vi. 吹毛求疵,挑剔
to find fault or complain querulously
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
complain:carp=drink:guzzle
cartographer n. 绘制地图者
one that makes maps
cartographer:map=tailor:clothing/lexicographer:dictionary
cast n. 演员阵容,投掷,性质
the set of actors in a dramatic production
appoint:official=cast:actor
letter:signature=playbill:cast
castigation n. 申斥,强烈反对
to subject to severe punishment, reproof, or criticism
castigation:disapproval=misbehave:crime
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
catalyze vt. 催化
BRING ABOUT, INSPIRE
catalyze←→retard
!cataract n. 大瀑布,奔流,洪水,白内障
WATERFALL; especially :a large one over a precipice
catastrophe n. 大灾难,大祸
a momentous tragic event ranging from extreme misfortune to utter overthrow or ruin
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
categorical adj. 无条件的,绝对的
ABSOLUTE, UNQUALIFIED
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
categorical←→qualified/conditional
cater vi.迎合,投合
to supply what is required or desired
catholic a.天主教的,宽宏大量的,一般的,普遍的
COMPREHENSIVE, UNIVERSAL; especially :broad in sympathies, tastes, or interests
catholic←→narrow
caustic adj.腐蚀性的,刻薄的
marked by incisive sarcasm
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
caustic:eat away=desiccant:dry
caustic:smoothing:??
caustic←→palliating/genial
!caveat n.警告; 防止误解的说明
a warning enjoining one from certain acts or practices
overture:introductory=caveat:warning
cavern n. 巨穴,洞窟
CAVE; especially :one of large or indefinite extent
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
cavil v.挑毛病,吹毛求疵
to raise trivial and frivolous objection
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
nitpick:criticize=cavil:object
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
!cavort vi. 腾跃
to walk or move in a spirited manner :PRANCE
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
cede vt. 放弃
to yield or grant typically by treaty
cede:possess=??
celebrity n. 名声,名人
the state of being celebrated
celebrity←→obscurity
cement n.水泥;胶粘剂
to unite or make firm by or as if by cement
cement←→fracture
censor vt. 检查,审查,删改
to examine in order to suppress or delete anything considered objectionable
censorship:communication=preservative:decay
censorship:information=sanitation:disease
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
censorious a. 受批判的,挑剔的
marked by or given to censure
censure n./v. 责难,非难
to find fault with and criticize as blameworthy
lamentable:pity=reprehensible:censure
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
exonerate←→censure
extol←→censure
census n. 户口普查
a count of the population
census:population=inventory:stock
centrifuge n. 离心分离机
a machine using centrifugal force for separating substances of different densities, for removing moisture, or for simulating gravitational effects
centrifuge:separate=colander:drain
ceremony n. 典礼,仪式,礼节
a formal act or series of acts prescribed by ritual, protocol, or convention
affidavit:statement=wedding:ceremony
cessation n. 中止,(短暂的)停止
a temporary or final ceasing (as of action):STOP
cessation←→commencement
chaff n. 谷壳,糠,揶揄
the seed coverings and other debris separated from the seed in threshing grain
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
chagrin n. 懊恼
disquietude or distress of mind caused by humiliation, disappointment, or failure
chamber n. 室,房间,枪膛 a. 室内的
a natural or artificial enclosed space or cavity
chameleon n. 变色龙,善变的人,轻浮的人
any of a family (Chameleon ) of chiefly arboreal Old World lizards with prehensile tail, independently movable eyeballs, and unusual ability to change the color of the skin
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
champion vt. 保卫,拥护
to act as militant supporter of:UPHOLD, ADVOCATE
champion←→disparage
impugn←→champion
charade n. 看手势猜字谜游戏
a word represented in riddling verse or by picture, tableau, or dramatic action
charade:word=mime:story
charade:dissimulate=??
charlatan n. 吹牛者
one making usually showy pretenses to knowledge or ability:FRAUD, FAKER
chasm n. 深渊,大差别,代沟
a deep cleft in the surface of a planet (as the earth):GORGE
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
check n.支票 ;阻止
to block the progress of
jolt:move=check:stop
propagate←→check
chef n. 厨师
a skilled cook who manages the kitchen (as of a restaurant)
!cherubic a. 天使的,无邪的,可爱的
innocent-looking usually chubby and rosy
cherubic←→somber
!chevron n. 山形袖章,回文状雕饰
a sleeve badge that usually consists of one or more chevron-shaped stripes that indicates the wearer's rank and service (as in the armed forces)
chevron:badge=caisson:cart
!chiaroscuro n.(绘画中的)明暗对照法;用明暗对照法绘的图画
the interplay or contrast of dissimilar qualities
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy [filigree:delicacy ]
chic adj. 漂亮的,时髦的
smart elegance and sophistication especially of dress or manner:STYLE
chicanery n.欺诈,欺骗
deception by artful subterfuge or sophistry:TRICKERY
chicanery:clever=tactlessness:truthful
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
chide vt.vi. 斥责,责骂
to voice disapproval to:reproach in a usually mild and constructive manner:SCOLD
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
chip n. 晶片,薄片,碎片
a small usually thin and flat piece (as of wood or stone) cut, struck, or flaked off
chip:stone=shard:glass
choke vt. 窒息,阻塞,噎,抑制
to check normal breathing of by compressing or obstructing the trachea or by poisoning or adulterating available air
smother:choke=??
!choleric adj. 易怒的,暴躁的
easily moved to often unreasonable or excessive anger:hot-tempered
choleric←→difficult to provoke
choreography n. 舞蹈,舞蹈编排
the composition and arrangement of dances especially for ballet
choreography:dance=plot:story
chronic a.长期的,慢性的,惯常的,经常的
always present or encountered; especially :constantly vexing, weakening, or troubling
chronic←→sporadic
chronicle n. 年代记,记录,编年史
a usually continuous historical account of events arranged in order of time without analysis or interpretation
chronological adj. 按年月顺序的
of, relating to, or arranged in or according to the order of time
dictionary:alphabetical=annals:chronological
churlish adj. 脾气暴躁的,粗野的
marked by a lack of civility or graciousness:SURLY
complaisance←→churlishness
cinder n. 煤渣,灰烬
the slag from a metal furnace:DROSS
cipher n.暗号,密码
a method of transforming a text in order to conceal its meaning
cipher:cryptic=precis:concise
circuitous a. 迂回的路的,迂曲的,绕行的
not being forthright or direct in language or action
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
circumference n. 圆周,周围,胸围
the perimeter of a circle
border:country=circumference:circle
!circumlocutory a. 委婉曲折的,迂回的
the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea
circumlocutory←→direct encounter
circumspect adj.慎重的;小心的
careful to consider all circumstances and possible consequences:PRUDENT
circumspect←→audacious/reckless
temerity←→circumspection
circumvent vt. 绕行,陷害,包围,智取
to manage to get around especially by ingenuity or stratagem
circumvent←→confront
circumvention←→direct encounter
cistern n. 贮水器,水槽,水箱
an artificial reservoir (as an underground tank) for storing liquids and especially water (as rainwater)
cistern:liquids=landfill:refuse
citation n. 引用,引证,引用文,传票
an official summons to appear (as before a court)
summons:citation=??
civility n. 礼貌,端庄
COURTESY, POLITENESS
civility←→rudeness
clandestine adj.秘密的
marked by, held in, or conducted with secrecy:SURREPTITIOUS
clandestine:secretly=overt:openly
clandestine←→open
clarion n. 尖音号角,a. 清澈响亮的
loud and clear
clarion←→soft and undistinct
clarity n. 清楚,透明
the quality or state of being clear:LUCIDITY
ambiguous:clarity=mendacious:truth
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
misunderstood:clarify=erroneous:retract
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
roil←→clarify/appease
obfuscate←→clarify
clasp n. 扣子,钩,紧握
a device (as a hook) for holding objects or parts together
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
cleft n.裂缝
a usually V-shaped indented formation:a hollow between ridges or protuberances
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
clement adj.仁慈的,温和的
inclined to be merciful:LENIENT
cliche a. 陈腐的
a trite phrase or expression
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
cling vi. 粘紧,附着,紧贴,坚持
to hold together
clique n. 朋党派系,小集团
a narrow exclusive circle or group of persons; especially :one held together by common interests, views, or purposes
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
clog n. 障碍,重物 v.障碍,阻塞
something that shackles or impedes:ENCUMBRANCE
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
closet n. 壁橱,小室 a. 秘密的,空论的
a cabinet or recess for especially china, household utensils, or
clothing pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes
clot n. 凝块,群
a coagulated mass produced by clotting of blood
clot:dissolved=crowd:dispersed
cloudburst n. 倾盆大雨,豪雨
a sudden copious rainfall
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall
clout n. 权力,势力
PULL, INFLUENCE
clout←→impuissance
cloying adj. 甜得发腻的
excessively sweet or sentimental
garrulous:talkative=cloying:sweet
loquacious:talkative=cloying:sweet
clumsy a. 笨拙的,不雅观的,粗陋的
lacking dexterity, nimbleness, or grace
inane←→clumsy
coagulant n. 凝结剂
something that produces coagulation
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
coalesce v.合并,联合,结合
to unite into a whole:FUSE
coalesce←→disaggregate
coarse a. 粗略的
not precise or detailed with respect to adjustment or discrimination
fastidious←→coarse
coax vt.用巧言诱哄
to manipulate with great perseverance and usually with considerable effort toward a desired state or activity
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
blandishment:coax=medal:honor/prevarication:deceive
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
coda n. 终结句,乐章结尾部,完结部
a concluding musical section that is formally distinct from the main structure
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
coeval adj. 同年龄的,同时代的
of the same or equal age, antiquity, or duration
congruent:dimension=coeval:age
cogent adj. 有说服力的
appealing forcibly to the mind or reason:CONVINCING
cogent:convince=repugnant:repel
cognizant a. 已认识,既知道,晓得
knowledgeable of something especially through personal experience
incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy
cognizant←→oblivious
colander n. 滤器,漏勺
a perforated utensil for washing or draining food
centrifuge:separate=colander:drain
collapse vt.使倒塌 vi. n.倒塌
to fall or shrink together abruptly and completely
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
collapse:volume=attenuate:thickness
collude v. 串通,共谋
CONSPIRE, PLOT
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
colonnade n. 柱廊
a series of columns set at regular intervals and usually supporting the base of a roof structure
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
coma n. 昏迷状态
a state of profound unconsciousness caused by disease, injury, or poison
coma:unconsciousness=delirium:confusion
combustible a. 易燃的,燃烧性的,易动激情的
capable of combustion
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
comely n. 清秀,美丽,合宜
having a pleasing appearance:not homely or plain
comeliness←→unattractiveness
commencement n. 开始
an act, instance, or time of beginning
cessation←→commencement
cease←→inaugurate/commencement
commencement n. (大学的)毕业典礼
the ceremonies or the day for conferring degrees or diplomas
commencement←→matriculation
commend vt. 委托给,推荐,嘉奖
to mention with approbation:PRAISE
execrable←→commendable/laudable
commensurate adj. 同样大小的,相称的
equal in measure or extent:COEXTENSIVE
preponderant←→commensurate
tantamount←→incommensurate
commentary n. 注释,评论,批评
an explanatory treatise
commercial n. 广告节目
an advertisement broadcast on radio or television
advertising:commercial=publishing:journal
commitment n. 委托,实行,承担义务,赞助
(1) an engagement to assume a financial obligation at a future date
(2) the state or an instance of being obligated or emotionally impelled
crime:misdemeanor=commitment:decision
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
ambivalent←→commitment
committed adj.在…方面]受约束的,受束缚的[in] 献身于 [主义、主张] 的,致力于
OBLIGATE, BIND
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
commodious adj.宽敞的
comfortably or conveniently spacious:ROOMY
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu commodious←→constricted/(cramped)
commonsense a. 具有常识的
sound and prudent but often unsophisticated judgment
preposterous←→commonsensical
!commotion n.骚动,动乱
an agitated disturbance:TO-DO
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
compendium n. 简要,概略
a brief summary of a larger work or of a field of knowledge:ABSTRACT
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
encyclopedia:compendious=??
compensate vt.vi. 偿还,补偿,付报酬
to offset an error, defect, or undesired effect
!complaisance n. 彬彬有礼,殷勤,柔顺
disposition to please or comply:AFFABILITY
complaisance:intractable=adeptness:maladroit
complaisance←→churlishness
complaisance←→obstinacy
compliant a. 顺从的,适应的
ready or disposed to comply:SUBMISSIVE
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
compliment vt. 称赞,褒扬,恭维
expressing or containing a compliment
apologize:contrite=compliment:impressed
vituperative←→complimentary
comply vi. 顺从,答应
to conform or adapt one's actions to another's wishes, to a rule, or to necessity
mandatory:comply=forbidden:abstain
composed a. 镇静的,沉着的
free from agitation:CALM; especially :SELF-POSSESSED
distraught←→composed
compress vt. 压缩,压榨
to reduce in size or volume as if by squeezing
compression←→increase in volume distention←→compression
compromise n. 妥协,折衷,折衷案,和解
to come to agreement by mutual concession
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
intransigent←→open to compromise
compunction n. 良心的责备,后悔,悔恨
anxiety arising from awareness of guilt
concatenate v. 连结,连锁
to link together in a series or chain
concatenate←→separate
concede v. 承认(为正确),让步
to grant as a right or privilege
concede←→refuse to grant
concentrate vt.vi. 集中,专心,浓缩
a. to bring or direct toward a common center or objective:FOCUS
b. to make less dilute
concentrate←→dilute solution
deploy←→concentrate
concerted a. 商议好的,协定的,预定的
mutually contrived or agreed on
concerted←→individually devised
concerto n. 协奏曲
a piece for one or more soloists and orchestra with three contrasting movements
conciliate v. 安抚,调和
APPEASE:to cause to subside:ALLAY especially :to buy off (an aggressor) by concessions usually at the sacrifice of principles
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
conciliate←→vex
vex←→conciliation
contentious←→conciliatory
conciseness n. 简明; 简洁
marked by brevity of expression or statement:free from all elaboration and superfluous detail
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
concord n.和睦,公约
a state of agreement:HARMONY
concord←→dissension
dissonance←→concord
concur vi. 意见相同,一致,互助
to act together to a common end or single effect
concur←→naysay
condemn vt. 判刑,责备,谴责,声讨,处刑
to declare to be reprehensible, wrong, or evil usually after weighing evidence and without reservation
countenance←→condemn
exaltation←→condemnation
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
condescending a. 谦逊的,故意屈尊的,叫人领情似的
showing or characterized by condescension:PATRONIZING
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
condign a. 相当的,适宜的
DESERVED, APPROPRIATE
condign←→undeserved/unmerited
condone vt. 赦,宽恕
to pardon or overlook voluntarily; especially :to treat as if trivial, harmless, or of no importance
condone←→denounce
conducive adj. 有助于…的
tending to promote or assist
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
confederacy n. 联盟,邦联
a league or compact for mutual support or common action:ALLIANCE
confess vt.vi. 承认,坦白,忏悔,供认
to disclose one's faults; specifically :to unburden one's sins or the state of one's conscience to God or to a priest
recantation:error=confession:crime
confidant n. 心腹朋友,知己
one to whom secrets are entrusted
confidante n. 知己的女友
CONFIDANT; especially :one who is a woman
confident a. 有信心的,有把握的
characterized by assurance; especially :SELF-RELIANT self
confident:timid=open:shy
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
confine vt. 限制,闭居,禁闭
something that restrains
loose:confinement:=disabuse:misconception
conform vt.使遵守 vi.一致
to be similar or identical; also :to be in agreement or harmony incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
confront vt. 使面对,对抗,比较,使对质
to face especially in challenge:OPPOSE
craven:confront=honest:deceive
circumvent←→confront
congeal v. 凝结,凝固
to make viscid or curdled:COAGULATE
congeal←→melt/disintegrated
congeal←→fail to solidify
congenial a. 同性质的,适意的,趣味相同的
SOCIABLE, GENIAL congenial:bonhomie
dour←→congenial/genial
congruent a.全等的
superposable so as to be coincident throughout
congruent:dimension=coeval:age
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
variance←→congruity
conjecture n./v. 推测,臆测
inference from defective or presumptive evidence
conjecture←→restrain from the speculation
conjecture←→fact
connoisseur n. 鉴赏家,行家
EXPERT; especially :one who understands the details, technique, or principles of an art and is competent to act as a critical judge
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
conquest n. 战胜,征服,战利品
the act or process of conquering
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
conscientious a. 有责任心的,负责的,本着良心的
governed by or conforming to the dictates of conscience:SCRUPULOUS
!consensus n. 一致,交感,,团结
group solidarity in sentiment and belief
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
law:criminality=consensus:factionalism
conservative a.保守的 n.保守的人
tending or disposed to maintain existing views, conditions, or institutions:TRADITIONAL
bigoted:advice=conservative:change
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
conservatory n.温室,音乐学院 a. 保存性的,有保存力的
a school specializing in one of the fine arts
conservatory:music={seminary:theology }=observatory:astronomy
observatory:astronomy=conservatory:music
conserve n. 蜜饯,果酱 vt. 保存,保全
to keep in a safe or sound state
conserve←→waste/squander/exhaust
considerable a. 相当的,可观的,重要的
worth consideration:SIGNIFICANT
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
consignment n. 委托
the act or process of consigning
consignment:invoice
console n.悬臂,肘托;控制台 vt. 安慰,藉慰
to alleviate the grief, sense of loss, or trouble of:COMFORT
embarrass:shame=console:comfort
consolidate vt. 巩固,使联合,统一
to join together into one whole:UNITE
consolidation←→fragmentation
consonance n. 一致,调和,和音
harmony or agreement among components
conspicuous adj.显著的,显而易见的
obvious to the eye or mind
authoritative:acceptance=conspicuous:attention
conspicuous:see=transparent:understand
conspicuous:sheltered=??
blatant←→inconspicuous
nondescript←→conspicuous
salient←→unconspicuous
constellation n. 星座,星群
the configuration of stars.
constellation:star=chord:note{ queue:person}
constitute vt. 构成,组成,任命
to appoint to an office, function, or dignity
abdicate←→constitute
constrained a. 被强迫的,拘泥的,不舒服的
to appoint to an office, function, or dignity
constrain←→release
intemperate←→constrained
consultation n. 请教,咨询,协议会
COUNCIL, CONFERENCE; specifically :a deliberation between physicians on a case or its treatment
contagious a. 传染性的,会蔓延的,会传播的
communicable by contact:CATCHING
sprain:injure=cold:contagion contagious←→incommunicable
contaminate vt. 弄污,弄脏,毒害,传染,染污
to soil, stain, corrupt, or infect by contact or association
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
contemplate vt. 注视,沉思,打算
to view or consider with continued attention:meditate on
contempt n. 轻视,轻蔑
the act of despising:the state of mind of one who despises:DISDAIN
measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
estimable←→contemptible
content a. 满足的,满意的,意义的
feeling or manifesting satisfaction with one's possessions, status, or situation
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration
disaffected←→content
restiveness←→contentment
contentious adj. 好辩的,喜争吵的
exhibiting an often perverse and wearisome tendency to quarrels and disputes
contentious←→conciliatory
contingent a. 或许发生的,附随的,暂时的
likely but not certain to happen:POSSIBLE
contradictory a. 反驳的,反对的,抗辩的
involving, causing, or constituting a contradiction
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
contravene v. 违反,违背,反驳,反对
to oppose in argument:CONTRADICT
contravene←→support
contravene v.违背(法规,习俗等)
to go or act contrary to:VIOLATE
contravene←→buttress
contrite a. 悔悟了的,后悔的,痛悔的
grieving and penitent for sin or shortcoming
apologize:contrite=compliment:impressed
contrived adj. 做作的,不自然的
ARTIFICIAL, LABORED
contrived:design=??
contumacious adj. 违抗的,不服从的
stubbornly disobedient:REBELLIOUS
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
contumacious←→obedient
!convalesce vi. 渐渐康复,渐愈
to recover health and strength gradually after sickness or weakness
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
convenience n. 方便,便利的事物,无忧虑
something (as an appliance, device, or service) conducive to comfort or ease
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
opportune←→inconvenient
convention n. 大会,协定,惯例
usage or custom especially in social matters
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
offbeat←→conventional
ossify←→transcend conventions
convergent a. 趋集于一点的,会聚性的,收敛的
tending to move toward one point or to approach each other:CONVERGING
convergent←→moving apart
discrepancy←→converge
convert vt. 使改变信仰,兑换,倒置 n. 皈依者,改宗者
to bring over from one belief, view, or party to another
veer:direction=convert:belief
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
convey vt. 传达,运输,转移
to transfer or deliver to another
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
conviction n.确信,信服,深信
a strong persuasion or belief
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
conviction n. 定罪
the act or process of convicting of a crime especially in a court of law
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
convoke v. 召集会议
to call together to a meeting
convoke←→adjourn
convoluted adj. 旋绕的,费解的
INVOLVED, INTRICATE
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
convulsion n. 骚动,痉挛
an abnormal violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles
convulsion:contraction=frenzy:emotion
coop n. 小屋,鸡笼,捕鱼笼
a cage or small enclosure (as for poultry)
corral:horses=coop:chickens
copious adj.丰富的
present in large quantity:taking place on a large scale
copious←→sparse
coquette n. 风骚的女人,爱卖弄风情的女子,玩弄男人的女人
a woman who endeavors without sincere affection to gain the attention and admiration of men
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
cord n. 绳索,束缚,木料计量单位
a unit of wood cut for fuel equal to a stack 4 x 4 x 8 feet or 128 cubic feet
ream:paper=cord:wood
cordon n. 哨兵线,非常警戒线,饰带
a line of persons or objects around a person or place
levee:river=cordon:crowd
cornucopia n.象征丰收的羊角(羊角装饰器内装满花、果、谷物等以示富饶)
an inexhaustible store:ABUNDANCE
cornucopia←→lack/pittance
coronation n.加冕,加冕礼
the act or occasion of crowning; also :accession to the highest office
coronation:reign=wedding:marriage
wedding:marriage=coronation:reign
corporeal a. 肉体的,有形的,物质的
having, consisting of, or relating to a physical material body:as a:not spiritual b:not immaterial or intangible:SUBSTANTIAL
corporeal←→intangible/disembodied
spiritual←→corporeal
corral vt. 占有,围住 n. 畜栏
a pen or enclosure for confining or capturing livestock
corral:horses=coop:chickens
corroborate vt. 使坚固,确证
to support with evidence or authority:make more certain
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
corroboration←→lessening of certainty
corrosive a. 腐蚀的,腐蚀性的,蚀坏的
tending or having the power to corrode
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
cosmopolitan n. 四海为家的人,世界主义者,无国家偏见的人
having worldwide rather than limited or provincial scope or bearing
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insular←→cosmopolitan
cosset v. 宠爱,娇养
to treat as a pet:PAMPER
cosset←→slight
cosseted←→unspoiled
coterie n. (有共同兴趣的)小团体,小圈子
an intimate and often exclusive group of persons with a unifying common interest or purpose
coterie:group=??
countenance n. 面容,表情 v. 支持,赞成
to extend approval or toleration to:SANCTION
countenance←→condemn
counterfeit n. 赝品,伪造品
made in imitation of something else with intent to deceive:FORGED
sophism:reasoning=counterfeit:money
counterpart n. 副本,复本,配对物,相应物
one of two corresponding copies of a legal instrument:DUPLICATE
couplet n. 对句,对联
two successive lines of verse forming a unit marked usually by rhythmic correspondence, rhyme, or the inclusion of a self-contained utterance:DISTICH
court n.法院,法庭;庭院 vt. 献殷勤,追求,招致危险
to seek the affections of; especially :to seek to win a pledge of marriage from
aversion←→court
court←→repel intentionally/repulse intentionally/snub
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
courtesy n. 礼貌,谦恭,允许
a:courteous behavior
b:a courteous act or expression
coven n. (尤指十三个) 女巫的集会
an assembly or band of usually 13 witches retainer:retinue=witch:coven
covetous adj. 贪婪的,贪心的
marked by inordinate desire for wealth or possessions or for another's possessions
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
cow v.恐吓,吓倒,威胁
to destroy the resolve or courage of
cowed←→undaunted
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
cowardice n. 懦弱
lack of courage or resolution
pluck←→cowardice
cower vi. 畏缩,退缩,抖缩
to shrink away or crouch especially for shelter from something that menaces, domineers, or dismays
fear:cower=anger:rant
bristle←→cower
craft n. 技艺,手艺,诡计
skill in planning, making, or executing:DEXTERITY
cramp a. 狭窄的,难解的
CONFINE, RESTRAIN
commodious←→constricted/(cramped)
crass a.粗糙,粗厚的;愚钝的;极度的,非常的
having or indicating such grossness of mind as precludes delicacy and discrimination
crass←→refined
craven adj.懦弱的,畏缩的
lacking the least bit of courage:contemptibly fainthearted
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
craven:heroic=volatile:constant
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
craven:confront=honest:deceive
craving n. 渴望,热望
an intense, urgent, or abnormal desire or longing
terror:fear=craving:desire
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
credence n. 信用,祭器台,供桌,凭证
mental acceptance as true or real
creek n. 小溪,小河,小湾
a natural stream of water normally smaller than and often tributary to a river
hill:mountain=creek:river
crescendo n. (音乐)渐强,高潮
a gradual increase; specifically :a gradual increase in volume of a musical passage
crest n.鸡冠, 顶饰;
the top of a wave
crest:wave=summit/peak:mountain
crestfallen adj. 挫败的,失望的
feeling shame or humiliation:DEJECTED
criteria n. 标准
a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based
cronyism n. 任人唯亲
partiality to cronies especially as evidenced in the appointment of political hangers-on to office without regard to their qualifications
nepotism:relative=cronyism:friend
croon v. 低声歌唱,低吟
to sing or speak in a gentle murmuring manner; especially :to sing in a soft intimate manner adapted to amplifying systems
croon:sing=murmur:speak
crop n. 农作物,产量,平头
a plant or animal or plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence:COLLECTION
crop←→pittance
crouch v. 蹲伏、弯腰
to bend or bow servilely:CRINGE
crown vt. 使成王,加冕,居...之顶
to place a crown or wreath on the head of; specifically :to invest with regal dignity and power
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
crucial adj.严重的;极重要的
important or essential as resolving crisis:DECISIVE
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
crucial←→inconsequential
crude a. 天然的,未成熟的,粗糙的,粗鲁的
marked by the primitive, gross, or elemental or by uncultivated simplicity or vulgarity
delicacy←→crudity
crutch n. 拐杖,支撑,帮助
a support typically fitting under the armpit for use by the disabled in walking
crutch:walk=glasses:see
crux n. 十字架形,关键,难题
an essential point requiring resolution or resolving an outcome
crux←→peripheral element
cryptic a. 秘密的,神秘的,含义模糊的
having or seeming to have a hidden or ambiguous meaning:MYSTERIOUS
cipher:cryptic=precis:concise
cryptic:perplex=cryptic←→self explain
cryptic←→self explanatory
cuisine n.烹调
manner of preparing food:style of cooking; also :the food prepared
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
culpable adj.该受谴责的
meriting condemnation or blame especially as wrong or harmful
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame
culpable←→innocent
cultivated a. 耕耘的,栽植的,有教养的
REFINED, EDUCATED
feral←→cultivated
cumbersome a. 讨厌的,麻烦的,累赘的
unwieldy because of heaviness and bulk
cumbersome←→easy to handle
cunning a. 狡猾的,巧妙的,可爱的
characterized by wiliness and trickery
artless←→cunning/guile
ingenuous←→cunning
curative a.治病的,有治病效力的
relating to or used in the cure of diseases:tending to cure
curator n. (博物馆、图书馆等的) 馆长,主持
one that has the care and superintendence of something; especially :one in charge of a museum, zoo, or other place of exhibit
ranger:forest=curator:museum
cursory adj.粗略的,草率的
rapidly and often superficially performed or produced:HASTY
cursory←→painstakingly thorough
fastidious←→easygoing/cursory/uncritical
curt adj. (言词、行为)简略而草率的
sparing of words:TERSE
curt:words=parsimonious:resource
curtail vt.截短,缩短;削减
to make less by or as if by cutting off or away some part
curtail:period=enervate:energy protract←→curtail
cyclone n. 飓风,暴风
a storm or system of winds that rotates about a center of low atmospheric pressure, advances at a speed of 20 to 30 miles (about 30 to 50 kilometers) an hour, and often brings heavy
rain snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
cynical a. 愤世嫉俗的,讽刺的,冷嘲的
having or showing the attitude or temper of a cynic; especially :contemptuously distrustful of human nature and motives
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
dabble vi. 玩水,泼溅,涉猎
to work or involve oneself superficially or intermittently especially in a secondary activity or interest
dabble←→dedicate/devote
dabbler←→specialist
daft adj. 傻的,愚蠢的
a:SILLY, FOOLISH b:MAD, INSANE
daft←→judicious
daguerreotype n. (早期)银板照相
an early photograph produced on a silver or a silver-covered copper plate; also :the process of producing such photographs
dally vi. 戏耍,玩弄,赋闲
a:to act playfully; especially :to play amorously
b:to deal lightly:TOY
damp n. & a. 潮湿(的);v. 打湿,!抑制
MOISTURE,HUMIDITY, DAMPNESS
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
sere←→lush/damp
dander n. 生气,头皮屑
DANDRUFF; specifically :minute scales from hair, feathers, or skin that may be allergenic
dandy n.花花公子,好打扮的人
a man who gives exaggerated attention to personal appearance
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
dank adj.阴湿的
unpleasantly moist or wet
dank:moisture=??
dapper adj.衣冠楚楚的,干净的
a:neat and trim in appearance
b:excessively spruce and stylish
dapper:fastidious=??
dapper←→frowsy
unkempt←→dapper
dappled a. 斑纹的,花的
marked with small spots or patches contrasting with the background
striated:groove=mottled/dappled:spot
daredevil n. 铤而走险的人,不怕死的人
a recklessly bold person
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
daredevil:???=malcontent:dissatisfaction
dart vi. 疾走,突进
to move suddenly or rapidly fall
descend:plummet=move:dart
daunt v. 使胆怯,使畏缩
to lessen the courage of:COW, SUBDUE
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
cowed←→undaunted
daunt←→embolden/make resolute
daunting←→meek
dauntless←→craven/easily discouraged/pusillanimous
dawdle vi.vt. 游手好闲,混日子
to move lackadaisically
hie←→dawdle
deactivate vt. 解除动员,复员,使无效,使不活动
to make inactive or ineffective
deactivate←→potentiate
deaden vt. 使减弱,消除
to impair in vigor or sensation:BLUNT
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
!deadpan a. 无表情的脸
marked by an impassive matter-of-fact manner, style, or expression
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
dearth n. 缺乏,粮食不足,饥谨
an inadequate supply:LACK
plethora←→dearth
spate←→dearth
debase v.贬低,贬损
to lower in status, esteem, quality, or character
debase:value=attenuate:force
enervation:vitality=debase:value
debilitate vt. 使衰弱
to impair the strength of:ENFEEBLE
attenuate:thickness=debilitate:strength
debilitate←→invigorate/fortified
debunk v.揭穿真相,暴露
to expose the sham or falseness of
debut n.初次登台,初次露面
a first appearance
debut:←→farewell performance
decadence n. 衰落,颓废
the process of becoming decadent:the quality or state of being decadent
decadence←→wholesomeness
!decant vt. 轻轻倒出,移入其他容器
to pour out, transfer, or unload as if by pouring
subterfuge:deceive=decant:pour
decibel n. 分贝(音量的单位)
a unit for expressing the relative intensity of sounds on a scale from zero for the average least perceptible sound to about 130 for the average pain level
decibel:sound=volt:electricity=watt:power=lumen:light
decipher vt. 译解,解释
a:to make out the meaning of despite indistinctness or obscurity
b:to interpret the meaning of
legible:decipher=??
decode vt. 解码,译解
to convert (as a coded message) into intelligible form
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
decorum n.礼仪
propriety and good taste in conduct or appearance
miscalculation:judgment=gaffe:decorum
decorum←→impropriety
decrepit adj. 衰老的,破旧的
wasted and weakened by or as if by the infirmities of old age
decrepit←→vigorous
dedication n. 奉献,致力,献辞
a devoting or setting aside for a particular purpose
bigot=dedication=rage:anger
zeal:dedication={mesmeric:interest}
dabble←→dedicate/devote
default n. & v. 拖欠,违约,欠缺,默认,缺省
a failure to pay financial debts
default:pay=yield:resist
deference n. 敬意,尊重
respect and esteem due a superior or an elder; also :affected or ingratiating regard for another's wishes
defer:leader=admire:hero
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
impudent←→deferential/respectful
deficiency n. 缺乏,不足
an amount that is lacking or inadequate:SHORTAGE
surfeit←→deficiency
defile v.弄污,弄脏 n.(山间)小道
a narrow passage or gorge
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
defoliate vt.vi. (使)落叶
to deprive of leaves especially prematurely
defoliate:tree=insecticide:insect
defraud vt. 欺骗
to deprive of something by deception or fraud
deft adj. 灵巧的,熟练的(deft)
characterized by facility and skill
craven:admirable=deft:awkward
maladroit:deft=voluble:verse
deft←→maladroit
defuse vt. 放松,抚慰,减轻
to make less harmful, potent, or tense
defuse←→foment
defy vt. 藐视,挑衅,使落空
to challenge to do something considered impossible:DARE
acquiesce←→defy
dehydrate vt. (使)脱水(n. dehydration)
to remove bound water or hydrogen and oxygen from (a chemical compound) in the proportion in which they form water
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality=fade:brightening
fatigue:rest=dehydration:water
reconstitute←→dehydrate
deject vt. 使沮丧,使灰心
to make gloomy
mollify:anger=hearted:dejection
dejected←→exultant
deleterious adj. (对身心)有害的,有毒的
harmful often in a subtle or unexpected way
wholesome←→deleterious
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
deliberate a.深思熟虑的;审慎的
to think about or discuss issues and decisions carefully
apophasis:claim=caprice:deliberate
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→deliberate
impetuous←→deliberate
delicacy n. 细软,精致,精美的食品,娇气
the quality or state of being dainty:FINENESS
delicacy←→crudity
husky←→delicate
delinquent n. 行为不良的人,流氓
offending by neglect or violation of duty or of law
delirium n.精神错乱,发狂
a mental disturbance characterized by confusion, disordered speech, and hallucinations
coma:unconsciousness=delirium:confusion
delude vt. 迷惑,蛊惑
to mislead the mind or judgment of:DECEIVE, TRICK
transparent←→delusive
deluge n.大洪水,豪雨
a. an overflowing of the land by water
b. a drenching rain
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
deluge←→drizzle
!delve vt.vi. 探究,查考
to make a careful or detailed search for information
quaff:sip=delve:skim
scrutinize=gloss=delve:skim
demagogue n. 煽动者,群众煽动者
a leader who makes use of popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power
{demagogue:instruct }
demise n.死亡 vt. 让渡,遗赠,转让
DIE, DECEASE
demography n. 人口统计学
the statistical study of human populations especially with reference to size and density, distribution, and vital statistics
demography:population=meteorology:weather
!demolition n. 破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹
the act of demolishing; especially :destruction in war by means of explosives
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
demoralize vt. 使道德颓废,使堕落,挫折锐气
a:to weaken the morale of:DISCOURAGE, DISPIRIT
b:to upset or destroy the normal functioning of
c:to throw into disorder
demur v.表示异议,反对
to take exception:OBJECT
praise:approbation=demur:objection
demur←→accept
demystify vt. 使非神秘化
to eliminate the mystifying features of
den n. 兽穴,洞穴
the lair of a wild usually predatory animal
denigrate vt. 使变黑,玷污,诋毁
to cast aspersions on:DEFAME
denigrate←→honor
denouement n.(小说的)结尾,结局
the final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
denounce v. 指责,揭发
to pronounce especially publicly to be blameworthy or evil
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory {persuade:convince}
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
condone←→denounce
denude v.脱去,剥蚀,剥夺
to strip of all covering or surface layers
denude←→cover
denunciation n. 谴责,告发
an act of denouncing; especially :a public condemnation
depart vi. 离开,出发,去世,违反,放弃
to go away:LEAVE
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
depict vt. 描述,描写
to represent by or as if by a picture
deplete vt. 耗尽,使衰竭
to lessen markedly in quantity, content, power, or value
enrich←→deplete
deplore vt. 悲悼,哀叹,悔恨
a:to feel or express grief for
b:to regret strongly
deplore←→laud
deplore←→accolade/extol
deploy v.[军]展开,调度,部署
to extend (a military unit) especially in width
deploy←→concentrate
deportation n. 驱逐,放逐
the removal from a country of an alien whose presence is unlawful or prejudicial
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
depose vt. 免职,废,作证
to testify to under oath or by affidavit
perjury←→deposition
deposit vt.使淤积
a natural accumulation (as of iron ore, coal, or gas)
deposit←→process of eroding
depravity n. 堕落,腐败,邪恶
a corrupt act or practice
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
deprecate vt. 声明不赞成,抨击,反对
BELITTLE, DISPARAGE
deprecate:value=restrict:diameter
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible
deprecate←→extol
vaunt←→deprecate
depreciate v. 贬低,贬值
to lower the price or estimated value of
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
imperious:fawn=swagger:self depreciate
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
depress vt. 使沮丧,压低,降低,使萧条
to press down
depressant:mood=???
protuberant←→depressed
deprivation n. 剥夺,剥夺官职,免职
the state of being deprived:PRIVATION; especially :removal from an office, dignity, or benefice
deprivation←→surfeit {fecundity}
!deracinate vt. 根除,灭绝,使孤立
UPROOT
deracinate←→plant
derelict n. 遗弃物,被遗弃的人,玩忽职守者
a destitute homeless social misfit:VAGRANT, BUM
derelict←→pillar of society
deride vt. 嘲弄,嘲笑
to subject to usually bitter or contemptuous ridicule
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
ridicule:derision=??
deride←→praise
veneration←→derision
derivative adj. 派生的,无创意的
lacking originality:BANAL
precursory←→derivative
derogatory a. 贬损的
expressive of a low opinion:DISPARAGING
descendant n.后代,后裔
one deriving directly from a precursor or prototype
forbears←→descendants
desecrate vt. 供俗用,亵渎,污辱
to violate the sanctity of:PROFANE
desecrate←→sanctify/revere
desert vt. 放弃,遗弃,逃跑
to withdraw from or leave usually without intent to return
desiccate vt. 使干,干贮 (adj. Desiccated)
to preserve (a food) by drying:DEHYDRATE
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
caustic:eat away=desiccant:dry
desiccate:moisture=detoxify:poison
despair vi. 绝望
to lose all hope or confidence
abandon:inhibition=despair:hope
despicable a. 可鄙的,卑劣的
deserving to be despised:so worthless or obnoxious as to rouse moral indignation
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
despicable:value=mulish:flexible
despondent adj. 失望的,意气消沉的
feeling or showing extreme discouragement, dejection, or depression
elated←→despondent
sanguine←→despondent
dessert n.甜点心
a usually sweet course or dish (as of pastry or ice cream) served at the end of a meal
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
detach vt. 分离,分遣
to separate especially from a larger mass and usually without violence or damage
tether←→detach
deter vt. 制止,使断念,威慑
to turn aside, discourage, or prevent from acting
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
inducement←→deterrent
deter←→spur
detestable a. 嫌恶的,可憎的,可厌恶的
arousing or meriting intense dislike:ABOMINABLE
detract vt.vi. 减去,贬低
to diminish the importance, value, or effectiveness of something
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
detritus n. 碎石
a product of disintegration, destruction, or wearing away:DEBRIS
detritus←→valuable mass
deviation n. 背离
noticeable or marked departure from accepted norms of behavior
devise vt. 设计,发明,图谋,遗赠给
to form in the mind by new combinations or applications of ideas or principles:INVENT
devoted a. 投入的,深爱的
characterized by loyalty and devotion
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
fanatic:devoted=prude:proper
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
dabble←→dedicate/devote
devout a. 虔诚的,虔敬的,衷心的
devoted to religion or to religious duties or exercises
religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
impiety←→devoutness
dexterous a. 灵巧的,用右手的
mentally adroit and skillful:CLEVER
dexterous:awkward=??
diabolic adj. 恶魔 (一样) 的,魔鬼性格的
of, relating to, or characteristic of the devil:DEVILISH
diabolize←→benediction
diagnose vt.vi. 诊断
to recognize (as a disease) by signs and symptoms
diaphanous adj.(布)精致的,半透明的
characterized by such fineness of texture as to permit seeing through
diaphanous←→opaque
diaphanous adj.(布)精致的,半透明的
INSUBSTANTIAL, VAGUE
diaphanous←→substantial
diatribe n. (口头或书面猛烈的)抨击,抨击性演说
a bitter and abusive speech or writing
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
lullaby:song=diatribe:discourse
didactic adj.教诲的、说教的
designed or intended to teach
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge==exhortative:urge
didactic:teach=fantastic:amaze
diehard n. 顽固分子
strongly or fanatically determined or devoted
palter:candor=diehard:budge
diffident a. 无自信的,客客气气的,羞怯的
hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-confidence
diffident←→brassy
expansive←→reserved/diffident
digit n. 数字,位数,指头
any of the divisions in which the limbs of amphibians and all higher vertebrates terminate, which are typically five in number but may be reduced (as in the horse), and which typically have a series of phalanges bearing a nail, claw, or hoof at the tip
fang:tooth=finger:digit
dignity n. 尊严,高贵
quality or state of being worthy, honored, or esteemed
digress v. 离题,把(话题)离开
to turn aside especially from the main subject of attention or course of argument
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
digressive:topic/subject=stray:group
stray:group=digress:subject
dilapidate vi.vt. (使)荒废,(使)毁坏
to bring into a condition of decay or partial ruin dilapidated←→restored
dilate vt.使膨胀;使扩大
to enlarge or expand in bulk or extent:DISTEND, WIDEN dilate←→contract
dilatory a. 拖拉的
characterized by procrastination:TARDY
dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
dilettante n. 半瓶醋,业余爱好者
a person having a superficial interest in an art or a branch of knowledge:DABBLER
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
diligent a. 勤勉的,用功的
characterized by steady, earnest, and energetic effort:PAINSTAKING
procrastination←→diligence
dilute v. 冲淡,稀释
to diminish the strength, flavor, or brilliance of by admixture
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength/concentration
din n. 喧闹声,嘈杂声
a loud continued noise; especially :a welter of discordant sounds
stench:nose=din:ear
dingus n. ((俚))新发明品; 新玩意儿
an ornamental attachment or decoration :DOODAD
dingy adj. 肮脏的,褪色的
DIRTY, DISCOLORED
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
diocesan a. 主教管区的
a bishop having jurisdiction over a diocese
diocesan←→ ecumenical
dire a. 可怕的,悲惨的,阴惨的,极端的
DISMAL, OPPRESSIVE
dire←→pleasant
dirge n. 哀歌、凄凉之曲调
a song or hymn of grief or lamentation; especially :one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites
disabuse v. 打消(某人)的错误念头,纠正
to free from error, fallacy, or misconception
disabuse:fallacy=cure:disease
loose:confinement:=disabuse:misconception
disaffected adj.(政治上)不满的,叛离的
discontented and resentful especially against authority:REBELLIOUS
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
officious:meddle=disaffected:rebel
disaffected←→contented
disaggregate vt.释放;排出 n.释放
to separate into component parts
disagreeable a. 不愉快的,厌恶的,不为人喜的
causing discomfort:UNPLEASANT, OFFENSIVE
disagreeable:hateful=harmful:lethal
disarm vi. 放下武器,缓和
to deprive of means, reason, or disposition to be hostile
bait←→disarm
disavow vt. 否认,否定,抵赖
to deny responsibility for:REPUDIATE
disavow←→affirm
discard vt. 丢弃,抛弃,解雇
to get rid of especially as useless or unpleasant
retain←→discard
discerning adj. 有洞察力的,眼力好的,眼光敏锐的
showing insight and understanding:DISCRIMINATING
palatable:savory=discernible:manifest
myopic←→discerning
discharge vt. 卸下,放出,解雇,放电,履行
to dismiss from employment
discharge←→hire
disclaim vt.vi. 放弃,弃权,拒绝
to renounce a legal claim to
discography n. (按作曲家、演奏家或演唱家分类之) 音乐唱片分类目录
a descriptive list of phonograph records by category, composer, performer, or date of release
list:discography=tool:hoe
discommode v. 使失态,慌张
to cause inconvenience to:TROUBLE
discommode←→assist
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
discompose vt. 使不安,使烦乱,使烦恼
to destroy the composure of
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
discord n. 不调和,不和
lack of agreement or harmony (as between persons, things, or ideas)
harmony←→discord
discourse n.演讲;论文
a:formal and orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a subject
b:connected speech or writing
c:a linguistic unit (as a conversation or a story) larger than a sentence lullaby:song=diatribe:discourse
discrepancy n. 不同,矛盾
an instance of being discrepant
discrepancy←→converge
discretion n. 慎重,辨别力,考虑,处理权
the quality of being discreet:CIRCUMSPECTION; especially :cautious reserve in speech frivolous
gravity=brash:discretion
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
discretionary adj.随意的,自由裁量的
left to discretion:exercised at one's own discretion
discretionary←→obligatory
discretionary←→mandatory
discriminate vt.vi. 区别,差别待遇
to mark or perceive the distinguishing or peculiar features of
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
liken:similarity=discriminate:difference
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
equitable←→discriminatory/unfair
discursive adj. 散漫的,无层次的
moving from topic to topic without order:RAMBLING
discursive←→keen on title
discursive←→succinct
disdain v. 轻视、鄙视
a feeling of contempt for what is beneath one:SCORN
snub:disdain=double cross:disloyalty
adulation←→disdain
disengage vt. 使自由,解放,解开
to release from something that engages or involves
disgorge v. 呕出,(水)流走
to discharge by the throat and mouth:VOMIT
disgorge←→swallow
disgruntle vt. 使不高兴
to make ill-humored or discontented ? usually used as a participial adjective
disgruntle←→refresh
disgruntled←→contented
disguise vi.隐瞒,掩埋 n.假装
to furnish with a false appearance or an assumed identity
padding:damage=disguise:recognition
disgust n. 厌恶,嫌恶
marked aversion aroused by something highly distasteful:REPUGNANCE
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
odious:disgust=menacing:fear
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
dishevel vt. 使蓬乱,使头发凌乱
to throw into disorder or disarray
disinclination n. 不起劲,不感兴趣,厌恶
a preference for avoiding something:slight aversion
aversion:disinclination=adulation:admiration
aversion:inclination=??
disinfect vt. 消毒
to free from infection especially by destroying harmful microorganisms
oil:lubricate=antiseptic:disinfect
disinterested a. 无私欲的,廉洁的,公平的
free from selfish motive or interest:UNBIASED
factional←→disinterested
iniquity←→disinterestedness
disjunctive a. 可分的,分离的,分隔的
marked by breaks or disunity
nominal:significance=disjunctive:unity
dismantle vt. 拆除...的设备,分解,去除覆盖物
to take to pieces; also :to destroy the integrity or functioning of
disparage v. 贬抑,轻蔑
to depreciate by indirect means (as invidious comparison):speak slightingly about
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
aggrandize←→disparage
champion←→disparage extol←→disparage
disparate adj. 迥然不同的,不可并论的
containing or made up of fundamentally different and often incongruous elements
dispassionate adj. 平心静气的
not influenced by strong feeling; especially :not affected by personal or emotional involvement
dispassionate←→responsive
dispatch v. 派遣,一下做完、吃完 n. 迅速
promptness and efficiency in performance or transmission
dispatch←→leisureliness
disposal n. 处理,排列,支配,布置,废料
systematic destruction; especially :destruction or transformation of garbage
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
disquiet n./v. 担心,焦虑
to take away the peace or tranquillity of:DISTURB, ALARM
disquiet←→put at ease
disrupt vt. 使分裂,使瓦解
to throw into disorder
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
dissect vt.vi. 解剖,切细
to analyze and interpret minutely
specimen:dissect=sentence:parse
dissemble v. 隐藏、掩饰(感受,意图)
to put on a false appearance:conceal facts, intentions, or feelings under some pretense
dissemble:honesty=snub:politeness
dissemble:information=masquerade:feeling
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
disseminate vt. 散播,传播,宣传
to spread abroad as though sowing seed
disseminate:information=foment:discontentment
disseminate←→garner
dissension n. 意见不合,纠纷,倾轧
DISAGREEMENT; especially :partisan and contentious quarreling
concord←→dissension
dissent vi. 持异议,不同意
to withhold assent
dissenter:orthodox=maverick:group
dissertation n. 论文
an extended usually written treatment of a subject; specifically :one submitted for a doctorate
dissipate vt. 散失,驱散,浪费 (dissipation)
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
accumulation←→dissipation
dissipate←→accumulate
dissipate←→gather
amass←→dissipate
dissociate vt.vi. 分离,游离,分裂
to separate from association or union with another
affiliation←→dissociation
dissolute adj.放荡的,无节制的
lacking restraint; especially :marked by indulgence in things
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
dissolve vt.vi. 溶解,解散
to cause to pass into solution
clot:dissolved=crowd:dispersed
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
dissonance n.不和谐(的音调)
lack of agreement; especially :inconsistency between the beliefs one holds or between one's actions and one's beliefs
dissonance←→concord
dissuade vt. 劝阻
to advise (a person) against something
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
dissuade←→abet
distention n. 膨胀
the act of distending or the state of being distended especially unduly or abnormally
distention←→compression
distillation n. 蒸馏
the process of purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
distill:purity=leaven:volume
distinction n. 区别
the quality or state of being distinguishable
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
nebulous←→distinct
repute←→lack of distinction
distinguished a. 卓著的,著名的
marked by eminence, distinction, or excellence
eminent←→undistinguished
distort vt. 扭曲,歪曲
to twist out of the true meaning or proportion brevity:aphorism=distortion:caricature
distract vt. 转移,分心,使发狂
to draw or direct (as one's attention) to a different object or in different directions at the same time
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
rapt←→distracted
distraught adj. 心神狂乱的
agitated with doubt or mental conflict
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
distraught←→composed
ditch n. 沟
a long narrow excavation dug in the earth
ditch:canyon=burrow:cavern
ditty n. 小调,小曲
an especially simple and unaffected song
fable:tale=ditty:song
diurnal adj. 白昼的,白天的
of, relating to, or occurring in the daytime
diurnal←→nocturnal
diverge vi. 分歧,岔开
to move or extend in different directions from a common point:draw apart
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
diverge:apart=traverse:across
divert vt.使转向 vi.转移
to turn from one course or use to another:DEFLECT
divert:shunt=retard:brake
divestiture n. 剥夺,脱衣
the act of divesting
divestiture←→acquisition
divulge vt.泄漏(秘密等);宣布,公布
to make known (as a confidence or secret)
divulge←→keep secret
doctrine n.教义,主义;学说
a principle or position or the body of principles in a branch of knowledge or system of belief:DOGMA
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
dodder vi. 摇摆,蹒跚
to progress feebly and unsteadily
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
doff vt. 脱,丢弃,废除
to remove (an article of wear) from the body
doff←→don
dogged a. 顽固的,顽强的
marked by stubborn determination
dogged←→yielded
dogged←→easily discouraged
doggerel adj. 歪诗的,打油诗
loosely styled and irregular in measure especially for burlesque or comic effect; also :marked by triviality or inferiority
doggerel:verse=burlesque:play
doggo adv. ((俚)) (一动不动地) 隐藏着
in hiding
doggo:instability=??
dogma n. 教条
something held as an established opinion; especially :a definite authoritative tenet
dogma←→heresy
doldrums n. (海洋上的)无风带,情绪低沉
state or period of inactivity, stagnation, or slump
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
dolorous adj. 悲哀的,忧愁的
causing, marked by, or expressing misery or grief
dolorous←→jubilant
dolt n. 呆子,笨蛋,傻瓜
a stupid person
wag:humorous=dolt:stupid
domination n. 支配,控制,管辖
supremacy or preeminence over another
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
domineering adj. 盛气凌人的,跋扈的,作威作福的
inclined to domineer
don vt. 穿上
to put on (an article of clothing)
doff←→don
donor n. 捐赠人
one that gives, donates, or presents something
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
doodle n.v. 乱写,乱画
an aimless or casual scribble, design, or sketch
draw:doodle=travel:ramble
dour a. 不爱讲话的,沉沉的,严厉的
STERN, HARSH
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
dour←→congenial/genial
downpour 暴雨
a pouring or streaming downward; especially :a heavy rain
downpour:flooding=wind:erosion
wind:erosion=downpour:flooding
doyen n. 老资格,首席
a:the senior member of a body or group
b:a person considered to be knowledgeable or uniquely skilled as a result of long experience in some field of endeavor
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
draconian adj. 严峻的,苛刻的
CRUEL; also :SEVERE
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
draconian←→indulgent/mild
drawl vt.vi. 懒洋洋地说,做作而慢慢地说
to utter in a slow lengthened tone
inch:move=drawl:speak
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
dreary a. 沉闷的
having nothing likely to provide cheer, comfort, or interest:GLOOMY, DISMAL
jocund←→dreary
drivel vi. 淌口水,说傻话
to utter in an infantile or imbecilic way
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
drizzle n./v. 下毛毛雨,毛毛雨
a fine misty rain
deluge←→drizzle
droll adj. 古怪的,好笑的
having a humorous, whimsical, or odd quality
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
droll←→grave
droplet n. 小滴
a tiny drop (as of a liquid)
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
drudgery n. 苦差事,苦工
dull, irksome, and fatiguing work:uninspiring or menial labor
drudgery←→rewarding work
dryad n. 森林的精灵
WOOD NYMPH
dubious a. 可疑的,不确定的
questionable or suspect as to true nature or quality
disaffected:contentment=dubious:commitment/conviction
dubious←→certain
dulcet adj.(声音)悦耳的,美妙的
pleasing to the ear
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
dull a. 钝的,无趣的,呆滞的,阴暗的
lacking brilliance or luster
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
brilliance←→dullness
perspicuous←→dull
resplendent←→dull
trenchant←→vague/dull
dullard n.笨蛋
a stupid or unimaginative person
dupe n. 傻瓜,易受骗的人
one that is easily deceived or cheated:FOOL
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
dwelling n. 住处
a shelter (as a house) in which people live
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
dyspeptic a. 消化不良的,胃弱的,患胃病的
INDIGESTION
genial←→dyspeptic
eaglet n. 小鹰
a young eagle eaglet:bird
eaglet:bird=frog:amphibian
earnest a.认真的,诚恳的
characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind
facetious←→earnest
earplug n. 耳栓
device of pliable material for insertion into the outer opening of the ear (as to keep out water or deaden sound)
earplug:noise=shield:impact
earshot n. 听力所及之范围,声音所及的距离
the range within which the unaided voice may be heard
earshot:hear=ken:see
earsplitting a. 震耳欲聋的
distressingly loud or shrill
earsplitting:voice=??
ebullience n. 沸腾,热情,热情洋溢
the quality of lively or enthusiastic expression of thoughts or feelings:EXUBERANCE
ebullience←→impassiveness
eccentric a. 古怪的,反常的,不同圆心的
deviating from conventional or accepted usage or conduct especially in odd or whimsical ways
hero:admirable=eccentric:unconventional
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
echelon n.[军]梯队;组织系统中的等级
an arrangement of a body of troops with its units each somewhat to the left or right of the one in the rear like a series of steps
echelon:hierarchy=??
eclat n. 辉煌的成就; 喝采; 名声
brilliant or conspicuous success
eclat←→fiasco
eclectic n. 折衷主义者,折衷派的人
selecting what appears to be best in various doctrines, methods, or styles
eclipse n. (日,月)蚀,名声缺落,失势
a falling into obscurity or decline; also :the state of being eclipsed
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
ecumenical adj. 世界范围的,节俭的,一般性的,普遍性的
worldwide or general in extent, influence, or application ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity
diocesan←→ecumenical
edifice n. 大厦,大建筑物
BUILDING; especially :a large or massive structure
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier
efface v. 擦掉,抹去
to make (oneself) modestly or shyly inconspicuous
alliterate:remove=blazon:efface blazon←→efface
effervesce vi. 冒泡,沸腾,兴奋
to show liveliness or exhilaration
effervesce←→be flat
effervescent←→still
effete adj. 衰老的,虚弱的,精疲力尽的
having lost character, vitality, or strength
effete←→hale
effluvia n. pl. 臭气(effluvium的复数形式),没用的副产品
a by-product especially in the form of waste
effluvia←→desired products
effulgent adj.光辉的,灿烂的
radiant splendor:BRILLIANCE
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
effusive a. 感情横溢的,流出的
characterized or formed by a nonexplosive outpouring of lava
gush:effusive=rage:irate
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
egocentric adj.自我中心的,利己的
concerned with the individual rather than society
altruism←→egocentric
elaborate a. 精细的,详尽的,精心的
marked by complexity, fullness of detail, or ornateness
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
abstract←→elaborate
elastic a. 有弹性的,能伸缩的,可通融的
capable of being easily stretched or expanded and resuming former shape:FLEXIBLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
elastic:expand=viable:live
elated adj. 得意洋洋的振奋的
marked by high spirits:EXULTANT
elated←→despondent
elation←→dejection
eleemosynary a. 施舍的,慈善的,接受接济的
of, relating to, or supported by charity
philanthropist:eleemosynary=??
elegant a. 优雅的,端庄的,高雅的
of a high grade or quality:SPLENDID
insolent←→polite {elegant}
elegy n. 哀歌、挽歌
a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for one who is dead
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
elephantine a. 象的,巨大的,粗笨的
having enormous size or strength:MASSIVE
microscopic←→elephantine
elevate vt. 举起,提拔,鼓舞
to raise in rank or status:EXALT
debasement←→elevation
elicit vt. 引出,抽出,引起
to draw forth or bring out
evoke←→fail to elicit
elitism n.精英论,优秀人士统治
leadership or rule by an elite
ellipsis n省略
the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete
apostrophes:word=ellipsis:sentence
elliptical a.椭圆的;省略的 , 朦胧的,含糊的
of or relating to deliberate obscurity (as of literary or conversational style)
elliptical←→palpable
elongate v.延长,伸长
to extend the length of
elucidate v.阐明说明
to give a clarifying explanation
garble←→elucidate
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
emanate vi. 散发,发出,发源
to come out from a source
emancipate v. 解放,解除
to free from restraint, control, or the power of another; especially :to free from bondage
emancipate←→shackle
embargo n. 禁运令,封港令
a legal prohibition on commerce
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact
embark vi. 乘船,着手,从事,上飞机
to make a start
conclude←→embark on
embarrass vt. 使困窘,使局促不安,阻碍
to place in doubt, perplexity, or difficulties
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
embarrass:shame=console:comfort
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
embed vt.埋
to enclose closely in or as if in a matrix
embed←→extract
embolden v.给……壮胆,鼓励
to instill with boldness or courage
appall←→embolden/nerve
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
boggle←→embolden
embolden←→daunt
embrace n. 拥抱
close encircling with the arms and pressure to the bosom especially as a sign of affection:HUG
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome
abjure←→embrace/espouse
ostracize←→include/embrace
spurn←→court ,crave, embrace
encompass v. 围绕,包围
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE
encompass←→exclude
emigrate vi.vt. (使)移居,(使)移民
to leave one's place of residence or country to live elsewhere
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
eminence n. 卓越;显赫;(此处喻指高处)
one that is eminent, prominent, or lofty:as
a:an anatomical protuberance (as on a bone)
b:a person of high rank or attainments
c:a natural elevation
master:experience=luminary:eminence
maven:experience=luminary:eminence
eminent←→undistinguished
emphasis n. 强调,加强,重要,强语气
special consideration of or stress or insistence on something
underscore:emphasis=brand:ownership
emulate vt.与…竞争;效法
strive to equal or excel
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
enact vt. 制定法律,扮演,颁布
to establish by legal and authoritative act; specifically :to make (as a bill) into law
rescission←→enactment
enamel n. 珐琅,瓷釉
a hard calcareous substance that forms a thin layer capping the teeth
enamel:tooth=bark:tree
enclosure n. 附件,围墙,围绕
something that encloses
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
encomium n. 赞颂,颂辞
glowing and warmly enthusiastic praise;
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
encomium←→harsh criticism
encompass 1. 围绕,包围 2. 包含,含有
to form a circle about:ENCLOSE obsolete :to go completely around
encounter n. v. 相会,相遇,遭遇
to come upon face-to-face
circumlocutory←→direct encounter
encumbrance n. 阻碍,妨害物,累赘
something that encumbers:IMPEDIMENT
encyclopedia n. 百科全书
a work that contains information on all branches of knowledge or treats comprehensively a particular branch of knowledge usually in articles arranged alphabetically often by subject
encyclopedia:compendious=??
endorse vt.签名于(票据)等的背面vt.确认;赞同;支持
to approve openly especially :to express support or approval of publicly and definitely rider:bill=endorsement:policy
endorse←→oppose publicly
impugn←→endorse
enduring a. 持久的,忍耐的
LASTING, DURABLE
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
transitory:endure=immutable:change transitory←→enduring
enervate vt.使衰弱
to lessen the vitality or strength of
enervation:vitality=debase:value
curtail:period=enervate:energy
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enervate←→invigorate
enervate←→fortify/strengthen
enfeeble vt. 使衰弱
to make feeble:deprive of strength
eclipse:prestige=enervation/enfeeble:vigor
enfeeble←→invigorate
tonic←→enfeebling
enfranchise vt. 给予自治权,给予选举权,解放
to endow with a franchise:as
a:to admit to the privileges of a citizen and especially to the right of suffrage b:to admit (a municipality) to political privileges or rights
enfranchise←→enfetter
engender vt. 产生,引起
to cause to exist or to develop:PRODUCE
quash←→engender
engross vt.全神贯注于
to take or engage the whole attention of:occupy completely
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish { absorbed:engrossed}
enigmatic a. 阴阳怪气的,谜一般的,高深莫测的
of, relating to, or resembling an enigma:MYSTERIOUS
enigmatic:simplistic=??
enigmatic←→broadly known { wildly accepted}
enigmatic←→ readily understood
enlighten vt. 授予...知识,启发,教导,开导
a:to furnish knowledge to:INSTRUCT
b:to give spiritual insight to
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
ennoble vt. 授予爵位,使高贵
to make noble:ELEVATE
ennui n. 倦怠,厌倦
a feeling of weariness and dissatisfaction:BOREDOM
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
ennui←→energy/enthusiasm
ennui←→keen interest
ennui←→exuberance
enslave vt.奴役
to reduce to or as if to slavery:SUBJUGATE
manumit←→enslave
ensuing adj. 随后的,接着的
to take place afterward or as a result
anterior←→ensuing
entangle vt. 使纠缠,卷入,使混乱
a:to wrap or twist together:INTERWEAVE
b:ENSNARE
disentangle←→snarl
enthusiasm n. 狂热,热心
a:strong excitement of feeling:ARDOR
b:something inspiring zeal or fervor
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm ennui←→energy/enthusiasm
entice vt. 诱骗,引诱,怂恿
to attract artfully or adroitly or by arousing hope or desire:TEMPT
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
entrance vt. 使出神,使入迷
to carry away with delight, wonder, or rapture
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
entrap vt. 骗入,诱捕,使陷入
to catch in or as if in a trap
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied
entreaty n. 恳求,哀求
an act of entreating:PLEA
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
entry n. 登录,条目,报关手续,入口,进入
a descriptive record (as in a card catalog or an index)
journal:entries=run:performance
enumerate vt. 列举,计算,枚举,数
to specify one after another:LIST
enunciate v. 发音,(清楚地)表达
a:to make a definite or systematic statement of
b:ANNOUNCE, PROCLAIM
enunciate←→mumble
envision vt. 想象,预想
to picture to oneself
ephemeral adj. 朝生暮死的,生命短暂的
lasting a very short time
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
ephemeral:endure=inelastic:stretch
ephemeral:transience=permanent:perpetually
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
epic 史诗;英勇的;超出正常范围的
extending beyond the usual or ordinary especially in size or scope
epic←→modest
epicure n. 美食家
one with sensitive and discriminating tastes especially in food or wine
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
epigram n. 警句,讽刺短诗
a concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically with a single thought or event and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
epilogue n. 收场白,尾声
a concluding section that rounds out the design of a literary work; the final scene of a play that comments on or summarizes the main action; the concluding section of a musical composition:CODA
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
terminus:stop=epilogue:story
preface←→epilogue
epistemology n. 认识论
the study or a theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to its limits and validity
aesthetics:beauty=epistemology:knowledge
epitomize vt. 摘要,概括
to serve as the typical or ideal example of
equable adj. 稳定的,(脾气)温和的
marked by lack of noticeable, unpleasant, or extreme variation or inequality
equable←→intemperate
equipoise n. 平衡,均衡
a state of equilibrium
equipoise:vacillate=??
equity a. 公平的,公正的
justice according to natural law or right; specifically :freedom from bias or favoritism
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
equitable←→discriminatory/unfair
equivocal adj. 意义含糊的,不直率的
a:subject to two or more interpretations and usually used to mislead or confuse
b:uncertain as an indication or sign
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
equivocation:coax=explanation:enlighten
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
equivocate:commitment=procrastinate:action
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
equivocation:truth=metaphor:description
waffle←→speak unequivocally
erect vt. 使竖立,使直立,树立,建立
SET UP, ESTABLISH
suspend←→erect
erect a. 直立的,竖立的,笔直的
characterized by firm or rigid straightness in bodily posture
prostrate←→erect
slouch←→stand erect
erode v. (受)腐蚀,(受)侵蚀
to diminish or destroy by degrees
accrete:growth=erode:destruction downpour:flooding=wind:erosion
gully:erosion=callus:friction
wind:erosion=downpour:flooding
deposit←→process of eroding
errant a. 周游的,错误的,不定的
traveling or given to traveling
amorphous:shape=errant:course
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
erratic a.反复无常的,古怪的
having no fixed course:WANDERING
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
erudite adj.博学的,饱学的
possessing or displaying erudition:LEARNED
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
escalate v.(战争等)升级,扩大,上升
to increase in extent, volume, number, amount, intensity, or scope
escalate←→diminish
eschew v.避开,戒绝
to avoid habitually especially on moral or practical grounds:SHUN
eschew←→embrace, greet , welcome
esoteric adj.秘传的,神秘的
designed for or understood by the specially initiated alone
esoteric←→common accepted
esoteric←→generally known
espouse vt. 支持,赞成,嫁娶
to take up and support as a cause:become attached to
abjure←→embrace/espouse
esteem n. 尊敬,尊重
to set a high value on:regard highly and prize accordingly
stigma←→mark of esteem
odium←→esteem
estimable a. 可尊敬的,可估计的
estimable←→contemptible
worthy of esteem
estrange vt. 使疏远,离间,使离开
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE
estrangement←→rapprochement
estrange vt.使疏远
to arouse especially mutual enmity or indifference in where there had formerly been love, affection, or friendliness:ALIENATE
etch n. 腐蚀剂
a chemical agent used in etching
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
ethereal a. 轻的,象空气的,天上的
a:lacking material substance:IMMATERIAL, INTANGIBLE
b:marked by unusual delicacy or refinement
ethereal←→material/ponderous
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively
ethics n. 道德规范
the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation
logic:reasoning=ethics:behavior
eulogize vt. 称赞,颂扬
to speak or write in high praise of:EXTOL
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
eulogy:speak=??
euphemism n. 婉言,委婉的说法
the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
euphonious a. 音响好的,悦耳的,和谐的
pleasing to the ear
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
euphoria n. 安乐感,陶醉,陶醉感
a feeling of well-being or elation
satisfaction:euphoria==??
evade vt.vi. 规避,逃避,躲避
to avoid answering directly:turn aside
evade:answer=goldbrick:work
evanescent adj.短暂的,瞬息的
tending to vanish like vapor
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
cacophonous←→dulcet/euphonious
abiding←→evanescent
evasive a. 逃避的,回避的,托辞的
tending or intended to evade:EQUIVOCAL inclemency:evasion
everlasting a. 永恒的,持久的,无止境的
lasting or enduring through all time:ETERNAL
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
evict vt. 逐出,赶出,驱逐
to force out:EXPEL
deportation:country=eviction:dwelling
evict:residence=banish:country harbor←→evict
evoke vt. 唤起,引起
to call forth or up
evoke←→fail to elicit
exacerbate vt. 恶化,增剧,激怒,使加剧
to make more violent, bitter, or severe
palliate←→exacerbate
exacting a. 苛求的,吃力的
tryingly or unremittingly severe in making demands
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied =wary:gulled
exaggerate vt.vi. 夸大,夸张
to enlarge or increase especially beyond the normal:OVEREMPHASIZE
anger:tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
exaggeration:caricature=brevity:epigram
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
exalt n. 提升,提高,得意洋洋
to elevate by praise or in estimation:GLORIFY
exaltation←→condemnation
exasperate vt. 使恼怒,激怒,恶化
a:to excite the anger of:ENRAGE
b:to cause irritation or annoyance to
exceptional a. 例外的,异常的,特别的
deviating from the norm
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting
excerpt n.摘录,节录; 引用(from)
to select (a passage) for quoting:EXTRACT
exclamation n. 惊呼,惊叹词
a sharp or sudden utterance
excoriate v. 撕去皮,严厉批评
to censure scathingly
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
excrete vt.排泄,分泌
to separate and eliminate or discharge (waste) from the blood or tissues or from the active protoplasm
excrete←→ingest
exculpate vt. 使无罪,分辩,辩解,开脱
to clear from alleged fault or guilt
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
alibi:exculpatory=warning:admonitory
exculpate←→inculpate
excursive a. 游览的,离题的,散漫的
constituting a digression:characterized by digression
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
execrate v.憎恶,咒骂
to declare to be evil or detestable:DENOUNCE
execrable←→commendable/laudable
execute vt. 执行,实行,制成,处死
to carry out fully:put completely into effect
impossible:execute=adamant:moved
vagary:predict=impossibility:execute
exemplary a. 可仿效的,可做模范的
a:serving as a pattern
b:deserving imitation:COMMENDABLE
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
exempt a. 免除的 vt. 使免除,豁免 n. 免税者,被免除义务者
free or released from some liability or requirement to which others are subject
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
exert vt. 发挥,运用,施以影响
to bring to bear especially with sustained effort or lasting effect
exhaust vt. 用尽,耗尽,抽完,使精疲力尽
to consume entirely:USE UP
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
exhilarate vt. 使高兴,使愉快
a:to make cheerful
b:ENLIVEN, EXCITE
exhilarate←→sadden
exhortation n.劝告,规劝
language intended to incite and encourage
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
exhortative:urge=didactic:teach { risible:ridicule}
exodus vt.大批离去
a mass departure:EMIGRATION
exodus←→influx
exonerate v. 免除责任,确定无罪
to relieve of a responsibility, obligation, or hardship
exonerate←→censure
exonerate←→inculpate
incrimination←→exoneration
exorbitant adj.过份的,过度的
exceeding in intensity, quality, amount, or size the customary or appropriate limits
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
exotic a.外来的,异国的
introduced from another country:not native to the place where found
exotic←→indigenous
expansive a. 易膨胀的,易扩张的,健谈的
characterized by high spirits, generosity, or readiness to talk:OPEN
expansive←→reserved/diffident
expansive←→malicious
expansive←→taciturn/withdrawn/limited
expedite vt. 加快,促进,派出 a. 畅通的,无阻碍的,迅速的,方便的
to accelerate the process or progress of:speed up
expedite:process=accelerate:pace
expedite←→retard
expedition n. 远征,探险队,迅速
efficient promptness:SPEED
expedition←→foot dragging
explicit adj.清楚明确的
fully revealed or expressed without vagueness, implication, or ambiguity:leaving no question as to meaning or intent
explicit←→obscure
immanent←→explicit
exponent n. 说明者,支持者
a:one that expounds or interprets
b:one that champions, practices, or exemplifies
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
expurgate v. 净化,删去
to cleanse of something morally harmful, offensive, or erroneous; especially :to expunge objectionable parts from before publication or presentation
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
extant adj. 现存的,传世的
currently or actually existing
extant←→extinct/lost
extenuate vt. 减轻,使人原谅
to lessen or to try to lessen the seriousness or extent of by making partial excuses:MITIGATE
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness
exterminate vt. 扑灭,消灭,根绝
to get rid of completely usually by killing off
extinct a.绝种的;熄灭了的
no longer existing
extant←→extinct
extinct←→resuscitated
extinction←→perpetuation
extinguish vt.熄灭,扑灭;消灭
to cause to cease burning:QUENCH
extinguish←→kindle
ignite←→extinguish
extol v. 赞美
to praise highly:GLORIFY
deprecate←→extol
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
extol←→censure
extol←→disparage
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
extol←→malign
extort vt. 勒索,敲诈,强要
to obtain from a person by force, intimidation, or undue or illegal power:WRING
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation extort:obtain
extraneous adj.外来的,无关的
a:not forming an essential or vital part
b:having no relevance
apposite←→extraneous
extraneous←→essential
extravagant adj.奢侈的 无节制的
a:spending much more than necessary
b:PROFUSE, LAVISH
frugality←→extravagancy
extricate v. 拯救,救出
to free or remove from an entanglement or difficulty
extrovert n. 『心理』性格外向的人
a gregarious and unreserved person
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting
exuberant a. 繁茂的,丰富的,非凡的
joyously unrestrained and enthusiastic
ennui←→exuberance
exude vt.vi. (使)流出,(使)渗出
to undergo diffusion
exude←→absorb
exultant adj. 愉悦的
filled with or expressing great joy or triumph:JUBILANT
abject←→exultant
dejected←→exultant
fabricate vt.制造;装配,伪造
CONSTRUCT, MANUFACTURE; specifically :to construct from diverse and usually standardized parts
discompose:pacific=fabricate:authentic
facetious adj. 轻浮的,好开玩笑的
joking or jesting often inappropriately:WAGGISH
facetious:speech=antic:behavior
facetious←→earnest
facilitate vt. 帮助,使容易,促进
to make easier:help bring about
facilitate←→impeding
obstruct←→facilitate
hamper←→facilitate
faction n. 小派系,内讧
a party or group (as within a government) that is often contentious or self-seeking:CLIQUE
consensus:factionalism=clarity:confusion
factional←→disinterested
faint a. 微弱的,无力的,模糊的
lacking strength or vigor:performed, offered, or accomplished weakly or languidly
stentorian←→faint
fainthearted a. 懦弱的,无精神的,胆小的
lacking courage or resolution:TIMID
fallacy n. 错误的观念或信念,谬见,谬论
a:a false or mistaken idea
b:erroneous character:ERRONEOUSNESS
disabuse:fallacy=cure:disease
falsehood n. 谎言,虚假
absence of truth or accuracy
corroborate:evidence=calumniate:falsehood
falter vt. 支吾地说,迟疑
a:to hesitate in purpose or action:WAVER
b:to lose drive or effectiveness
falter:act=stammer:speak
fantasy n. 幻想,白日梦
imaginative fiction featuring especially strange settings and grotesque
characters nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
farce n. 闹剧,胡闹
ridiculous or empty show
farce:performance=limerick:poem
fascinate vt. 令人入神,使着迷
to be irresistibly attractive
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
fast n. 绝食,斋戒
the act to eat sparingly or abstain from some foods
fast:eat=respite:labor
fast:eat=moratorium:act
fast ad. 很快地,紧紧地,彻底地
in a firm or fixed manner
fast←→loosely attach
fasten vt. 拴紧,使固定,强加于,集中于
to attach especially by pinning, tying, or nailing
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
fastidious adj.难取悦的,挑剔的
showing or demanding excessive delicacy or care
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
dapper:fastidious=??
fastidious←→coarse
fastidious←→easygoing/cursory/uncritical
fathom n. 英寻(=1829米),v. 领会,理解
to penetrate and come to understand
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
measurable←→unfathomable
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable
measurable←→unfathomed
fatigue n. 疲乏,劳累
weariness or exhaustion from labor, exertion, or stress
fatigue:rest=dehydration:water
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose
indefatigable←→soon tired
fatuous adj. 愚昧而不自知的
complacently or inanely foolish:SILLY
fawn n.未满周岁的小鹿,v.巴结,奉承
to court favor by a cringing or flattering manner
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
equivocate:directness=fawn:imperiousness
faze vt. 打扰,折磨,使狼狈
to disturb the composure of:DISCONCERT, DAUNT
embolden←→abash/faze/cow
fazed←→undisturbed
feckless a. 没精神的,软弱的,无用的
WEAK, INEFFECTIVE
feckless←→responsible
fecund a. 多产的,丰饶的,肥沃的
fruitful in offspring or vegetation:PROLIFIC
deprivation←→fecundity
feeble a. 微弱的,衰弱的,无效的
a:markedly lacking in strength
b:indicating weakness
fender n.挡泥板,护舷的垫子等
a device in front of locomotives and streetcars to lessen injury to animals or pedestrians in case of collision
fender:collision
feral a. 野生的,凶猛的
not domesticated or cultivated:WILD
feral←→cultivated
fertilize vt. 施肥,使丰饶,使受精
to make fertile
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
fervid a. 热的,热心的
marked by often extreme fervor
fervid←→restrained
fervor n. 热诚,热心
intensity of feeling or expression
ennui:enthusiastic=fervor:apathetic
fervor:zealot=improvidence:spendthrift
zealotry←→lack of fervor
fetid a. 有恶臭的
having a heavy offensive smell
grating;sound=fetid:smell
fetter n. 脚镣,束缚
to restrain from motion, action, or progress
enfranchise←→enfetter
liberalistic←→enfetterist
fiasco n. 大失败,惨败
a complete failure
fiasco←→a notable success
fictitious adj. 假的、虚构的
of, relating to, or characteristic of fiction:IMAGINARY
fictitious←→factual
fidelity n. 忠实,诚实,忠诚,保真度
the quality or state of being faithful
apostasy←→fidelity
figurative a. 比喻的,形容多的,修饰丰富的
a:representing by a figure or resemblance:EMBLEMATIC
b:of or relating to representation of form or figure in art
filibuster n./v. 妨碍议事,阻挠
the use of extreme dilatory tactics in an attempt to delay or prevent action especially in a legislative assembly
filigree n. 金银丝做的工艺品
ornamental openwork of delicate or intricate design
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy [filigree:delicacy ]
filly n. 小雌马,小姑娘
a young female horse usually of less than four years
filly:horse=pullet:chicken
filter vt.过滤 n.滤纸
a porous article or mass (as of paper or sand) through which a gas or liquid is passed to separate out matter in suspension
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
finesse n. 技巧、计谋、手段
skillful handling of a situation:adroit maneuvering
finesse←→ineptitude
finicky a. 过分注意的,过分周到的,过分讲究的
extremely or excessively nice, exacting, or meticulous in taste or standards
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
flaccid n. 软弱,没气力
not firm or stiff; also :
lacking normal or youthful firmness
flaccidity←→firmness
flagging a. 下垂的,衰弱的,委顿的
LANGUID, WEAK
flagging←→thriving
flagging←→vibrant
flag←→wax
flamboyant a. 辉耀的,华丽的,火焰似的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued
flamboyant←→understate
flamboyant adj. 艳丽的,炫耀的
marked by or given to strikingly elaborate or colorful display or behavior
flamboyant←→subdued
flange n. 边缘,轮缘,凸缘,法兰
a projecting edge of cloth used for decoration on clothing
flannel n.法兰绒;法兰绒衣服
outer garments of flannel; especially :men's trousers
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric{ limerick:poem }
flatter vt. 过分夸赞,奉承,阿谀,使高兴
to praise excessively especially from motives of self-interest
flatter:praise=loquacious:talkative
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
toady:flatter=??
flaw n. 瑕疵,v. 生裂缝
a defect in physical structure or form
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
flax n. 亚麻,麻布,亚麻织品
any of a genus (Linum of the family Linaceae, the flax family) of herbs; especially :a slender erect annual (L. usitatissimum) with blue flowers commonly cultivated for its bast fiber and seed
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
fledge vi. 长羽毛
to acquire the feathers necessary for flight or independent activity
fledging←→molt
flexible a. 易曲的,灵活的,可通融的,能变形的,柔软的
capable of being flexed:PLIANT
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
static:move=pliable:inflexible
calcification←→flexibility
flexible←→mulish
flinch v.畏缩,退缩
to withdraw or shrink from or as if from pain:WINCE; also :to tense the muscles involuntarily in anticipation of discomfort
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
stoic:flinch=??
flint n. 打火石,燧石,极硬的东西
a massive hard quartz that produces a spark when struck by steel
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen
flippancy n.无礼,言语尖刻
unbecoming levity or pertness especially in respect to grave or sacred matters
flippancy←→seriousness
flirt vi. 调情,玩弄,摆动,轻率地对待
to behave amorously without serious intent
flirt:decency=??
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
flock n. 群,一群人,大量
a group of birds or mammals assembled or herded together
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
flounder vi. 挣扎,折腾,挣扎着前进
to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually
flounder:process=??
flounder←→slide
flourish vi.繁荣,茂盛,兴旺
to grow luxuriantly:THRIVE
flourish←→waste away
flout v\n.嘲弄,愚弄,轻视
to treat with contemptuous disregard:SCORN
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
fluctuate vi. 变动,上下,动摇
to shift back and forth uncertainly
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation
fluent a. 流利的,流畅的
a:ready or facile in speech
b:effortlessly smooth and rapid:POLISHED
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
fluent←→halting
flush a. 丰足的,齐平的,,泛滥的,满盈的
to pour liquid over or through; especially :to cleanse or wash out with or as if with a rush of liquid
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush
fluster a. 慌乱,狼狈,混乱,激动
to put into a state of agitated confusion:UPSET
flustered←→calm
foible n.小缺点,小毛病
a minor flaw or shortcoming in character or behavior:WEAKNESS
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
foil v. 阻挠,n. ①花剑,②金属薄片
a thin piece of material (as metal) put under an inferior or paste stone to add color or brilliance
foil:metal=veneer:wood
folly n.愚笨,愚蠢;傻念头
a foolish act or idea
folly←→sagacious
foment vt.引发
to promote the growth or development of:ROUSE, INCITE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
disseminate:information=foment:discontentment
defuse←→foment
foment←→inhibit
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
squelch←→foment
fondness n. (U)慈爱; 溺爱
tender affection
fascination:interest=adoration:fondness
foolhardy adj. 鲁莽的,有勇无谋的
foolishly adventurous and bold:RASH
footloose adj. 自由自在的,无拘束的
having no ties:free to move about
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
footloose←→attached
forbears n. 列祖列宗
forbears←→descendants
forbidding a.令人生畏的
such as to make approach or passage difficult or impossible
forestry n. 林产,森林地
the management of growing timber
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture
forgery n. 伪造,伪造罪,伪造物
an act of forging; especially :the crime of falsely and fraudulently making or altering a document (as a check)
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
formidable adj. 可怕的,困难的
causing fear, dread, or apprehension
formidable←→comforting
formidable←→simple/reassure
forthright adj.直接的;立即的
free from ambiguity or evasiveness:going straight to the point
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
fortify vt. 增强
to make strong:as
a:to give physical strength, courage, or endurance to
b:to add mental or moral strength to:ENCOURAGE
debilitated←→fortified
vitiate←→fortify
enervate←→fortify/strengthen
foster vt. 养育,抚育,抱(希望),鼓励,培养
to promote the growth or development of:ENCOURAGE
foster←→retract
founder n.创立者,奠基者
one that founds or establishes
founder vt. 弄摔倒,弄跛,浸水,破坏
to become submerged:SINK
founder←→stay aloft
foundry n. 铸造,铸造场,铸造类
the act, process, or art of casting metals
fracture n. 破碎,骨折
RUPTURE, TEAR
cement←→fracture
fragile a. 易碎的,脆的
a:easily broken or destroyed
b:constitutionally delicate:lacking in physical vigor
fragile:break=porous:penetrate
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
fraudulent a. 欺诈的,不正的,不诚实的
characterized by, based on, or done by fraud:DECEITFUL
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
freewheel vi. 轻松快活地行动,凭惯性前进
to move, live, or play freely or irresponsibly
frenzy n.狂热
a violent mental or emotional agitation
convulsion:contraction=frenzy:emotion
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate
fresco n.壁画
the art of painting on freshly spread moist lime plaster with water-based pigments
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor
friable a.易碎的
easily crumbled or pulverized
friable:crumble=malleable:alter
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
friable←→not easily crumbled/resistance to be pulverized
friction n. 摩擦,医疗摩擦,不和
the rubbing of one body against another
abraded:friction=desiccated:dehydration
frieze n. (在墙顶与天花板间起装饰作用的)横条,饰带
a heavy durable coarse wool and shoddy fabric with a rough surface
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
frigid a. 死板的;呆板的,寒冷的
sweltering←→frigid
frivolous a. 轻佻的,妄动的,琐碎的
intensely cold
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
frowsy a. 不整洁的,有臭味的,很闷的 (frowzy)
having a slovenly or uncared-for appearance
dapper←→frowsy
frugal a.节约的,节俭的
characterized by or reflecting economy in the use of resources
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
frugality←→extravagancy
frustrate v.挫败,使沮丧
a:to balk or defeat in an endeavor
b:to induce feelings of discouragement in
frustrate←→abet
full-bodied adj. 味道浓郁的
imparting to the palate the general impression of substantial weight and rich texture
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound
fungi n. 菌类,蘑菇
any of a major group (Fungi) of saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing organisms usually classified as plants that lack chlorophyll and include molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
furnace n. 火炉,熔炉,磨练
an enclosed structure in which heat is produced
furnace:heat=generator:electricity
furtive adj. 偷偷的,秘密的
a:done by stealth:SURREPTITIOUS
b:expressive of stealth:SLY
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
furtive←→open/forthright/brassy
furtively←→candidly
futility n. 无用,无益,无价值
the quality or state of being futile:USELESSNESS
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
gadfly n. 虻,牛虻
a person who stimulates or annoys especially by persistent criticism
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse
gaffe n. (社交上令人不快的)失言,失态
a social or diplomatic blunder
gaffe:tactless=??
miscalculation:judgment=gaffe:decorum
gainsay v. 否认
to declare to be untrue or invalid
gainsay←→affirm
gait n.步态
a manner of walking or moving on foot
gait:walk=parlance:speak
galaxy n. 银河,星系,一群显赫的人物
an assemblage of brilliant or notable persons or things
galling a. 使烦恼的,使焦躁的,难堪的
markedly irritating:VEXING
gall←→lull
gall←→calm/assuage
galling←→placating
galvanize v. 电镀,通电,激励
to stimulate or excite as if by an electric shock
galvanize:stimulate=irrigate:flush
galvanize←→lull
gamble vi.vt. 赌博,孤注一掷
to stake something on a contingency:take a chance
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
gangling adj.瘦长得难看的
loosely and awkwardly built:LANKY
garble←→elucidate
garble v. 曲解,窜改
to so alter or distort as to create a wrong impression or change the meaning
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
garish a. 炫耀的,过分装饰的
clothed in vivid colors
garish:color=??
garment n.衣服;服装,衣着
an article of clothing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
garner n. 谷仓,积蓄
a:GRANARY
b:a grain bin
garrulous adj.唠叨的,多话的
given to prosy, rambling, or tedious loquacity:pointlessly or annoyingly talkative
garrulous:talkative=cloying:sweet
gash n. 砍得很深的伤口,很深的裂缝
a deep long cut in flesh
cleft:chasm=cut:gash
gasification n. 气化
conversion into gas; especially :conversion of coal into natural gas
gasification/vaporization←→solidification
gauche a. 笨拙的,粗鲁的,无礼的
lacking social experience or grace; also :not tactful:CRUDE
gaucheness←→polish
gaudy adj. 俗丽的
ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
gauge n.标准尺寸,标准规格;量针;容量.范围 vt. 精确计量,估计
a measurement (as of linear dimension) according to some standard or system
gauge:pressure=scale:weight
measure:dimensions:calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
gear n. 齿轮,工具
a toothed wheel
gear:tooth=screw:thread(螺线)
genealogy n. 系谱,宗谱,家系
an account of the descent of a person, family, or group from an ancestor or from older forms
generality n. 概论,概说,大要
the quality or state of being general
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity
genial a. 和蔼的,亲切的,友善的
marked by or diffusing sympathy or friendliness
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
genial←→dyspeptic
caustic←→palliating/genial
dour←→congenial/genial
mordant←→genial
genteel adj.有教养的;文雅的
free from vulgarity or rudeness:POLITE
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
genteel←→loutish
genuine a. 真正的,真实的,诚恳的
ACTUAL, TRUE
genuine:authenticity=honest:trust spurious←→genuine
germane adj.密切有关的
being at once relevant and appropriate:FITTING
germane←→irrelevant
gesture n.姿势,手势;姿态
a movement usually of the body or limbs that expresses or emphasizes an idea, sentiment, or attitude parody:style=mime:gesture
ghastly a. 可怕的,惊人的,惨白的
intensely unpleasant, disagreeable, or objectionable
ghastly:unpleasant=??
giddy a. 眼花的,头晕的 ,轻率
lightheartedly silly:FRIVOLOUS
giddiness←→grave
giddy←→serious
ginger n. 姜,精力,淡赤黄色 vt. 使活泼,使有生气
a thickened pungent aromatic rhizome that is used as a spice and sometimes medicinally
ginger:spice=??
glacier n.冰河
a large body of ice moving slowly down a slope or valley or spreading outward on a land surface
glacial:slow=??
glacier:ice=sea:water
glamorize vt.使<人、东西>有魅力 [显眼] ,浪漫地处理 [美化] <事情>
to look upon or depict as glamorous:ROMANTICIZE
glance n. 一瞥,闪光,一滑,辉矿类
a quick or cursory look
peck:kiss=glance:look
glaze n. 釉,,上光,光滑面
to give a smooth glossy surface to
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood
glib adj. 流利圆滑的,善辩的
marked by ease and fluency in speaking or writing often to the point of being insincere or deceitful
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
glib←→labored
glimmer v. & n. (发出)微弱的光
a:to shine faintly or unsteadily
b:to give off a subdued unsteady reflection
glisten v. 闪烁,闪耀.
to give off a sparkling or lustrous reflection of or as if of a moist or polished surface
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
glitch n. 干扰;误操作,小故障
a usually minor malfunction
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
gloat vi. 满足地看,独自暗笑,贪婪地盯
to observe or think about something with triumphant and often malicious satisfaction, gratification, or delight
primp:vain=gloat:smug
gloomy a. 阴沉的,昏暗的,忧郁的
low in spirits:MELANCHOLY
glorify vt. 赞美,美化,赞扬,使辉煌
to make glorious by bestowing honor, praise, or admiration
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial {glorification:merit}
gloss n. 光彩,假象,注释
a brief explanation (as in the margin or between the lines of a text) of a difficult or obscure word or expression
blurb:notice=gloss:explanation
glossary n. 字典,辞典,词汇表
a collection of textual glosses or of specialized terms with their meanings
glossary:text=legend:map
glossy a. 平滑的,有光泽的
having a surface luster or brightness
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
glut n. 大量,充斥,吃饱
an excessive quantity:OVERSUPPLY
glut←→dearth
glutinous adj. 粘的,胶状的
having the quality of glue:GUMMY
etch:corrosive=glue:adhesive
glutinous←→non viscous
glutton n. 贪吃者
one given habitually to greedy and voracious eating and drinking
avarice:money=gluttony:food
glutton:overindulge=ascetic:self denial
goad vt. 用刺棒驱赶,激励,煽动,唆使
something that urges or stimulates into action:SPUR
command:entreaty=goad:enticement
gadfly:goad=humorist:amuse
gobble vt. 狼吞虎咽
to swallow or eat greedily
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
goggle n. 眼睛睁视,护目镜
to stare with wide or protuberant eyes
goggles:eyes=gloves:hands=earmuff:ear
goldbrick vi. 称病,欺诈,偷懒
to shirk duty or responsibility
evade:answer=goldbrick:work
gorge vi. 狼吞虎咽
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
gossamer n.蛛丝,薄纱,adj.轻而薄的
something light, delicate, or insubstantial
gossamer←→substance
gossamer←→ponderous
gossamer←→substance
gourmet n. 美食家
a connoisseur of food and drink; broadly :CONNOISSEUR
bibliophile:books=gourmet:food {calligrapher:handwriting}
connoisseur:art=gourmet:cuisine
grandeur n. 庄严,伟大
the quality or state of being grand:MAGNIFICENCE
grandeur=mean=??
grandiloquent adj(语言等)夸张的,夸大的
a lofty, extravagantly colorful, pompous, or bombastic style, manner, or quality especially in language
gaudy:apparel=grandiloquent:speak
grandiloquent←→secretive
grandiose a. 宏伟的,宏大的,堂皇的,铺张的
characterized by affectation of grandeur or splendor or by absurd exaggeration
ephemeral:longevity=grandiose:humility
grandstand v. 哗众取宠的表演
to play or act so as to impress onlookers
grandstand:impress=equivocate:deceive
grant vt. 允许,承认,授与
to bestow or transfer formally specifically :to give the possession or title of by a deed
concede←→refuse to grant
withhold←→grant
gratify vt. 使满足
to be a source of or give pleasure or satisfaction to
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
aggrieve←→gratify
irk←→gratify
grating adj.(声音)刺耳的,恼人的
noisily,rasping,harsh
grating:sound=acrid:odor==fetid:smell
gratis adj.免费的
without charge or recompense:FREE
gratuitous a. 无缘无故的;免费的
not involving a return benefit, compensation, or consideration
gratuitous←→merited/warranted
having a serious and dignified quality or demeanor
frivolous:gravity=brash:discretion
droll←→grave
giddiness←→grave
grave←→insignificant
gregarious adj. 群居的,爱社交的
tending to associate with others of one's kind:SOCIAL
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
gregarious←→aloof
grievous adj.严重伤害的,引起痛苦的
causing or characterized by severe pain, suffering, or sorrow
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
solace:grief=pacification:anger
grievous←→slight
grin vi.咧着嘴笑
to draw back the lips so as to show the teeth especially in amusement or laughter; broadly :SMILE
pout←→grin
gripe v. ①腹部绞痛,②抱怨,诉苦
to complain with grumbling
gripe:discontent=praise:admiration
grisly adj. 恐怖的,可怕的
inspiring horror or intense fear
grisly:flinch=droll:laugh
groove a. 开槽的
a long narrow channel or depression
grooved:striated=braided:strand
striated:groove=dappled:spot
grotesque a. 奇怪的,可笑的
FANCIFUL, BIZARRE
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
grovel vi. 趴,匍匐,卑躬屈膝
to lie or creep with the body prostrate in token of subservience or abasement
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner
grumble n. 怨言,满腹牢骚
to mutter in discontent
guarantee vt. 保证,担保
to engage for the existence, permanence, or nature of:undertake to do or secure
vouch←→refuse to guarantee
guffaw vi.vt. 哄笑,狂笑
a loud or boisterous burst of laughter
guile n. 狡猾,狡计
deceitful cunning:DUPLICITY
acrid:gentleness=forthright:guile
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
guile:artless=blemish:flawless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
guile:naif=??
artless←→cunning/guile
manipulate←→guileless
guilt n. 罪行,内疚
feelings of culpability especially for imagined offenses or from a sense of inadequacy:SELF-REPROACH
narcissism:love=guilt:blame
gullible a.易受骗的
easily duped or cheated
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:artless
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
gully n. 小峡谷,排水沟
a trench which was orig. worn in the earth by running water and through which water often runs after rains
gully:erosion=callus:friction
gum n. 树胶,橡皮,上帝,牙床
any of numerous colloidal polysaccharide substances of plant origin that are gelatinous when moist but harden on drying and are salts of complex organic acids
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant
gush n. 涌出,滔滔不绝的讲话
a sudden outpouring
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
gush:effusive=rage:irate
gust n. 突然一阵,风味
a sudden brief rush of wind
gust:wind=cloudburst=rainfall {flare:light}
guzzle vi.vt. 狂饮,暴食,喝酒化掉(钱)
to drink especially liquor greedily, continually, or habitually
complain:carp=drink:guzzle
habitable a. 可居住的
capable of being lived in:suitable for habitation
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
hack n. 雇佣文人
a writer who aims solely for commercial success
mercenary:soldier=hack:writer
hackneyed adj.平凡的;陈腐的
lacking in freshness or originality
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
equivocation:misleading=bromide:hackneyed
halcyon a. 宁静的,平稳的,翠鸟的 CALM, PEACEFUL
halcyon←→tempestuous
hale a. 强壮的,健壮的
free from defect, disease, or infirmity:SOUND; also :retaining exceptional health and vigor
effete←→hale
hale←→infirm
blighted←→hale
hallucination n. 幻觉,幻想
perception of objects with no reality usually arising from disorder of the nervous system or in response to drugs (as LSD)
halting a. 跛的,蹒跚的,犹豫的
marked by a lack of sureness or effectiveness
fluent←→halting
hamper vt.阻碍,使困累,妨碍
to restrict the movement of by bonds or obstacles:IMPEDE
seminal←→hampering further development
hamper←→facilitate
hamstring vt. 切断腿筋使成跛腿,使残废
to make ineffective or powerless:CRIPPLE
hamstring←→fectiveness
handle vt. 触摸,运用,操作,处理,买卖
to act, behave, or feel in a certain way when handled or directed
cumbersome←→easy to handle
hangdog a. 忧愁的,悲哀的,沮丧的,灰心的 鬼鬼祟祟的,卑躬屈膝的,低贱的
SAD, DEJECTED
hangdog←→buoyant
hankering n. 渴望
to have a strong or persistent desire:YEARN
hankering←→odium
haphazard n.,adj.&adv.偶然的
marked by lack of plan, order, or direction
methodical←→haphazard
systematic←→haphazard
harangue n. 长篇演说
to address in a ranting way
harangue←→speak temperately
harass v.烦扰
to annoy persistently
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
harbinger n. 先驱,预兆
one that presages or foreshadows what is to come
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
harbor n. 港,避难所v. 包庇,隐匿
to give shelter or refuge to
harbor←→evict
hardheaded a. 冷静的,脚踏实地的,无懈可击的
STUBBORN, WILLFUL
harebrained a. 轻率的,欠考虑的,粗心的
FOOLISH
harmonious a. 和睦的,调和的,和谐的,协调的
marked by accord in sentiment or action
acrimonious←→harmonious
harmony←→discord
harp n. 竖琴
a plucked stringed instrument consisting of a resonator, an arched or angled neck that may be supported by a post, and strings of graded length that are perpendicular to the soundboard
horn:blow=harp:pluck
harry v. 掠夺,骚扰
to make a pillaging or destructive raid on:ASSAULT
harry←→comfort
harsh a. 粗糙的,刺耳的,严厉的
a:causing a disagreeable or painful sensory reaction:IRRITATING
b:physically discomforting:PAINFUL
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
encomium←→harsh criticism
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
paean←→harshly lampoon
hasten vt.催促 vi.赶紧
to move or act quickly
hasten←→slow the progress of
hasten←→check
hasty a. 匆匆的,轻率的,急忙的
done or made in a hurry
hasty←→characterized by deliberation
hasty←→well considered
haunt vt. 常到,常去,(思想)萦扰,(鬼魅等)常出没于 n. 常到的地方
to visit often:FREQUENT
haunt:familiar=harass:irritating
persecute:injure=haunt:remember
hauteur n.傲慢,高傲,自大
ARROGANCE, HAUGHTINESS
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
hauteur←→humility
havoc n.大破坏,浩劫;大混乱,大杂乱
great confusion and disorder
havoc←→serenity
heart vt. 鼓起勇气,激励
to give heart to:CHEER:HEARTEN
mollify:anger=heart:dejection
dismay←→hearted
hedge n.修剪过的树篱,限制 vt. 用树篱围,妨碍
a means of protection or defense (as against financial loss)
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
heinous adj.可憎的,十恶不赦的
hatefully or shockingly evil:ABOMINABLE
heinous←→commendable
heirloom n. 传家宝,相传动产
something of special value handed on from one generation to another
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
hem n. (衣服或裙子的)褶边
a border of a cloth article doubled back and stitched down
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
hermit n. 隐士,隐居者
one that retires from society and lives in solitude especially for religious reasons:RECLUSE
vegetarian:meat=hermit:society
herald vt. 预报,宣布,传达,欢呼
to give notice of:ANNOUNCE
unabashed:embarrassment=unheralded:announcement
unherald←→proclaim
herbicide n. 除草剂
an agent used to destroy or inhibit plant growth
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide
hereditary a. 世袭的,遗传的
a:genetically transmitted or transmittable from parent to offspring
b:characteristic of or fostered by one's predecessors
heresy n. 异端邪说
an opinion or doctrine contrary to church dogma
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
dogma←→heresy
heretical a. 异教的,异端的
of, relating to, or characterized by departure from accepted beliefs or standards:UNORTHODOX
doctrine:heretical=course:errant
herpetologist n. 爬虫学家
one that a branch of zoology dealing with reptiles and amphibians
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
hesitance n. 踌躇,犹豫
the quality or state of being hesitant:as a:INDECISION b:RELUCTANCE
alacrity←→dilatoriness/hesitance
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
hidebound a. 营养不良的,死板的,量小的
having an inflexible or ultraconservative character
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
hideous a. 丑恶的,可憎的,可怕的
offensive to the senses and especially to sight:exceedingly ugly
pulchritude←→ugliness/hideous
affinity←→aversion/hideous
hie vt. 急忙,疾走,催促
to go quickly:HASTEN
hie←→dawdle
hierarchy n. 阶级组织,教士政治,僧侣政治
the classification of a group of people according to ability or to economic, social, or professional standing
echelon:hierarchy=
hike vt. 使高涨,拉起
to rise up; especially :to work upward out of place
backset←→hike
hinge n. 铰链,关键,枢纽
a jointed or flexible device on which a door, lid, or other swinging part turn
hint n. 暗示,提示
a slight indication of the existence, approach, or nature of something:CLUE
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
histrionic a. 演员的,演剧的,有如演戏的
of or relating to actors, acting, or the theater
histrionic:actor=??
hitch v. 搭便车,套住
to catch or fasten by or as if by a hook or knot
hive n. 蜂房,闹区,蜜蜂群
a place swarming with activity
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
hoard n./v. 贮藏,秘藏
a supply or fund stored up and often hidden away
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
hoary a. 灰白的
extremely old:ANCIENT
hoary:old=??
hodgepodge n. 混煮,杂菜,混淆
a heterogeneous mixture:JUMBLE
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble
homage n. 尊崇,尊敬,效忠
expression of high regard:RESPECT
counsel:advice=laud:homage
homage←→disrespect
homily n. 说教,训诫
a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme
parable:story=homily:lecture
homogenize vt. 使均匀
to blend (diverse elements) into a uniform mixture
stratify←→homogenize
hone vt. 用磨刀石磨 n. 磨刀石,抱怨,想念
to make more acute, intense, or effective:WHET
hone←→blunt
honorarium n.酬劳金,谢礼
a payment for a service (as making a speech) on which custom or propriety forbids a price to be set
amenity:comfortable=honorarium:grateful
horn n. 角,角质,喇叭
a wind instrument used in a jazz band; especially :TRUMPET
horn:blow=harp:pluck
hortative adj. 激励的
giving exhortation:ADVISORY
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge
hortative:encourage=exculpatory:absolve
horticulture n. 园艺学
the science and art of growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, or ornamental plants
tree:forestry=flower:horticulture
hovel n. 小屋,杂物间,家畜小屋
a small, wretched, and often dirty house:HUT
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
hub n.车轴,,中心
the central part of a circular object (as a wheel or propeller)
spoke:hub=radius:center
hubris n. 傲慢,骄傲
exaggerated pride or self-confidence
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
humanitarian n. 人道主义者,博爱者,基督凡人论者
a person promoting human welfare and social reform:PHILANTHROPIST
humble a. 卑下的,谦逊的,粗陋的
a:ranking low in a hierarchy or scale:INSIGNIFICANT, UNPRETENTIOUS
b:not costly or luxurious
dour:geniality=bumptious:humbleness
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
supercilious←→humble
bumptious←→(humble)
hauteur←→humility
panache←→humility
humor vt. 迎合,牵就,顺应
to soothe or content by indulgence
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
hurdle n. 障碍,跳栏,临时活动篱笆 vt. 用篱笆围,越过,克服
OVERCOME, SURMOUNT
hurl vt. 用力投掷,愤慨地说出,丢下
to throw down with violence
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
hurricane n.飓风
a tropical cyclone with winds of 74 miles (118 kilometers) per hour or greater that occurs especially in the western Atlantic, that is usually accompanied by rain, thunder, and lightning, and that sometimes moves into temperate latitudes
tablefire:inferno=storm:hurricane
rain:deluge=wind:hurricane
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
husbandry n.耕种;节用,家政
the control or judicious use of resources:CONSERVATION
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
husband←→squander
husbandry←→prodigality
husky adj. 声音沙哑的
hoarse with or as if with emotion
husky←→delicate
hybrid a. 混合的,杂种的,混合语的
something heterogeneous in origin or composition:COMPOSITE
hybrid←→of unmixed extraction
hymn n.赞美诗,圣歌;赞歌
a song of praise or joy
hypnotic a. 催眠的,催眠术的,易于催眠的
tending to produce sleep:SOPORIFIC
hypnotic←→conscious
hypnotic←→stimulant
hyperbole n. 夸张法
extravagant exaggeration anger
tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
malicious:ill will=exaggerating:hyperbole
hypercritical adj.苛求的,吹毛求疵的
meticulously or excessively critical
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ichthyologist n. 鱼类学者,鱼类研究者
one that study a branch of zoology that deals with fishes
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
idiosyncratic a. 特质的,异质的,特殊的
a:a peculiarity of constitution or temperament:an individualizing characteristic or quality
b:individual hypersensitiveness (as to a drug or food)
idolater n. 偶像崇拜者,崇拜者,皈依者
a person that admires intensely and often blindly one that is not usually a subject of worship
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
ignite vt. 点燃,使灼热,使兴奋
to set afire; also :KINDLE
ignite←→extinguish
ignominy n. 羞耻,屈辱
deep personal humiliation and disgrace
ignominious←→lofty
ignominies←→glory, honor; esteem, respect
ignorant a. 无知识的,不知道的,幼稚的
destitute of knowledge or education
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
illiteracy n. 文盲
the quality or state of being illiterate; especially :inability to read or write
illiteracy:education=inequity:redistribution
illuminati 先觉者; 智者
persons who are or who claim to be unusually enlightened
interpreter:translate=illuminati:instruct
illumination n. 照明,阐明,启发
one of the decorative features used in the art of illuminating or in decorative lighting
frieze:building=illumination:manuscript
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
illusory a. 产生幻觉的,幻影的,错觉的
based on or producing
illusion:DECEPTIVE
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
nicety:precision=illusion:fantasy
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
illustrate vt. 举例说明,作图解,阐明
to provide with visual features intended to explain or decorate
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details
imbroglio n. 纷乱,纠葛,纷扰,一团糟
an intricate or complicated situation
imitation n. 模仿,效法,冒充,赝品
the quality of an object in possessing some of the nature or attributes of a transcendent
idea exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame
immanent adj. 普遍存在的,内在的
remaining or operating within a domain of reality or realm of discourse:INHERENT; specifically :having existence or effect only within the mind or consciousness
immanent←→explicit
immaterial a. 非物质的,无形的,精神的,不相关的
of no substantial consequence:UNIMPORTANT
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant←→immaterial
immemorial adj. 太古的,极古的
extending or existing since beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition
immemorial←→recent
imminent a. 即将来临的,逼近的
ready to take place; especially :hanging threateningly over one's head
immune a. 免疫的,免除的,不受影响的
not susceptible or responsive; especially :having a high degree of resistance to a disease
fertilize:grow=immunize:resist
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
immure vt. 监禁,禁闭
a:to enclose within or as if within walls
b:IMPRISON
immure←→release (?liberate)
immutable a. 不可变的,不变的,不能变的
not capable of or susceptible to change
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
transitory:endure=immutable:change
immutable←→variable
imp n. 顽童
a mischievous child:URCHIN
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
impair vt. 损害,减少,削弱
to damage or make worse by or as if by diminishing in some material respect
impassive a. 无感情的,冷淡的,不动的,平静的
unsusceptible to or destitute of emotion
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
impassive←→emotional
impeccable adj.无瑕疵的
free from fault or blame:FLAWLESS
blemish:impeccable=guile:artless
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
impeccable←→faulty
impecunious adj. 不名一文的,贫困的
having very little or no money usually habitually:PENNILESS
foolish:discretion=impecunious:money
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
impede v.妨碍,阻碍
to interfere with or slow the progress of
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
abet←→thwart/impede
facilitate←→impeding
impenetrable a. 不能穿过的,不可理喻的,费解的,顽固的
incapable of being penetrated or pierced
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
porous←→impenetrable
impenitent adj. 不悔悟的
not feeling or expressing humble or regretful pain or sorrow for sins or offenses
rueful←→impenitent
imperative a. 命令式的,急需的,势在必行的,强制的
expressive of a command, entreaty, or exhortation
question:interrogative=order:imperative
imperceptible a. 不能感知的,不知不觉的,微细的
not perceptible by a sense or by the mind:extremely slight, gradual, or subtle appreciable←→imperceptible
imperial a. 帝王的,至尊的,壮丽的
of, relating to, befitting, or suggestive of an empire or an emperor
imperial:significant=grotesque:fantasy
imperious adj. 傲慢的,专横的
marked by arrogant assurance:DOMINEERING
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciat
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
fawn:imperiousness=equivocate:directness=elaborate:sketchy
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
imperious←→humble
impertinent a. 鲁莽的,无礼的,粗鲁的,不恰当的
(1) not pertinent:IRRELEVANT
(2) not restrained within due or proper bounds especially of propriety or good taste
impertinence←→respect/relevance
obeisant←→impertinent
imperturbable a. 沉着的,泰然自若的,镇静的
marked by extreme calm, impassivity, and steadiness:SERENE
restive←→calm/imperturbable
ticklish←→imperturbable
impervious adj. 不能渗透的,不为所动的
not capable of being damaged or harmed
impervious:damaged=indomitable:subdued
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
impervious:damaged=indefensible:excused
impetuous a. 冲动的,猛烈的,轻率的,急躁的
marked by impulsive vehemence or passion
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
impetuous←→deliberate
impiety n. 无信仰,无信心,不虔诚,不孝
the quality or state of being impious:IRREVERENCE
impiety←→devoutness
implacable a. 难宽恕的,难和解的,执拗的
not placable:not capable of being appeased, significantly changed, or mitigated
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
implement n. 工具,器具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行
CARRY OUT, ACCOMPLISH; especially :to give practical effect to and ensure of actual fulfillment by concrete measures
implicate vt. 含意,暗示,牵连
to involve as a consequence, corollary, or natural inference:IMPLY
implode v. 内爆,剧减
to collapse inward as if from external pressure; also :to become greatly reduced as if from collapsing
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
impromptu adj. 即席的,即兴的
made, done, or formed on or as if on the spur of the moment:IMPROVISED
ad-lib:impromptu=aside:divergent
improvident a. 无远见的,浪费的
not provident:not foreseeing and providing for the future
improvised adj. 即席而作的,即兴的
to compose, recite, play, or sing extemporaneously
rite←→improvised act
imprudent a. 轻率的,鲁莽的
not prudent:lacking discretion
impudent a. 鲁莽的,卑鄙的,厚颜无耻的
marked by contemptuous or cocky boldness or disregard of others:INSOLENT
impudence:brazen=deadpan:impassive
impudent←→deferential/respectful
impugn v. 指责,对…表示怀疑
to assail by words or arguments:oppose or attack as false or lacking integrity
extol←→condemn/impugn/detract
impugn←→champion
impugn←→endorse
impugn←→vindicate
impuissance n. 无能; 无力; 虚弱
WEAKNESS, POWERLESSNESS
clout←→impuissance
impulsive adj. 易冲动的,感情用事的
having the power of or actually driving or impelling
impute a. 可归罪的,使负责的,可嫁祸的
to lay the responsibility or blame for often falsely or unjustly
imputable:nettle
inadvertent adj. 不注意的,疏忽的
not focusing the mind on a matter:INATTENTIVE
inalienable a. 不能让与的,不能转售的,不能夺取的,不可分割的
incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
inane a. 空虚的,愚蠢的,空洞的
lacking significance, meaning, or point:SILLY
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous {inane:clumsy}
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty
inanimate adj. 无生命的
not endowed with life or spirit
ephemeral:enduring=inanimate:living
inaugurate v. 举行就职典礼,开创
to induct into an office with suitable ceremonies
inaugurate:president=install:official=crown:king
inauguration:official=matriculation:student
cease←→inaugurate/commencement
incendiary a. 放火的,煽动的,教唆的
of, relating to, or involving a deliberate burning of property
incense vt. 用香焚,使发怒
to arouse the extreme anger or indignation of
propitiate←→incense
inception n.开端,开始,取得学位
an act, process, or instance of beginning:COMMENCEMENT
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation
incessant a. 不断的,不绝的,无尽的
continuing or following without interruption:UNCEASING
inch vi. 慢慢前进,慢慢移动
to move by small degrees:progress slowly
inch:move=drawl:speak
inchoate adj.刚开始的,未发展的
being only partly in existence or operation; especially :imperfectly formed or formulated:FORMLESS
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incipient a. 起初的,发端的,初期的
beginning to come into being or to become apparent
immature:developed=incipient/inchoate:realized
incisive a. 敏锐的,机敏的,锋利的,切入的
impressively direct and decisive (as in manner or presentation)
incite v 激发,刺激
to move to action:stir up:spur on:urge on
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
inclement adj. (天气)严酷的,严厉的
lacking mildness:as physically severe:STORMY
inclemency:evade=??
inclement←→balmy
incogitant adj. 『罕』无思想的; 粗心的; 不体谅的
THOUGHTLESS, INCONSIDERATE
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
incongruent adj. 不协调的,不和谐的; 不合适的
not superposable so as to be coincident throughout
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
inconsequential a. 不合逻辑的,不合理的,不重要的
of no significance:UNIMPORTANT
crucial←→inconsequential
incontrovertible a. 无争论余地的,无疑的,明白的
not open to question:INDISPUTABLE
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied} {intrepid:feared}
controvert←→substantiate
incorrigible a. 无药可救的,积习难改的,固执的
incapable of being corrected or amended UNALTERABLE, INVETERATE
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible
incriminate vt. 归罪,使负罪,控告
to charge with or show evidence or proof of involvement in a crime or fault
incrimination←→exoneration
inculcate vt. 教授,谆谆教诲,教育
to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions
inculpate vt. 使负罪,控告,使连累 INCRIMINATE
exonerate←→inculpate
absolve←→inculpate
exculpate←→inculpate
incursion n.侵犯,入侵
a hostile entrance into a territory:RAID
incursion←→retreat
indecorous a. 无体的,不合礼节的
not decorous:conflicting with accepted standards of good conduct or good taste
indefatigable a. 不知疲倦的,有耐性的,不屈不挠的
incapable of being fatigued:UNTIRING
indelible adj. 擦试不掉的,不可磨灭的
UNFORGETTABLE, MEMORABLE
indelible:forget=astounding:expect
indelibility←→erasability
indelicate a. 下流的,无教养的,卑鄙的,不雅的
not delicate:
a (1):lacking in or offending against propriety:IMPROPER
(2):verging on the indecent:COARSE
b:marked by a lack of feeling for the sensibilities of others:TACTLESS
indemnity n. 赔偿,补偿,保护
security against hurt, loss, or damage
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
indict vt. 起诉,控告,指控
to charge with a crime by the finding or presentment of a jury (as a grand jury) in due form of law
indict:accused=??
indifferent a. 漠不关心的,无重要性的,中立的
marked by a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern for something:APATHETIC
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
avid←→indifferent
indigenous adj.土产的,本地的
having originated in and being produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particular region or environment
exotic←→indigenous
indigenous←→ nonnative
indigent a. 贫乏的,穷困的
suffering from indigence:IMPOVERISHED
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indigent←→affluent
indigestible a. 不消化的,难消化的,难理解的
not digestible:not easily digested
indispensability n. 不可缺少
absolutely necessary:ESSENTIAL
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
indoctrinate v.灌输思想
to instruct especially in fundamentals or rudiments:TEACH
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
indolent adj. 懒惰的,懒洋洋的 (n. indolence)
a:averse to activity, effort, or movement:habitually lazy
b:conducing to or encouraging laziness
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inducement n.引诱物
a motive or consideration that leads one to action or to additional or more effective actions
inducement←→deterrent
indulgent a. 纵容的,任性的,放纵的
indulging or characterized by indulgence; especially :LENIENT
abstemious:indulge=austere:decorate
glutton:overindulgence=ascetic:self denial
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
draconian←→indulgent/mild
martinet←→indulgent person
indulgent←→ascetic
indurate vt. 使坚固,变坚固,使硬化 to make hard
indurate←→soften
inedible a. 不适于食用的,不能吃的
not fit to be eaten
ineluctable adj.难免的,不能逃避的
not to be avoided, changed, or resisted:INEVITABLE
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance
ineptitude n. 不适当,愚笨,愚昧的言行
the quality or state of being inept; especially :INCOMPETENCE
finesse←→ineptitude
inert adj. 惰性的,行动迟钝的
deficient in active properties; especially :lacking a usual or anticipated chemical or biological action
inertia←→activity
reactant←→inert material
inert←→active
inert←→dynamic
inestimable a. 无价的,无法估计的
too valuable or excellent to be measured or appreciated
inevitable a. 不可避免的,必然的
incapable of being avoided or evaded
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
inexorable a. 无情的,冷酷的,不屈不挠的
not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty:RELENTLESS
inexorable:dissuasion=indomitable:conquest
inexorable←→relenting
infamy n. 声名狼藉,出丑
evil reputation brought about by something grossly criminal, shocking, or brutal
infamy←→good repute
infatuate vt. 使迷恋,使糊涂
to cause to be foolish:deprive of sound judgment
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
odium←→infatuation
infer vt. 推论出,推断
GUESS, SURMISE
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
inferno n.火海,地狱般的场所
a place or a state that resembles or suggests hell
fire:inferno=storm:hurricane
infinite a.无穷的
immeasurably or inconceivably great or extensive:INEXHAUSTIBLE
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
unique:precedent=infinite:end
infirm a. 弱的,虚弱的,柔弱的
of poor or deteriorated vitality; especially :feeble from age
hale←→infirm
inflame v. 使燃烧,激怒(某人)
to excite to excessive or uncontrollable action or feeling
assuage←→inflame subdue←→inflame
infelicitous a. 不幸的,不吉的,不适当的
not appropriate in application or expression
happy←→infelicitous
influx n. 涌入 a coming in
exodus←→influx
infuse v. 灌输,使…充满 INSPIRE, ANIMATE
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
infuse←→drain away/refuse/extract
ingenious adj. 聪明的,有发明天才的
marked by originality, resourcefulness, and cleverness in conception or execution
ingenuous adj.纯朴的,单纯的
showing innocent or childlike simplicity and candidness
impeccable:flaw=ingenuous:guile
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
hypercritical←→ingenuous/honest
ingenuous←→cunning
ingrained adj. 根深蒂固的
to work indelibly into the natural texture or mental or moral constitution
ingrained←→easily to change
ingratiating a. 逢迎的,迷人的
capable of winning favor:PLEASING
ingratiating:win favor=disingenuous:deceive
inimical adj.为敌的,不友善的
a:having the disposition of an enemy:HOSTILE
b:reflecting or indicating hostility:UNFRIENDLY
inimical←→friendly/amiable/amicable
amenable←→inimical
inimitable adj. 无法仿效的,不可比拟的
not capable of being imitated:MATCHLESS
inimitable←→commonplace
inimitable←→ordinary
iniquity n. 邪恶,不公正
gross injustice:WICKEDNESS
iniquity←→rectitude/disinterestedness
initial a. 开始的,最初的,字首的
placed at the beginning:FIRST
eccentric:conventional=doyen:uninitiated
initial←→follow
initiate←→follow up
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}
innocent n. 天真的人,笨蛋
free from guilt or sin especially through lack of knowledge of evil:BLAMELESS culpable←→innocent
innocuous adj.(行为,言论等)无害的
not likely to give offense or to arouse strong feelings or hostility:INOFFENSIVE, INSIPID
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
innovation n. 改革,创新
the introduction of something new
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/ innovation/novelty
inquiry n. 质询,调查
examination into facts or principles:RESEARCH
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
insatiable a. 不知足的,贪求无厌的
incapable of being satisfied:QUENCHLESS
insipid a. 没有味道的,清淡的,难吃的
lacking in qualities that interest, stimulate, or challenge:DULL, FLAT
insolent adj. 粗野的,无礼的
exhibiting boldness or effrontery:IMPUDENT
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
insolent←→polite/courteous {elegant}
insouciant adj. 漫不经心的; 无忧无虑的
lighthearted unconcern:NONCHALANCE
inspired adj. 有创见的,有灵感的
outstanding or brilliant in a way or to a degree suggestive of divine inspiration
instigate vt. 教唆,怂恿,煽动
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
instigator n. 煽动者
to goad or urge forward:PROVOKE
instigator:incite=bully:browbeat
instill v.滴注,逐渐灌输
to impart gradually
institute n. 学会,学院 vt. 创立,开始,制定,任命
to originate and get established:ORGANIZE
rescind←→institute
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
insubordinate adj.不服从的,反抗的
disobedient to authority
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
insular a. 岛的,岛民的,保守的,孤立的,岛特有的
characteristic of an isolated people; especially :being, having, or reflecting a narrow provincial viewpoint
insular←→cosmopolitan
insulate v. 使绝缘,使隔离
to place in a detached situation:ISOLATE; especially :to separate from conducting bodies by means of nonconductors so as to prevent transfer of electricity, heat, or sound
insularity←→cosmopolitanism
insulate←→expose
insurgent adj. 叛乱的,起事的n. 叛乱分子
a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government; especially :a rebel not recognized as a belligerent
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
intangible a. 难以明了的,无形的
not tangible:IMPALPABLE
corporeal←→intangible
integral a.组成的;整的
essential to completeness:CONSTITUENT
integral←→superfluous
integrity n. 正直,诚实,完整
the quality or state of being complete or undivided:COMPLETENESS
ecumenical:generality=entire:integrity taint:integrity
intelligible a. 可理解的,易理解的,明了的
capable of being understood or comprehended
correct:accurate=garble:unintelligible
intemperate adj. 无节制的,放纵的
not temperate especially :given to excessive use of intoxicating liquors
equable←→intemperate
intemperate←→constrained
intensify vi. 强化
to make intense or more intensive:STRENGTHEN
moderate:intensity=extenuate:seriousness
abate←→intensify/promote
assuage←→intensify
inter vt. 埋葬,葬,埋
to deposit (a dead body) in the earth or in a tomb
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
intercede vi. 仲裁,说情,调解 (n. intercession)
to intervene between parties with a view to reconciling differences:MEDIATE
intercessor:mediate=augur:prediction
intercessor:mediate=translator:interpret
interim n. 过渡时期adj. 暂时的
an intervening time:INTERVAL
interim←→permanent
interlock a. 联锁的
to become locked together or interconnected
interlocking←→independent
interloper n. (非法) 闯入者
one that interlopes:as
a:an illegal or unlicensed trader
b:one that intrudes in a place or sphere of activity
interlude n. 幕间,幕间时间,过场,穿插,插曲
an intervening or interruptive period, space, or event:INTERVAL
interminable adj. 无尽头的
having or seeming to have no end; especially :wearisomely protracted
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
intermittent adj. 断断续续的,间歇的
coming and going at intervals:not continuous
intermittent←→constant
interrogate vt. 质问,讯问,审问
to question formally and systematically
interrogate:probe
confidence:arrogant=inquiry:interrogatory
question:interrogative=order:imperative
intervene vi. 插入,调停,干涉
to interfere usually by force or threat of force in another nation's internal affairs especially to compel or prevent an action
intimate a. 亲密的,私人的,秘密的 n. 熟友
a friend or confidant marked by very close association, contact, or familiarity
clique:intimates=flock:sheep
intimate vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE
intimate vt. 暗示,通知,告诉
to make known especially publicly or formally:ANNOUNCE
intimidate vt. 威胁,恐吓,胁迫
to make timid or fearful:FRIGHTEN; especially :to compel or deter by or as if by threats
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
intransigent adj.不妥协的,固执的
refusing to compromise or to abandon an extreme position or attitude:UNCOMPROMISING
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
intransigent←→open to compromise
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
intrepid adj. 无畏的,刚毅的
characterized by resolute fearlessness, fortitude, and endurance
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
intricacy n. 纷乱,复杂,错综
the quality or state of being intricate
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy
intriguing adj.引起极大兴趣的
engaging the interest to a marked degree:FASCINATING
interesting:intriguing=bootless:futile
pall←→interest/intrigue
intrinsic adj. 固有的,内在的
belonging to the essential nature or constitution of a thing
inure vt. 使习惯
to accustom to accept something undesirable
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
invective n.痛骂;恶意抨击
of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
inveigh vi. 痛骂,漫骂,臭骂
to protest or complain bitterly or vehemently:RAIL
inveigh←→verbally provide support
inveigle v. 诱骗,诱使
to win over by wiles:ENTICE
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
inveigle←→request directly
inventory n. 详细目录,存货清单
an itemized list of current assets:as
(1) :a catalog of the property of an individual or estate
(2) :a list of goods on hand
census:population=inventory:stock
inventory:merchandise=manifest:cargo
investigate v.调查
to make a systematic examination; especially :to conduct an official inquiry
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
inveterate a. 根深的,成癖的,积习的
firmly established by long persistence
inveterate←→uninitiated {youthful}
invidious adj.惹人反感的,招人嫉妒的
tending to cause discontent, animosity, or envy
invidious←→beneficial
invigorate v. 鼓舞,激励
to give life and energy to:ANIMATE; also :STIMULATE
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
debilitate←→invigorate
enervate←→invigorate
enfeeble←→invigorate
inviolate a. 未亵渎的,未受侵犯的,无污点的
not violated or profaned; especially :PURE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure
invoice n. 发票,装货清单
a consignment of merchandise
consignment:invoice=??
invoke vt. 祈求,恳求,引起,援引,实行
to put into effect or operation:IMPLEMENT
invoke←→ suspend
invulnerable adj. 无法伤害的
incapable of being wounded, injured, or harmed
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
untenable:defense=invulnerable:injury
irascible adj. 易发怒的.(ire)
marked by hot temper and easily provoked anger
affable←→irascible
irate a. 发怒的,生气
arising from anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate
iridescence n. 彩虹色
a lustrous rainbowlike play of color caused by differential refraction of light waves (as from an oil slick, soap bubble, or fish scales) that tends to change as the angle of view changes
iridescent←→monochromatic
irk v.使苦恼,厌烦.
to make weary, irritated, or bored
irk←→make someone pleased
ironclad adj. 坚固的,装铁甲的
so firm or secure as to be unbreakable:as a:BINDING
jammed:full=ironclad:firm
irreducible a. 不能复归的,不能削减的不可约的
impossible to transform into or restore to a desired or simpler condition factorable←→irreducible
irrelevant a. 不恰当的,无关系的,不相干的
not relevant:INAPPLICABLE
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
germane←→irrelevant
immaterial←→relevant
irresolute a. 无决断的,优柔寡断的,踌躇不定的
uncertain how to act or proceed:VACILLATING
irreverent a. 不敬的,不逊的,无礼的
lacking proper respect or seriousness; also :SATIRIC
awe←→irreverence
irritate n. 刺激,烦恼,刺激物
to provoke impatience, anger, or displeasure in:ANNOY
antidote:poisoning=balm:irritation
haunt:familiar/similarity=harass:irritating
balm←→irritant
issue n.问题;发行
a matter that is in dispute between two or more parties
debate:issue=bargain:price
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product }
issue←→withdraw
issue vt. 使流出,放出,发给,发布
the act of publishing or officially giving out or making available
stanza:line=volume:issue
issue←→withdraw
isthmus n.地峡
a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
isthmus:land=strait:water
jabber v. 快而不清楚地说
to talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly
jabber←→speak slowly
jaded adj.疲惫的,厌倦的
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
jam a. 拥塞
fatigued by overwork:EXHAUSTED
jammed:full=ironclad:firm
jape n/v. 戏言,笑料,嘲弄
to make mocking fun of
revere←→jape at
jar vi. 震惊,冲突,发刺耳声,不一致
a:to make a harsh or discordant sound
b:to have a harshly disagreeable or disconcerting effect
c:to be out of harmony; specifically :BICKER
jaundice n. 黄疸,偏见,乖僻
a state or attitude characterized by satiety, distaste, or hostility
jaunty adj.愉快的,满足的
sprightly in manner or appearance:LIVELY
staid←→jaunty
jazz n. 爵士乐,喧闹
American music developed especially from ragtime and blues and characterized by propulsive syncopated rhythms, polyphonic ensemble playing, varying degrees of improvisation, and often deliberate distortions of pitch and timbre
portrait:painting=jazz:music
jealousy n. 妒忌,猜忌,羡慕
a jealous disposition, attitude, or feeling
jejune adj. 空洞的,不成熟的
devoid of significance or interest:DULL
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
jejune←→thought provoking
jerk vi. 痉挛,急拉,急推
to give a quick suddenly arrested push, pull, or twist to
jest n./v. 说笑,玩笑
an utterance (as a jeer or quip) intended to be taken as mockery or humor
jest←→solemnity
jingoist 侵略主义者,感情用事的 , [盲目的]爱国主义者
extreme chauvinism or nationalism marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy
dove←→warmonger/jingoist
jitter vi. 神经过敏,战战兢兢
to be nervous or act in a nervous way
jittery←→resolute
jocund adj. 快乐的,高兴的
marked by or suggestive of high spirits and lively mirthfulness
jocund←→dreary
jog n. 轻推,轻撞,漫步
a movement, pace, or instance of jogging (as for exercise)
jog:exercise=barter:trade
joke n. 笑话,玩笑,笑柄
something said or done to provoke laughter; especially :a brief oral narrative with a climactic humorous twist
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
jolt vi. 颠簸而行,震摇
to cause to move with a sudden jerky motion
jolt:move=check:stop
jot vt. 略记,摘要记载下来
to write briefly or hurriedly:set down in the form of a note
nip:eat=jot:write
jovial adj. 快活的
markedly good-humored especially as evidenced by jollity and conviviality
jovial←→mournful
saturnine←→jovial
maudlin←→jovial
jubilant a. 欢呼的,喜洋洋的
EXULTANT
dolorous←→jubilant
judicious a. 头脑精明的,贤明的,判断正确的
having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgment:DISCREET
daft←→judicious
juggernaut n. Krishna 神像
a massive inexorable force, campaign, movement, or object that crushes whatever is in its path
juggernaut:unstoppable=??
jumble vi. 搀杂,混杂
to mix into a confused or disordered mass
mixture:jumble=??
justify vt. 替...辩护,证明
to prove or show to be just, right, or reasonable
justify←→argue against
juxtapose vt. 并置,并列
to place side by side
kangaroo n. 袋鼠
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent
ken n. 视野范围,知识范围,见地
the range of vision
earshot:hear=ken:see
kindle vt.点燃 vi.着火
a:to stir up:AROUSE
b:to bring into being:START
kink n. 纽结,蜷缩,颈
a short tight twist or curl caused by a doubling or winding of something upon itself
kiss vt. 吻,轻拂
to touch with the lips especially as a mark of affection or greeting
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
knead vt. 揉,按摩,捏制
to work and press into a mass with or as if with the hands
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
knit vt.vi. 编织,密接,结合
to form by interlacing yarn or thread in a series of connected loops with needles
ravel←→knit
knotty a. 有结的,多节的,多瘤的,棘手的
marked by or full of knots; especially :so full of difficulties and complications as to be likely to defy solution
knotty←→easy
knotty←→simple
labile adj.易变的,不稳定的
readily or continually undergoing chemical, physical, or biological change or breakdown:UNSTABLE
labile←→stable
labored <动作、呼吸等> 困难的,痛苦的;缓慢的
lacking ease of expression
glib←→labored
labyrinth n. 迷宫,难解的事物,迷路
something extremely complex or tortuous in structure, arrangement, or character:INTRICACY, PERPLEXITY
labyrinthine:simplicity=jejune:interest
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
laconic adj. (用字)简洁的
using or involving the use of a minimum of words:concise to the point of seeming rude or mysterious
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
laconic←→loquacious
laconic←→voluble
laconism←→verbosity
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
lambaste vt. 痛打,严责
to attack verbally:CENSURE
lamentable adj. 令人惋惜的,悔恨的
expressing grief:MOURNFUL
lamentable:pity=responsible?:censure
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect
laminate v. 切成薄板(片)
to separate into laminae laminate:divide
lampoon n.讽刺文章v.讽刺
a harsh satire usually directed against an individual
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
paean←→harshly lampoon
landfill n.垃圾堆
a system of trash and garbage disposal in which the waste is buried between layers of earth to build up low-lying land
cistern:liquids=landfill:refuse
landlord n. 房东,地主
the owner of property (as land, houses, or apartments) that is leased or rented to another
landslide n. 山崩
the usually rapid downward movement of a mass of rock, earth, or artificial fill on a slope; also :the mass that moves down
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
lane n. 小路,小巷,车道,跑道
a narrow passageway between fences or hedges
languid adj. 没精打采的,怠倦的
drooping or flagging from or as if from exhaustion:WEAK
languid←→energetic
vivacious←→languid
languish v.衰弱,变得消瘦
a:to be or become feeble, weak, or enervated
b:to be or live in a state of depression or decreasing vitality languish←→thrive
lank adj. 瘦削的,稀疏的
not well filled out:SLENDER, THIN
lank←→stalwart
lapse n. 过失,流逝,失效
a slight error typically due to forgetfulness or inattention
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error
larder n. 食物贮藏室,食品橱
a place where food is stored:PANTRY
larder:food=wardrobe:clothes
larder:provisions=vault:valuables
largesse n.慷慨援助,施舍
liberal giving (as of money) to or as if to an inferior; also :something so given
largesse←→parsimony
lariat n. 套索
a long light rope (as of hemp or leather) used with a running noose to catch livestock or with or without the noose to tether grazing animals:LASSO
lariat:wrangler=crook:shepherd
lash v. 鞭打,抽打,猛击,猛烈甩动,捆扎,绑紧;n. 抽打,鞭挞,猛
to bind with or as if with a line
lash←→unbind
lassitude n.无力,没精打采
a condition of weariness or debility:FATIGUE
lassitude←→vim/animation
latent adj.潜伏的,潜在的
present and capable of becoming though not now visible, obvious, or active latent←→manifest
lathe n. 车床,陶器,镟床
lathe:shape=clasp:fasten
laudatory a. 赞美的,赞赏的
of, relating to, or expressing praise
COUNSEL:ADVICE=laud:homage
execrable←→commendable/laudable
pejorative←→laudatory
lavish a. 浪费的;过度的
a:expended or produced in abundance
b:marked by profusion or excess
excoriate←→extol/praise lavishly
lavish←→mean
lavish←→stint
penurious←→lavish
leaden a. 铅制的,呆滞的,铅灰色的,沉闷的
a:oppressively heavy
b:SLUGGISH
c:lacking spirit or animation
leaven vt. 使发酵,影响
to raise (as bread) with a leaven
distill:purity=leaven:volume
lectern n. 诵经台
a stand used to support a book in a convenient position for a standing reader; especially :one from which scripture lessons are read in a church service
ledger n. 分类帐,分户总帐,底帐,横木
a book containing accounts to which debits and credits are posted from books of original entry
legacy n.遗产,遗留之物
something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
legend n. 传说,传奇文学,图例
an explanatory list of the symbols on a map or chart
glossary:text=legend:map
legible a. 清晰的,易读的
capable of being read or deciphered:PLAIN
legible:decipher
lenient adj. 宽大的,仁慈的
exerting a soothing or easing influence:relieving pain or stress
lethal a. 致命的
gravely damaging or destructive:DEVASTATING
disagreeable:hateful=harmful:lethal
lethargy adj. 嗜眠性
the quality or state of being lazy, sluggish, or indifferent
levee n. 早朝,大堤
an embankment for preventing flooding
levee:river=cordon:crowd
rampart:invasion=levee:flood
lexicographer n. 辞典编纂者
an author or editor of a dictionary
cartographer:map=weaver:cloth=lexicographer:dictionary
liability n. 责任,债务,倾向
something for which one is liable; especially :pecuniary obligation
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
asset←→liability
liaison n. 联络
a:a close bond or connection:INTERRELATIONSHIP
b:an illicit sexual relationship:AFFAIR
liberal a.心胸宽大的;慷慨的
marked by generosity:OPENHANDED
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
liberal←→parsimonious
liberalist←→enfetterist
libertine n. 性行为放纵者,浪荡子
a person who is unrestrained by convention or morality; specifically :one leading a dissolute life
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
liberty n. 自由,特权,随意,冒失
an action going beyond normal limits:as a:a breach of etiquette or propriety:FAMILIARITY
emotion:effusive=liberty:licentious{ manner:grandiose}
licentious adj. 纵欲的,放肆的
lacking legal or moral restraints; especially :disregarding sexual restraints
caviler:carping=libertine:licentious
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
lien n.扣押权,留置权
a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty ordinarily arising by operation of law
lien:claim=subpoena:command
liken vt.把....比做;把....比拟
(to) COMPARE
liken:similarity=discriminate:difference
limber adj. (肌肉)松软的,柔软的
capable of being shaped:FLEXIBLE
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
limerick n. 五行打油诗
a light or humorous verse form of 5 chiefly anapestic verses of which lines 1, 2, and 5 are of 3 feet and lines 3 and 4 are of 2 feet with a rhyme scheme of aabba farce:performance=limerick:poem
limousine n. 轿车
a large luxurious often chauffeur-driven sedan that sometimes has a glass partition separating the driver's seat from the passenger compartment
mansion:residence=limousine:automobile
limp v. 跛行adj. 无力的,松软的
lacking firm texture, substance, or structure
limp←→firm
limpid adj. 清澈的,透明的
marked by transparency:PELLUCID
limpid←→murky
limpid←→unclear
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid
linen n. 亚麻布,亚麻制品
cloth made of flax and noted for its strength, coolness, and luster
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
flannel:cloth=linen:fabric
linoleum n. 油布,油毯
a floor covering made by laying on a burlap or canvas backing a mixture of solidified linseed oil with gums, cork dust or wood flour or both, and usually pigments
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
misbehave vt.vi. (使)行为无礼貌,(使)行为不端
castigation:disapproval=misbehave:crime
lapse:error=misbehavior:criminality
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
mischievous adj. 淘气的,有害处的
a:able or tending to cause annoyance, trouble, or minor injury
b:irresponsibly playful
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
misdemeanor n.不轨的行为,行为失检,品行不端
a crime less serious than a felony
crime:misdemeanor=commitment:decision
misdemeanor:crime=lapse:error
miser n.守财奴,吝啬鬼
a mean grasping person; especially :one who is extremely stingy with money
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
spendthrift←→miser
misfortune n. 不幸,灾祸,坏运气
a distressing or unfortunate incident or event
boon←→misfortune
misgiving n.疑虑,担心
a feeling of doubt or suspicion especially concerning a future event misgiving←→certainty
mishap n. 不幸,坏运气
an unfortunate accident
catastrophe:mishap=humiliation:embarrassment
misnomer n. 用词不当
a:a use of a wrong name
b:a wrong name or designation
misrepresent vt. 误传,不称职地代表
to give a false or misleading representation of usually with an intent to deceive or be unfair
tamper:adjust=misrepresent:communicate
mite n. 极小量,小虫
any of numerous small acarid arachnids that often infest animals, plants, and stored foods and include important disease vectors
mite:creature=speck:amount
mitigate v. 减轻,缓和
to make less severe or painful:ALLEVIATE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
mnemonics n. 记忆术
a technique of improving the memory
regiment:health=mnemonics:memory
morbid a. 不健全的,病态的,疾病的,可怕的
abnormally susceptible to or characterized by gloomy or unwholesome feelings
morbid←→wholesome
mobility n. 可动性,变动性,情感不定
capable of moving or being moved:MOVABLE
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
mockery n. 嘲弄,笑柄,蔑视
a subject of laughter, derision, or sport
diatribe:abuse=burlesque:mockery
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
moderate vt. 节制,使稳定,使缓和
to lessen the intensity or extremeness of
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
moderate:intensify=extenuate:seriousness
modicum n. 少量
a small portion:a limited quantity
modicum←→large amount
molding n. [常~s] 『建筑』 (装饰墙壁、屋檐或家具等凸出部等用之) 嵌线,线脚,壁带
a decorative plane or curved strip used for ornamentation or finishing
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
mollify v. 安慰,安抚
to soothe in temper or disposition:APPEASE
mollification:soothe=indemnity:secure
mollify:anger=hearted:dejection
mollify←→rouse
vex←→mollify
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
mollify←→antagonize/ire
pique←→mollify
mollycoddle vt. 溺爱,娇养
a pampered or effeminate man or boy
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
mollycoddle←→treat harshly
molt n. 换毛,脱皮,换毛期
the act or process of sheding hair, feathers, shell, horns, or an outer layer periodically; specifically :ECDYSIS
fledging←→molt
momentous adj. 极重要的,严重的
IMPORTANT, CONSEQUENTIAL
atrocious:bad=momentous:important
momentum n. 动力,要素
a property of a moving body that the body has by virtue of its mass and motion and that is equal to the product of the body's mass and velocity
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
monochromatic a. 单色的,一色的
having or consisting of one color or hue
iridescent←→monochromatic
monopolize vt. 独占,垄断
to get a monopoly of:assume complete possession or control of
monotone a. 单调的
having the property either of never increasing or of never decreasing as the values of the independent variable or the subscripts of the terms increase :MONOTONIC
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
montage n. 混成画,拼集的照片,蒙太奇
the production of a rapid succession of images in a motion picture to illustrate an association of ideas
montage:images=medley:songs
zigzag:turns=montage:images
morass n. 沼泽地,困境v. 陷入困境
something that traps, confuses, or impedes
morass:irritating=??
moratorium n. 延期偿付,延期偿付期间
a legally authorized period of delay in the performance of a legal obligation or the payment of a debt
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity
fast:eat=moratorium:act
mordant adj. 讥讽的,尖酸的
biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style:INCISIVE
mordant←→genial
moribund adj.即将结束的,垂死的
being in the state of dying:approaching death
moribund←→beginning
moribund←→nascent
morose adj.脾气坏的,不高兴的
having a sullen and gloomy disposition
morose←→cheerful
sanguine←→morose
mortar n. 小臼,乳钵
a strong vessel in which material is pounded or rubbed with a pestle
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
mosque n. 清真寺
a building used for public worship by Muslims
spire:church=minaret:mosque
mosquito n. 蚊子
any of a family (Culicidae) of dipteran flies with females that have a set of slender organs in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skin of animals and to suck their blood and that are in some cases vectors of serious diseases
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter
motile a. 能动的,有自动力的
exhibiting or capable of movement
motility←→stasis
motivate v. 促使,激发
to provide with a motive:IMPEL
exculpatory:absolve:=motivational:stir
exhortation:motivate=invective:discredit
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
motley a. 杂色的,斑杂的,杂多的,混杂的
(1) variegated in color
(2) composed of diverse often incongruous elements
motley←→colorless
motley←→unique
mottle vt. 使成杂色
to mark with spots or blotches of different color or shades of color as if stained
striated:groove=mottled/dappled:spot
mottle←→blanch
mottled←→homogenous { solidary}
mournful a. 悲恸的,悲哀的,令人惋惜的
causing sorrow or melancholy:GLOOMY
jovial←→mournful
movement n. 运动,倾向,乐章
a distinct structural unit or division having its own key, rhythmic structure, and themes and forming part of an extended musical composition
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
muffle vt. 围裹,抑制,发低沉的声音
to wrap or pad with something to dull the sound
plangent←→muffled
mulish a. 骡的,执拗的,杂种的
unreasonably and inflexibly obstinate
despicable:value=mulish:flexible
flexible←→mulish
pliant←→mulish
mull n. 软薄布,混乱 vi. 深思熟虑
to consider at length:PONDER
mumble vt.vi. 喃喃而语,咕哝
to utter with a low inarticulate voice
enunciate←→mumble
mundane a. 尘世的;世俗的
characterized by the practical, transitory, and ordinary:COMMONPLACE
municipality n. 自治区,市当局,全市民
a primarily urban political unit having corporate status and usually powers of self-government
munificent adj. 慷慨的,大方的
characterized by great liberality or generosity
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
mural adj. 墙壁的n. 壁画
a mural work of art (as a painting)
petrography:rock=mural:wall
murky adj. 黑暗的,朦胧的
characterized by a heavy dimness or obscurity caused by or like that caused by overhanging fog or smoke
limpid←→murky
murky←→clear
pellucid←→murky
murmur n. 低语,低声的怨言
a low indistinct but often continuous sound
croon:sing=murmur:speak
mushroom vi. 迅速生长,迅速增加,采蘑菇
to spring up suddenly or multiply rapidly
mute vt. 减弱...的声音
to muffle, reduce, or eliminate the sound of
mute←→amplify
myopic a. 近视的
a lack of foresight or discernment:a narrow view of something
myopic←→discerning
myriad a. 无数的,一万的,种种的
having innumerable aspects or elements
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
nadir n. 最低点,无底
the lowest point
nadir←→summit
nadir←→acme
naive a. 天真的,纯真的,朴素的
deficient in worldly wisdom or informed judgment; especially :CREDULOUS
guile:naive=??
worldly←→naive
narcissism n. 自我陶醉,自恋
love of or sexual desire for one's own body
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
narcissism:love=guilt:blame
nascent a. 新生的,诞生中的
coming or having recently come into existence
moribund←→nascent
natty adj. 整洁的,漂亮的
trimly neat and tidy:SMART
nauseate v. 使作呕,使厌恶
to feel disgust
vertigo:nauseate=??
naysayer n. 怀疑者,否定者
one who denies, refuses, opposes, or is skeptical or cynical about something
concur←→naysay
nebulous adj. 模糊不清的,云状的
INDISTINCT, VAGUE
nebulous←→distinct
nebulous←→clear cut
needy a. 贫穷的,贫困的,生活艰苦的
being in want:POVERTY-STRICKEN
affluent←→needy
nefarious adj.违法的,邪恶的
flagrantly wicked or impious:EVIL
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
negative n. 底片
a negative photographic image on transparent material used for printing positive pictures
negotiate vi. 商议,谈判,交涉
to confer with another so as to arrive at the settlement of some matter
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
negotiator:agreement
neophyte n.初学者,新手
a new convert:PROSELYTE
inexperience:neophyte=irresponsibility:wastrel
nepotism n.裙带关系
favoritism (as in appointment to a job) based on kinship
nepotism:relative=cronyism:friend
nerve vt. 鼓起勇气
to give strength or courage to:supply with physical or moral force
appall←→embolden/nerve
nettle n. 荨麻,v. 烦忧,激恼
to arouse to sharp but transitory annoyance or anger imputable:nettle
nibble v. 一点点地咬,慢慢啃
a:to bite gently
b:to eat or chew in small bits
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
nip v. 夹,咬 n. 严寒
to take liquor in nips:TIPPLE
nip:eat=jot:write
nitpicking adj. 挑剔的,吹毛求疵的
minute and usually unjustified criticism
fluent:glib=meticulous:nitpick/finicky
nitpick:criticize=cavil:object
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
nocturnal a. 夜的,夜曲的
of, relating to, or occurring in the night
diurnal←→nocturnal
noisome adj. 恶臭的,令人不快的
offensive to the senses and especially to the sense of smell
noisome←→appealing
noisome←→beneficial/pleasant/healthy
nominal a. 名义上的,(指金额)极小的
TRIFLING, INSIGNIFICANT
nominal:significance=disjunctive:unity
nonchalant adj. 冷漠的,满不在乎的
having an air of easy unconcern or indifference
anonymous:identify=nonchalant:excite
nondescript adj. 没有特征的,平凡的
lacking distinctive or interesting qualities:DULL, DRAB
nondescript←→conspicuous
nonentity n. 不存在,非实在,虚无
a person of little consequence or significance
dilettante:commitment=nonentity:consequence
nonflammable a. 不燃烧的
not flammable; specifically :not easily ignited and not burning rapidly if ignited
impervious:friable=nonflammable:combustible
nonsense n. 无意义的事,荒谬的言行,荒唐
words or language having no meaning or conveying no intelligible ideas
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
notch vt. 刻凹痕,用刻痕计算,得分
to cut or make a notch in
serrated←→without notches/smooth
notwithstanding prep.尽管,虽然
DESPITE
novelty n. 新奇,新鲜,新奇的事物
something new or unusual
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
banal←→novel
timeworn←→novel
noxious a.有害的,有毒的;使道德败坏的,讨厌的
physically harmful or destructive to living beings
noxious←→beneficial
nuance n.细微的差异
a subtle distinction or variation
nuance:distinction=hint:suggestion
nuance←→patent difference
nudge n.v. 用肘轻推,悄悄推,引起注意
to touch or push gently; especially :to seek the attention of by a push of the elbow
nudge:push=??
nurture vt. 养育,给与营养物,教养
(1)to supply with nourishment
(2)EDUCATE
nurture←→withhold sustenance from
nurture←→disregard, ignore, neglect, overlook, pass over, slight
oafish adj. 呆子的,白痴的
a stupid person:BOOB
obdurate adj. 固执的,顽固的
resistant to persuasion or softening influences
firmness:obdurate=carefulness:meticulous
energetic:frenetic=firm:obdurate
toward←→obdurate
obeisance n. 鞠躬,敬礼
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW
obfuscate v. 使困惑,使迷惑
a:DARKEN
b:to make obscure
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
obfuscate←→elucidate/illuminate/explain clearly
obfuscate←→clarify
obedient a. 服从的,顺从的,孝顺的
submissive to the restraint or command of authority:willing to obey
contumacious←→obedient
obeisance n. 敬礼,鞠躬,顿首
a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission:BOW
obeisant←→impertinent
obligatory adj. 强制性的,义务的
binding in law or conscience
elected:obliged=??
discretionary←→obligatory
selective←→obligatory
obliging a. 亲切的,体贴的,殷勤的,有礼貌的
willing to do favors:ACCOMMODATING
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
oblique a. 斜的,倾斜的,无诚意的,不坦率的
not straightforward:INDIRECT; also :OBSCURE
oblique←→direct
obliterate v. 涂掉,擦掉
to remove from existence:destroy utterly all trace, indication, or significance of
inspire:infuse=obliterate:remove
inter:burial=obliterate:removal
obliterate:remove=accomodate:supply { convey:conduct}
oblivious a. 易忘的,遗忘的,忘却的,健忘的
lacking remembrance, memory, or mindful attention
erudite:fathom=oblivious:neglect
cognizant←→oblivious
oblivious←→vigilant
oblivious←→mindful
vigilant←→oblivious
obscure vt. 使阴暗,隐藏,使含糊
not clearly seen or easily distinguished:FAINT
celebrity←→obscurity
explicit←→obscure
obsequious a. 谄媚的,奉承的,顺从的
marked by or exhibiting a fawning attentiveness
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
obsequious:attentiveness=??
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
supercilious←→obsequious
observatory n. 天文台,气象台,了望台
a building or place given over to or equipped for observation of natural phenomena (as in astronomy);
conservatory:music={seminary:theology }=observatory:astronomy observatory:astronomy
obsess vt.迷住;使困窘,使烦扰
to haunt or excessively preoccupy the mind of
agonized:distress=obsessed:concern
firm:intransigent=concerned:obsessed
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous
obsolete a. 荒废的,成废物的,陈旧的
a:no longer in use or no longer useful
b:of a kind or style no longer current:OLD-FASHIONED
obstacle n. 障碍
something that impedes progress or achievement
blandishment:cajole=obstacle:impede
obstinate adj.固执的,倔强的
perversely adhering to an opinion, purpose, or course in spite of reason, arguments, or persuasion
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
obstreperous adj.吵闹的,难管束的
stubbornly resistant to control:UNRULY
obstreperous←→disciplined
obstruct v. 阻塞,截断
to hinder from passage, action, or operation:IMPEDE
obstruct←→facilitate
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude
obtuse adj. 愚笨的,不锐利的
lacking sharpness or quickness of sensibility or intellect:INSENSITIVE
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse
obviate vt. 除去,排除,避免,预防
to anticipate and prevent (as a situation) or make unnecessary (as an action)
emulate:exemplary=obviate:unnecessary
occlude vt. 使闭塞,封闭,关闭,逐出
to close up or block off:OBSTRUCT
occluded←→unobstructed
obstructed←→unocclude
occult a. 神秘的,不可思议的,超自然的
not easily apprehended or understood:ABSTRUSE, MYSTERIOUS
occult←→bare/patent/readily fathomable
occurrence n. 发生,事件,发现
something that occurs
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence
ode n. 颂诗,赋
a lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling and style, varying length of line, and complexity of stanza forms
chord:tone=ode:poem
odious adj. 可憎的,讨厌的
exciting or deserving hatred or repugnance
blatant:arresting=odious:disgusting
grating:sound=acrid:odor
odious:disgust=menacing:fear
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear { immovable:stability}
hankering←→odium
odium←→infatuation
odium←→esteem
offbeat a. 不平常的,离奇的
ECCENTRIC, UNCONVENTIONAL
offbeat←→conventional
offbeat n. 弱拍
the unaccented beat of a musical measure
offend v.冒犯,得罪
to cause dislike, anger, or vexation
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
equivocation:truth=euphemism:offense/obfuscation:clarity
euphemism:offend=invulnerable:injure
euphemism:offensive=aphorism:diffuse
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
intransigent:acquiesce=deferential:offend
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
politic:offend=aloof:associate
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
offhand adj.临时,无准备的;随便,马虎的
without premeditation or preparation:EXTEMPORE
offhand←→premeditated
officious adj.爱发命令的,好忠告人的
volunteering one's services where they are neither asked nor needed:MEDDLESOME
attentive:officious=refined:snobbish {absorbed:engrossed }
officious:meddle=disaffected:rebel
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
politic←→officious
offish adj. 冷淡的
somewhat cold and reserved :STANDOFFISH
offish←→sociable
opacity n. 不透明,暖昧
the quality or state of a body that makes it impervious to the rays of light
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
opacity←→transparency
opaque adj. 不透明的,难懂的
exhibiting opacity:blocking the passage of radiant energy and especially light
slack:tension=opaque:translucence
diaphanous←→opaque
opine vt.vi. 想,以为
to express opinions
augur:predict=pundit:opine
opportune adj. 合适的,适当的
suitable or convenient for a particular occurrence
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
opportune←→inconvenient
oppose vt.反对;反抗
to place over against something so as to provide resistance, counterbalance, or contrast
oppose:thwart=treat:cure
oppression n. 压抑,沉闷,压迫手段
unjust or cruel exercise of authority or power
oppression:disagreement
opprobrious a. 嘴不干净的,无礼的,粗野的
expressive of opprobrium:SCURRILOUS
opprobrious:blameless=??
opprobrious←→irreproachable
optimization n. 最佳化
an act, process, or methodology of making something (as a design, system, or decision) as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible;
optimization:improve=??
opulent adj.富裕的,充足的
amply or plentifully provided or fashioned often to the point of ostentation
oration n. 演说,致辞,叙述法
an elaborate discourse delivered in a formal and dignified manner
orchestra n.管弦乐队
a group of musicians including especially string players organized to perform ensemble music
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
original a. 最初的,原始的,有创意的
not secondary, derivative, or imitative
babble:sense=parrot=originality
hodgepodge:uniformity=cliche:original
orthodoxy n. 正统说法,正教,信奉正教
the quality or state of being conforming to established doctrine especially in religion
religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
dissenter:orthodox=maverick:group
oscillate vt. 使振动,使动摇
to swing backward and forward like a pendulum
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
ossify v.硬化,骨化, 变得泥古不化
to become hardened or conventional and opposed to change
depreciation:value=ossification:flexible
ossify←→transcend conventions
ostentatious a. 装饰表面的,夸示的,华美的
marked by or fond of conspicuous or vainglorious and sometimes pretentious display
ostracism n. 贝壳流放,放逐,排斥
exclusion by general consent from common privileges or social acceptance
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}
ostracize←→take in
ostracize←→welcome
ostracize←→include/embrace
outgoing adj. 友善的,即将离去的
openly friendly and responsive:EXTROVERTED
extrovert:outgoing=perfectionist=exacting
outmaneuver v. 以策略制胜, 以机动性胜过
outmaneuver←→yield
outmoded a. 过时的
no longer acceptable, current, or usable
outmoded←→original
overbearing a. 傲慢的,骄傲自大的,蛮横的
harshly and haughtily arrogant
unassuming←→overbearing
overdose n. 配药量过多
too great a dose (as of a therapeutic agent)
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
overexposure a. 过度暴露
to expose excessively; especially :to expose (as film) to excessive radiation (as light)
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
overlap vt. 重叠,重复
to occupy the same area in part:lap over
infinite:exhaust=discrete:overlap
overt adj.公开的、非秘密的
open to view:MANIFEST
clandestine:secretly=overt:openly
shadowy←→overt
overture n. 前奏曲、序曲,提议,提案,初步交涉
a:an initiative toward agreement or action:PROPOSAL
b:something introductory:PRELUDE
veto:prohibitive=overture:introductory
overture:introductory=caveat:warning
overwhelm vt. 淹没,受打击,制服,压倒
to overcome by superior force or numbers
usurp:take=overwhelm:defeat
overwrought a. 过度紧张[兴奋]的
extremely excited:AGITATED
oxymoron n. 矛盾修饰法
a combination of contradictory or incongruous words
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
pacify vt. 使平静,安慰,绥靖
to allay the anger or agitation of:SOOTHE
solace:grief=pacification:anger
rankle←→pacify
tantrum←→pacify
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
discommode←→convenience/pacificate/ease/mollify
pack n. 包裹,一群,包装,背包,一副
a group of often predatory animals of the same kind ,WOLF PACK
orchestra:musician=pack:wolf
pact n. 契约,协定,条约
COMPACT; especially :an international treaty
padding n. 垫充,垫塞,填料
material with which something is padded
padding:damage=disguise:recognition
paean n. 欢乐歌,赞美歌
a joyous song or hymn of praise, tribute, thanksgiving, or triumph; broadly :ENCOMIUM, TRIBUTE
paean←→harshly lampoon
painstaking a. 辛苦的,勤勉的,小心的
taking pains:expending, showing, or involving diligent care and effort
cursory←→painstakingly thorough
palatable adj.美味的,愉快的
agreeable to the palate or taste
palatable:savory=discernible:manifest
palatial adj.宫殿般的,宏伟的
of, relating to, or being a palace
palatial:hovel=city:bucolic
palette n. 调色板,颜料
a particular range, quality, or use of color
palette:color=repertoire:play
pall v. 覆盖,使平淡无味
to lose in interest or attraction
pall←→interest/intrigue
palliate v. 减轻(痛苦),掩饰(罪行)
to reduce the violence of (a disease):ABATE
pain:analgesic=symptom:palliative
caustic←→palliating/genial
palliate←→exacerbate
pallor n. 苍白
deficiency of color especially of the face:PALENESS
palmy a. 棕榈的,多棕榈的,繁荣的
marked by prosperity:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
palpable adj. 明显的,易觉察的
easily perceptible by the mind:MANIFEST
elliptical←→palpable
palpable←→subtle
palter vi. 含糊其词,马虎处理,讨价还价,敷衍了事
to act insincerely or deceitfully:EQUIVOCATE
palter:candor=diehard:budge
palter←→candor
paltry a.无价值的,微不足道的
INFERIOR, TRASHY,TRIVIAL
paltry←→significant/important
pan v. 严厉批评
to criticize severely
barb:caustic=pan:harsh
rave←→pan
panache n. 羽饰,夸示,假威风,炫耀
dash or flamboyance in style and action:VERVE
panache←→humility
panache←→unremarkable behavior
pander v.迎合
to act as a pander; especially :to provide gratification for others' desires
panegyric n. 赞扬,夸大的颂词,推崇备至
a eulogistic oration or writing; also :formal or elaborate praise
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
panegyric:praise:valediction:farewell
panegyric←→anathema
panorama n. 全景,全貌,概论
an unobstructed or complete view of an area in every direction
pantechnicon n. 家具仓库,家具搬运车
a usually enclosed wagon or motortruck used for transportation of goods or animals
pantechnicon:furniture=??
pantry n.食品柜,餐具室
a room (as in a hotel or hospital) for preparation of foods on order
pantry:food=armory:weapons
pantry:food=closet (wardrobe):clothes
parable n. 寓言,比喻
EXAMPLE; specifically :a usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle
parable:story=homily:lecture
parabola n. 抛物线
a plane curve generated by a point moving so that its distance from a fixed point is equal to its distance from a fixed line:the intersection of a right circular cone with a plane parallel to an element of the cone
paradigmatic adj. 作为示范的,典范的
EXAMPLE, PATTERN; especially :an outstandingly clear or typical example or archetype
paradox n. 似非而是的论点,自相矛盾的话
a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true
apophasis:claim=oxymoron:paradox
paradox:contradictory=epigram:wise
paragon n. 模范,典型
a model of excellence or perfection
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
travesty←→paragon
parallel a. 平行的,相似的
extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting
paramount adj. 最重要的,最高权力的
superior to all others:SUPREME
painful:agonizing=important:paramount
paranoia n. 偏执狂
a tendency on the part of an individual or group toward excessive or irrational suspiciousness and distrustfulness of others
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
paraphrase vt. 释义
to make a restatement of a text, passage, or work giving the meaning in another form
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
parch vi. 烤干,焦干
to dry or shrivel with cold
steep←→parch
pariah n. 贱民,被社会遗弃者
a member of a low caste of southern India
paragon:admire=pariah:contempt
pariah:ostracize=prisoner:confine {traitor:execute}
parity n. 同等,同格,同位,平价
the quality or state of being equal or equivalent
parity←→inequality
parlance n. 说法,语法,语调
manner or mode of speech:IDIOM
gait:walk=parlance:speak
parochial a. 教区的,地方性的,狭小的
confined or restricted as if within the borders of a parish:limited in range or scope (as to a narrow area or region):PROVINCIAL, NARROW
parody n.嘲弄文章,拙劣的模仿
a literary or musical work in which the style of an author or work is closely imitated for comic effect or in ridicule
parody:style=mime:gesture
spoof:parody=??
parquetry n. 镶木地板艺术或图案
work in the form of usually geometrically patterned wood laid or inlaid especially for floors
fresco:wall=parquetry:floor
parrel n. 亦作 parral.『航海』绳环
a rope loop or sliding collar by which a yard or spar is held to a mast in such a way that it may be hoisted or lowered
parrot n.鹦鹉 vt. 学舌
to repeat by rote
babble:sense=parrot=originality
parry v. 挡开,避开(武器,问题等)
to evade especially by an adroit answer
duty:shirk=question:parry
parse n./v. 从语法上分析
to resolve (as a sentence) into component parts of speech and describe them grammatically
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical
specimen:dissect=sentence:parse
parsimony n. 过度节俭,吝啬
a:the quality of being careful with money or resources:THRIFT
b:the quality or state of being stingy
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
curt:words=parsimonious:resource
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
parsimonious:spend:peremptory:fawn
parsimony:miser=rebelliousness:insurgent
parsimony:frugal=hubris:pride
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
largesse←→parsimony
liberal←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→wasteful
profligate←→parsimonious
parsimonious←→prodigal
partiality n. 偏袒,偏心
the quality or state of being partial:BIAS
particularize vt.vi. 详细说明,列举,大书特书
to state in detail:SPECIFY
illustrate:pictures=particularize:details
partisan n. 党羽,同党的人,游击队员
a firm adherent to a party, faction, cause, or person; especially:one exhibiting blind, prejudiced, and unreasoning allegiance
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
patriot:country=partisan:course
passionate adj.多情的,热烈的
a:capable of, affected by, or expressing intense feeling
b:ENTHUSIASTIC, ARDENT
pastiche n. 模仿 (的手法) ; 混成 [拼凑]
a literary, artistic, musical, or architectural work that imitates the style of previous work;
pastiche←→original work
patent a. 专利的,显著的,新奇的
readily visible or intelligible:OBVIOUS
abstruse←→accessible/patent
nuance←→patent difference
occult←→bare/patent
patent←→not evident
recondite←→patent
pathology n. 病理学,病理,病状
something abnormal,deviation from propriety or from an assumed normal state of something nonliving or nonmaterial
pathological←→normal
patina n. 绿锈,光亮的外表
a superficial covering or exterior
patina←→essential quality
patriot n.爱国者,爱国主义者
one who loves his or her country and supports its authority and interests
patriot:country=partisan:course
patronize vt. 保护,支援,惠顾,庇护,赞助
to adopt an air of condescension toward:treat haughtily or coolly
condescending:patronize=obsequious:fawn
patronize:condescension=deride:mockery
paucity n. 少数,少量,缺乏
smallness of number:FEWNESS
paucity←→slew
profusion←→paucity
paunchy a. 大肚子的
having an enlarged, swollen, or protruding abdomen
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
pauper n. 贫民,被救济者,穷人
a person destitute of means except such as are derived from charity; specifically:one who receives aid from funds designated for the poor
pebble n. 小圆石,小鹅卵石
a small usually rounded stone especially when worn by the action of water
droplet:deluge=pebble:landslide
peccadillo n.小过失
a slight offense
glitch:flaw=peccadillo:error/sin/offense
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
peccadillo:offense=cameo:sculpture
peck n. 啄痕,啄食,许多 a quick light kiss
peck:kiss=glance:look { peck:kiss=peep:sound }
pedagogue n. 教师,教育者,爱假装博学者
TEACHER, SCHOOLMASTER; especially :a dull, formal, or pedantic teacher
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
pedant n. 炫学者,自夸学者的人,空谈家
one who makes a show of knowledge
martinet:discipline=pedant:learning
mawkish/maudlin:sentiment=pedantic:scholarship
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
moralistic:principled=pedantic:learned
pedestrian adj.徒步的,缺乏想像的 n.行人
COMMONPLACE, UNIMAGINATIVE
pedestrian←→imaginative
pedestrian←→uncommon
peep n. 瞥见,偷看,初现
to utter the slightest sound
{peck:kiss=peep:sound}
peeve v. 气恼,怨恨
to make peevish or resentful:ANNOY
mawkish:sentimental=peeve:annoy
placate←→peeve
pejorative adj.带有轻蔑意义的,贬低的
having negative connotations; especially :tending to disparage or belittle:DEPRECIATORY
pejorative←→laudatory
pellucid adj.清晰的,清澈的
easy to understand
venial:excuse=pellucid:understand
pellucid←→murky
murky←→clear/pellucid/limpid
penalty n. 刑罚,罚款,报应
the suffering in person, rights, or property that is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime or public offense
exempt:liability:pardon:penalty
penchant n. [对…的]强烈嗜好,偏好; 倾向[for]
a strong and continued inclination; broadly :LIKING
penchant←→aversion
penchant←→dislike
penetrate vt. 穿透,渗透,看穿
a:to pass into or through
b:to enter by overcoming resistance:PIERCE
c:to gain entrance to
impervious:penetrate=ineluctable:avoid
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
pensive a. 沉思的,哀思的,忧沉的
musingly or dreamily thoughtful
penury n.贫穷
a cramping and oppressive lack of resources (as money); especially :severe poverty
incognizance:knowledgeable=penury:wealthy
penury←→affluence
penurious←→lavish
perceptible a. 可察觉的,能感觉得到的,看得见的
capable of being perceived especially by the senses
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
peremptory adj. 专横的,不容反抗的
characterized by often imperious or arrogant self-assurance
parsimonious:spend=peremptory:fawn
peremptory←→open to challenge
perfidy n. 不诚实,背信
the quality or state of being faithless or disloyal:TREACHERY
exorbitant:moderation=perfidious:loyalty
perfidious←→faithful/loyal
perfunctorily ad. 敷衍地,潦草地,表面地
lacking in interest or enthusiasm
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
perimeter n. 周长,周界
the boundary of a closed plane figure
country:border=circle:perimeter
peripatetic adj. 巡游的
moving or traveling from place to place:ITINERANT
peripatetic←→rooted
peripheral adj.边缘的,周边的
of, relating to, involving, or forming a periphery or surface part
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
crux←→peripheral element
periphery←→central
perjury n. 伪誓,伪证
the voluntary violation of an oath or vow either by swearing to what is untrue or by omission to do what has been promised under
oath:false swearing=perjury:deposition
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
perjure←→depose
permanence n.永久,持久
the quality or state of being permanent:DURABILITY
evanescent:permanence=archaic:currency
heroic:craven=erratic:permanent
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation
interim←→permanent
transience←→permanence
permeable a. 有浸透性的,能透过的
capable of being permeated:PENETRABLE; especially :having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through
knead:malleable=penetrate:permeable
opacity:light=impermeability:fluid
waterproof←→permeable
permissivist n. 极端纵容者
granting or tending to grant permission:TOLERANT
deficient in firmness or control:INDULGENT, LAX
pernicious a. 有害的,有毒的,致命的
highly injurious or destructive:DEADLY
pernicious:injure=disingenuous:mislead
perpetual a. 永久的,不断的
continuing forever:EVERLASTING
ephemeral←→permanent/perpetual
extinction←→perpetuation
persecute vt. 迫害,虐待,困扰
to harass in a manner designed to injure, grieve, or afflict; specifically :to cause to suffer because of belief
persecute:injure=haunt:remember
persevere vi. 坚持不懈;不屈不挠
to persist in a state, enterprise, or undertaking in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
persevere←→give up
persiflage n. 挖苦,嘲弄
frivolous bantering talk:light raillery
exhortation:motivate=persiflage:incite
personable a. 风度好的,优雅的,貌美的
pleasant or amiable in person:ATTRACTIVE
personable←→unattractive
perspective n. 远景,看法,透视
an optical glass (as a telescope)
perspicacious adj. 独具慧眼的
of acute mental vision or discernment:KEEN
perspicacious←→obtuse/undiscerned
perspicuity n. 明晰,明了,简明
plain to the understanding especially because of clarity and precision of presentation
perspicuous←→dull
pertinacious adj. 顽固的
stubbornly unyielding or tenacious
pertinacious←→tractable
pertinacity←→vacillation
pertinent a. 相关的,中肯的,切题的
having a clear decisive relevance to the matter in hand
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
immaterial←→pertinent/relevant
pertinent←→irrelevant
perturb vt.使担忧
to disturb greatly in mind:DISQUIET
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
pervade vt. 弥漫,遍及,充满,渗透,漫延
to become diffused throughout every part of
pessimism n. 悲观,悲观主义
an inclination to emphasize adverse aspects, conditions, and possibilities or to expect the worst possible outcome
pesticide n. 杀虫剂
an agent used to destroy pests
insect:pesticide=plant:herbicide
pestle n. 杵,乳钵槌
a usually club-shaped implement for pounding or grinding substances in a mortar
hammer:anvil=pestle:mortar
pestle:grind=flint stone:sharpen/spice:flavor/whetstone:sharpen/spoon:stir
awl:pierce=pestle:hash
petition vt.vi. 请求,恳求,请愿
to make a request to:SOLICIT
minion:dependent=groveler:petitioner
petrography n. 岩石记述学
the description and systematic classification of rocks
petrography:rock=mural:wall
petulance n. 发脾气,生气,易怒,暴躁,性急
the quality or state of being petulant:PEEVISHNESS
philanthropic a. 博爱的
of, relating to, or characterized by philanthropy:HUMANITARIAN
philanthropist:beneficence=comedian:humor
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
philanthropist:eleemosynary==??
philistine n. 庸人,市侩
a person who is guided by materialism and is usually disdainful of intellectual or artistic values
philistine←→aesthete
philosophical a. 哲学的,冷静的,哲学上的
characterized by the attitude of a philosopher; specifically :calm or unflinching in face of trouble, defeat, or loss
phlegmatic adj. 冷静的,冷淡的,冷漠的,无活力的
having or showing a slow and stolid temperament
phlegmatic:arouse=??
phlegmatic←→spirited
phlegmatic←→vivacious
piddling a. 无用的,琐屑的
TRIVIAL, PALTRY
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
pigment n.天然色素,干粉颜料
a coloring matter in animals and plants especially in a cell or tissue;
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
pilfer vt.vi. 盗,偷,窃
STEAL; especially :to steal stealthily in small amounts and often again and again
abscond:depart=pilfer:take
pillar n. 柱子,栋梁,重要的支持者
a firm upright support for a superstructure:POST
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
derelict←→pillar of society
pillory n.颈手枷,示众,嘲弄
to expose to public contempt, ridicule, or scorn
admonish:denounce=punish:pillory{persuade:convince}
chide:pillory=humor:mollycoddle
pillory←→exalt
pilot n. 飞行员,领航员,领导人,响导,航船者
one employed to steer a ship:HELMSMAN
pilot:ship=conductor:orchestra
pine vi. 消瘦,憔悴,渴望
to yearn intensely and persistently especially for something unattainable
longing:pine=remorse:rue
pinnacle n. 小尖塔,尖峰,高峰
an upright architectural member generally ending in a small spire and used especially in Gothic construction to give weight especially to a buttress
pinpoint n. 极小之物,针尖 vt.精确地找到
extremely fine or precise
piquant adj.辛辣的,开胃的
agreeably stimulating to the palate; especially :SPICY
pique←→mollify
pithy a. 有髓的,有力的,含蓄的
having substance and point:tersely cogent
pithiness:aphorism=exaggeration:caricature
pithy←→prolix
pitiless a. 无情的,冷酷的,无怜悯心的
devoid of pity:MERCILESS
pittance n. 配给的食物,施舍少量的钱,少量
a small portion, amount, or allowance; also :a meager wage or remuneration
cornucopia←→lack/pittance
placate vt.安抚;和解
to soothe or mollify especially by concessions:APPEASE
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
galling←→placating
placate←→peeve
placate←→antagonize
placebo n.安慰剂
an inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
placebo:painkiller=backdrop:vista
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
plagiarize vt.vi. 剽窃,抄袭
to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own:use (another's production) without crediting the source
plagiarism:ideas=forgery:documents
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle
plangent adj.如泣如诉的,悲哀的
having a loud reverberating sound
plangent←→muffled
plantation n. 耕地,森林,殖民
a usually large group of plants and especially trees under cultivation
plantation:tobacco=media:bacteria
plateau n. 高地,高原
a region of little or no change in a graphic representation
plateau:change=respite:activity
plateau:slope
platitude n. 单调,平凡,陈腐
a banal, trite, or stale remark
equivocation:ambiguous=platitude:banal
platonic a. 柏拉图哲学的,柏拉图主义的,唯心的
of, relating to, or being a relationship marked by the absence of romance or sex
plausible a. 似真实的,似合理的,说得煞有其事的 ]
superficially fair, reasonable, or valuable but often specious
rationalize:plausible=??
plethora n. 过量,过剩
EXCESS, SUPERFLUITY; also :PROFUSION, ABUNDANCE
plethora←→dearth
pliable a. 易曲折的,柔软的,圆滑的
supple enough to bend freely or repeatedly without breaking
static:move=pliable:inflexible
pliable←→rigid
pliant adj.易受影响的,易弯的
easily influenced:YIELDING
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
pliant←→mulish
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
plight n. 境况,誓约,困境
to put or give in pledge:ENGAGE
plight←→favorable condition
plodding a. 沉重缓慢的,单调乏味的
working laboriously and monotonously:DRUDGE
meteoric←→plodding
plot vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
a secret plan for accomplishing a usually evil or unlawful end:INTRIGUE
cabal:association=plot:plan
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
plot:plan=inveigle:interest
plot vi. 密谋,策划n. 小块土地,地区图,情节,阴谋
the plan or main story of a literary work
choreography:dance=plot:story
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
pluck n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏
courageous readiness to fight or continue against odds:dogged resolution
pluck←→cowardice
pluck n. 勇气,猛拉,动物内脏, 弹奏
to play by sounding the strings with the fingers or a pick
horn:blow=harp:pluck
plumb vt.铅锤测定是否垂直或深度
to measure the depth of with a plumb
assess:value=plumb:depth
measure:dimensions=calibrate:diameter=gauge:pressure=plumb:depth
plumb←→examine curiously
plummet v. 垂直或突然地堕下
to drop sharply and abruptly
fall descend:plummet=move:dart
plummet:ascend=??
plump a.丰满的;鼓起的,直率的
having a full rounded usually pleasing form
a plump woman
svelte←→plump
plump vt. 突然放下,支持,使丰满,使鼓起
to drop, sink, or come in contact suddenly or heavily
plurality n. 复数,较大数,许多,兼职
a:the state of being plural
b:the state of being numerous
c:a large number or quantity
polemic n. 争论,论战
the art or practice of disputation or controversy
polemic:disputatious=invective:abusive
polish a. 擦亮的,精练的,优美的
highly developed, finished, or refined PERFECT
rustic←→polished
untutored←→polished
gaucheness←→polish
politic a. 精明的,圆滑的,慎重的,策略的
characterized by shrewdness in managing, contriving, or dealing
politic:offend=aloof:associate
politic←→unsophisticated
politic←→officious
pollster n. 民意测验家
one that conducts a poll or compiles data obtained by a poll
exponent:advocate=pollster:canvass
pompous a. 傲慢的,自大的,夸大的,豪华的
having or exhibiting self-importance:ARROGANT
nonsensical:drivel=pompous:bombast
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
ponderous adj. 笨重的,笨拙的
of very great weight
ponderous←→ethereal/gossamer/lively
slight←→ponderous
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
pontificate v. 自大武断地做,装模作样的说话
to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak
pontificate←→comment tentatively
porcelain n.瓷,瓷器
a hard, fine-grained, sonorous, nonporous, and usually translucent and white ceramic ware that consists essentially of kaolin, quartz, and feldspar and is fired at high temperatures
clay:porcelain=flax:linen
glaze:porcelain=vanish:wood
pore n.毛孔,气孔,细孔
a minute opening especially in an animal or plant; especially :one by which matter passes through a membrane
pore:membrane=door:room
porous adj. 可渗透的,多孔的
capable of being penetrated fragile:break=porous:penetrate
porous←→impenetrable
portentous a. 前兆的,不吉的,自大的,奇怪的
eliciting amazement or wonder:PRODIGIOUS
portentous←→regular
portrait n.肖像,人像,半身像,人物描写
PICTURE; especially :a pictorial representation (as a painting) of a person usually showing the face
portrait:painting=jazz:music
portrait:person=seascape:ocean
poseur n. 装模作样的人
a person who pretends to be what he or she is not:an affected or insincere person
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person
posit v.假定,认为
to assume or affirm the existence of:POSTULATE
posit←→deny as false
posterity n.后代
the offspring of one progenitor to the furthest generation
postulate v.假定,要求
to assume or claim as true, existent, or necessary:depend upon or start from the postulate of
postulate←→deny as false
posture vi. 作姿势
to assume an artificial or pretended attitude:ATTITUDINIZE
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
posture←→behave naturally
potable adj. 适于饮用的
suitable for drinking
potable:beverage=habitable:dwelling
potentate n. 有权的人,有势力的人,统治者
RULER, SOVEREIGN; broadly :one who wields great power or sway
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
potentate←→subject
potentiate n. 统治者,当权者 vt. 赋与力量,加强
to make effective or active or more effective or more active; also :to augment the activity of (as a drug) synergistically
deactivate←→potentiate
pout vt.vi. 撅嘴,绷脸
to show displeasure by thrusting out the lips or wearing a sullen expression
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
pout←→grin
prairie n. 大草原,牧场
a large area of level or rolling land in the Mississippi valley that in its natural uncultivated state usually has deep fertile soil, a cover of tall coarse grasses, and few trees
albino:pigment=prairie:tree
prate vi. 唠唠叨叨的讲,闲聊,空谈
to talk long and idly:CHATTER
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
prate:speak=saunter:walk
preach vt.vi. 传道,讲道,鼓吹,宣讲,说教
to deliver a sermon
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
precarious a.不稳定的
characterized by a lack of security or stability that threatens with danger
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
precarious←→secure/stable
precedent n. 先例,前例
prior in time, order, arrangement, or significance
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
unique:precedent=infinite:end
precipice n. 悬崖
a very steep or overhanging place
precipice:steepness=defile:narrowness
precipitous←→level
precipitate v. 加速,促成adj. 匆忙的,鲁莽的
to bring about especially abruptly
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
precipitation n.急躁,降雨(量)
something precipitated:as a deposit on the earth of hail, mist, rain, sleet, or snow
snow:precipitation=hurricane:cyclone
precipitous adj. 陡峭的,仓促的
very steep, perpendicular, or overhanging in rise or fall
precipitous←→gradually sloping
precursor n. 先驱者,前导,先进者
one that precedes and indicates the approach of another
precursory←→derivative
predecessor n. 前任,先辈,以前的东西
one that precedes; especially :a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded
legacy:predecessor=gift:donor
preeminent a. 优秀的,超群的,卓越的
having paramount rank, dignity, or importance:OUTSTANDING
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
preempt v. 以先买权取得,取代
to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority:take precedence over
preempt:precedence=acquire:possession
preen v. 整理羽毛,(人)打扮修饰
to dress or smooth (oneself) up:PRIMP
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
preen←→ruffle
preface n. 序文,绪言,前言
the introductory remarks of a speaker or author
preface←→epilogue
prefatory←→conclusive
pregnant a. 怀孕的,充满的,含蓄的
abounding in fancy, wit, or resourcefulness:INVENTIVE
inane←→expressive, meaningful, pregnant, significant, weighty
preliminary a. 初步的,开始的,预备的
coming before and usually forming a necessary prelude to something else
premeditated a. 预先想过的,预谋的,有计划的
characterized by fully conscious willful intent and a measure of forethought and planning
offhand←→premeditated
spontaneous←→premeditate
preponderant a. 以重胜的,优势的,压倒性的
having superior weight, force, or influence
preeminence:importance=preponderance:weight
preponderant←→commensurate
prepossessing a. 讨人欢喜的,有魅力的,给人好感的
tending to create a favorable impression:ATTRACTIVE
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
preposterous adj. 荒谬的,可笑的
contrary to nature, reason, or common sense:ABSURD
preposterous←→commonsensical
presage vt. 成为...的前兆,预示,预言
FORETELL, PREDICT
harbinger:presage=archetype:exemplify
prescription n. 处方,命令,指示
a written direction for a therapeutic or corrective agent; specifically :one for the preparation and use of a medicine
overdose:prescription=indiscretion:convention
presentiment n. 预感,预觉
a feeling that something will or is about to happen:PREMONITION
preservative n. 预防法,预防药,防腐剂
something that preserves or has the power of preserving; specifically:an additive used to protect against decay, discoloration, or spoilage
censorship:communication=preservative:decay
presumptuous a. 放肆的,冒昧的,冒失的
overstepping due bounds (as of propriety or courtesy):taking liberties
transgression:morality=:presumption:propriety presumptuous:unruly
pretense n. 借口,虚假,伪装
an inadequate or insincere attempt to attain a certain condition or quality
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
prevail vi.胜,优胜;流行
to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority:TRIUMPH
prevalent adj.流行的,普遍的
generally or widely accepted, practiced, or favored:WIDESPREAD
prevalent←→unusual
prevaricate vi. 支吾其辞,搪塞,撒谎
to deviate from the truth:EQUIVOCATE
blandishment:coax=prevarication:deceive
equivocation:clarity=prevarication:truth
prime n. 最佳部分,初期
the earliest stage
prime←→uninitial
primordial a. 原始的;初发的
existing in or persisting from the beginning
primordial←→most recent
primp vt.vi. 打扮,装饰
to dress, adorn, or arrange in a careful or finicky manner
primp:vain=gloat:smug
principal a. 主要的,重要的,首要的
most important, consequential, or influential:CHIEF
principal←→subordinate
prissy a. 谨小慎微的,神经质的,为小事挂虑的
being prim and precise:FINICKY
pristine a. 原来的,古时的,原始的,纯净的,无垢的
not spoiled, corrupted, or polluted (as by civilization):PURE
pristine:decay=stable:fluctuation
squalid←→pristine
pristine←→taint
privilege n.特权,优惠
a right or immunity granted as a peculiar benefit, advantage, or favor:PREROGATIVE; especially :such a right or immunity attached specifically to a position or an office
probe v.探索,探测
to make a searching exploratory investigation
cavil:criticize=probe:investigate
probity n. 刚直,正直
adherence to the highest principles and ideals:UPRIGHTNESS
probity←→unscrupulousness
procrastinate v. 耽搁,拖延
to put off intentionally the doing of something that should be done
dilatory:procrastinate=malcontent:complain
husbandry:dissipate=alacrity:procrastinate
procrastination←→diligence
procure vt. 获得,取得,促成
to get possession of:obtain by particular care and effort
procure←→relinquish
prod vt. 戳,刺,刺激
to incite to action:STIR
rein←→prod
prodigal a. 浪费的,挥霍的,放荡的
characterized by wasteful expenditure:LAVISH
mean:prodigality=meek:arrogance
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
parsimonious:save=prodigal:spend
husbandry←→prodigality
parsimonious←→prodigal
prodigy n. 惊人的事物,不凡的人,神童
a:an extraordinary, marvelous, or unusual accomplishment, deed, or event
b:a highly talented child or youth
prodigy:person=miracle:occurrence
prodigious←→slight
profane v. 亵渎,玷污
to treat (something sacred) with abuse, irreverence, or contempt:DESECRATE
pierce:impenetrable=profane:inviolable
inviolable←→profane/impure
proffer v. 献出,赠送,n. 提议,建议
to present for acceptance:TENDER, OFFER
proffer←→retain
profligate adj. 挥金如土的,n. 挥霍者
wildly extravagant:PRODIGAL
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
querulous:words=profligate:money
loquacious:word=profligate:money
profligate←→parsimonious
provident←→profligate
barren←→profligate
proliferate←→dwindle
profusion n.丰富、大量、浪费
great quantity:lavish display or supply
profusion←→paucity
profuse←→scanty
prolix adj.罗嗦的,冗长的
marked by or using an excess of words
pithy←→prolix
prolixity←→succinctness
taciturn←→prolix
prolong vt. 延长,拖延,拖长
to lengthen in extent, scope, or range
prolong←→truncate
prominent a. 卓越的,显著的,凸出的,突起的
a:readily noticeable:CONSPICUOUS
b:widely and popularly known:LEADING
promote vt. 促进,升迁,创办
to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER
abate←→intensify/promote
subside←→promote
propagate vt.繁殖;传播,普及
to cause to spread out and affect a greater number or greater area:EXTEND
propagate←→check
propensity n. 习性;倾向
an often intense natural inclination or preference
propensity←→aversion
prosperous a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
marked by success or economic well-being
prosperous←→depressed
prophetic a. 预言的,先知的,预示的
foretelling events:PREDICTIVE
propitiate vt. 慰抚,安抚,和解( a. propitiatory)
to gain or regain the favor or goodwill of:APPEASE, CONCILIATE
immutable:altered=implacable:propitiated
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
propitiate←→incense
propitiate←→antagonize
propitious a. 顺利的,适合的,吉祥的,慈悲的
favorably disposed:BENEVOLENT
proposal n.提案,建议
an act of putting forward or stating something for consideration
prosaic a.单调的,无趣的
DULL, UNIMAGINATIVE,EVERYDAY, ORDINARY
prosaic←→exceptional/imaginary/exciting
proscribe v. (当作危险物而) 禁止<习惯等>,排斥
to condemn or forbid as harmful or unlawful:PROHIBIT
proscribed←→permitted
prosecution n. 实行,经营,起诉
the act or process of prosecuting; specifically :the institution and continuance of a criminal suit involving the process of pursuing formal charges against an offender to final judgment
mediation:compromise=prosecution:conviction
proselytize vi. 劝诱改宗
to recruit or convert especially to a new faith, institution, or cause
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
prosperous a. 成功的,繁盛的,顺利的,幸运的
a:marked by success or economic well-being
b:enjoying vigorous and healthy growth:FLOURISHING
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
impecunious←→wealthy/prosperous/affluent
prostrate a. 拜倒的,降伏的,伏地的,沮丧的,衰竭的
stretched out with face on the ground in adoration or submission; also :lying flat
prostrate←→erect
protagonist n. 主演,主角,主唱者
a:the principal character in a literary work (as a drama or story)
b:a leading actor, character, or participant in a literary work or real event
protean a.千变万化的,变化不定的
displaying great diversity or variety:VERSATILE
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
protean←→static
protest vt.vi. 反对,抗议,拒付,主张,断言
to execute or have executed a formal protest against (as a bill or note)
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
protocol n. 外交礼节,协议
a code prescribing strict adherence to correct etiquette and precedence
protocol:blunder=bumper:damage
protract v.延长,拖长
to prolong in time or space:CONTINUE
protract:length=throng:number
protract←→curtail
protuberant a. 突起的,凸出的,显著的
thrusting out from a surrounding or adjacent surface often as a rounded mass:PROMINENT
protuberant←→depressed
provident adj. 深谋远虑的,节俭的
FRUGAL, SAVING
provident←→profligate
provincial a. 省的,地方的,偏狭的
limited in outlook:NARROW
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
provisional a. 暂时的,暂定的,临时的
serving for the time being:TEMPORARY
definitive←→provisional
provisory a. 有附文的,有附带条件的,暂时的
containing or subject to a proviso:CONDITIONAL
provisory←→unconditional
provoke vt. 激怒,惹起,驱使
to call forth (as a feeling or action):EVOKE
choleric←→difficult to provoke
jejune←→thought provoking
prowess n. 英勇,勇敢,超凡技术
distinguished bravery; especially :military valor and skill
prowess←→timid
prude n. 装成规矩的女人,过分正经的女人
a person who is excessively or priggishly attentive to propriety or decorum; especially :a woman who shows or affects extreme modesty
fanatic:devoted=prude:proper
prudent a. 审慎的,三思而后行的,精明的,节俭的
marked by circumspection:DISCREET
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
fool←→prudent
prudish a. 装淑女样子的,装规矩的,过分规矩的
marked by prudery:PRIGGISH
scholarly:pedantic=modest:prudish
prune n. 干梅子,梅干,深紫红色,傻瓜
a plum dried or capable of drying without fermentation
prune:plum=raisin:grape
pry v.刺探,打听,撬开
to look closely or inquisitively; also :to make a nosy or presumptuous inquiry
psychology n. 心理学,心理状态
the study of mind and behavior in relation to a particular field of knowledge or activity
fungi:ecologist=motivation:psychologist
puckish adj. 爱恶作剧的精灵似的; 爱恶作剧的,淘气的,顽皮的
IMPISH, WHIMSICAL
puckish←→sober
puckish←→grave
puerile adj. 幼稚的,儿童的
CHILDISH, SILLY
puerile←→sagacious
pulchritude n. 美丽
physical comeliness
pulchritude←→ugliness ,hideous
pullet n. 小母鸡,小姑娘
a young hen; specifically :a hen of the domestic chicken less than a year old filly:horse=pullet:chicken
punch line n. 结论,点睛之笔
the sentence, statement, or phrase (as in a joke) that makes the point
joke:punch line=plot:denouement
punctilious a. 精密细心的,一丝不苟的,拘泥形式的
marked by or concerned about precise accordance with the details of codes or conventions
punctilious←→remiss
pundit n.权威人士,专家
one who gives opinions in an authoritative manner:CRITIC
augur:predict=pundit:opine
authoritativeness:pundits=allegiance:partisans
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
pundit:opinion=augur:prediction
pungent a. 苦痛的,刺激性的,严厉的
causing a sharp or irritating sensation; especially :ACRID
pungency←→blandness
puny a. 微小的,弱小的,微不足道的
slight or inferior in power, size, or importance:WEAK
measly:contemptibly=puny:weakly
purgatory n. 灵魂的净化,涤罪,炼狱
an intermediate state after death for expiatory purification; specifically :a place or state of punishment wherein according to Roman Catholic doctrine the souls of those who die in God's grace may make satisfaction for past sins and so become fit for heaven
purity n. 杂质,不洁,不纯
the quality or state of being pure
mosquito:netting=impurity:filter
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
winnow:grain=purify:water
distill:purity=leaven:volume
inviolable←→profane/impure
purlieu n. 森林边缘地,常去的地方,范围,界限
a frequently visited place:HAUNT
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu
purloin vt.vi. 偷窃,盗取
to appropriate wrongfully and often by a breach of trust
lurk:wait=purloin:appropriate/abscond:depart
pursue vt. 追赶,追踪,追捕,追随,追求,
to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or defeat
purvey v. (大量)供给,供应
to supply (as provisions) usually as a matter of business
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
pusillanimous adj. 懦弱的,胆小的
lacking courage and resolution:marked by contemptible timidity
dauntless←→pusillanimous
pusillanimous←→stouthearted
temerity←→pusillanimity/circumspection
valiance←→pusillanimous
quaff vt.vi. 一口气喝干,大口地喝
to drink (a beverage) deeply
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=delve:skim
quail vi. 胆怯,畏缩
to recoil in dread or terror:COWER
quail←→become resolute
quaint a. 古雅的,离奇有趣的,奇怪的
unusual or different in character or appearance:ODD
qualified a.合格的,受限制的
limited or modified in some way
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
absolute←→qualified
categorical←→qualified/conditional
quarantine n. 隔离检疫期,隔离
to isolate from normal relations or communication
embargo:commerce=quarantine:contact
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
quarry n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
an open excavation usually for obtaining building stone, slate, or limestone
mine:ore=quarry:rock
quarry n. 采石场,猎物,追求物,出处
one that is sought or pursued:PREY
hunter:quarry=proselytizer:convert
quash v. 取消,拒绝接受,撤销
to suppress or extinguish summarily and completely
quash←→engender
quell vt. 压制,平息,减轻
to thoroughly overwhelm and reduce to submission or passivity
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
quench vt. 熄灭,结束,冷浸,淬火
to cool (as heated metal) suddenly by immersion (as in oil or water)
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
querulous adj. 抱怨的,多牢骚的
habitually complaining
querulous:words=profligate:money
questionnaire n. 调查表,问卷,调查表
set of questions for obtaining statistically useful or personal information from individuals
queue vi.排长队 n.一行
a waiting line especially of persons or vehicles
colonnade:pillar=queue:person
queue:people=chain:link=colonnade:pillar
quibble n. 遁辞,谬论,双关话 v. 推托,诡辩,说模棱两可的话
to evade the point of an argument by caviling about words
encomiast:eulogize=quibble:cavil
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
quiescent a. 静止的,不活动的,寂静的
marked by inactivity or repose:tranquilly at rest
tumult←→quietude/quiescence
quip n. 名言,讽刺语 v. 讽刺,嘲弄
a:a clever usually taunting remark:GIBE
b:a witty or funny observation or response usually made on the spur of the moment
quixotic adj. 不切实际的,空想的
foolishly impractical especially in the pursuit of ideals; especially :marked by rash lofty romantic ideas or extravagantly chivalrous action
quixotic←→displaying consistently practical behavior
quotidian adj.每日的,平凡的
COMMONPLACE, ORDINARY
quotidian←→remarkable
quotidian←→striking
rabble n. 乌合之众,暴民,下等人
a disorganized or disorderly crowd of people:MOB
items:hodgepodge=people:rabble
rabid a. 猛烈的,热烈的,急进的,疯狂的,固执的,狂怒的
extremely violent:FURIOUS rabid←→logical
racketeer n. 敲诈者,获取不正当钱财的人
one who obtains money by an illegal enterprise usually involving intimidation
raconteur n.善于讲故事的人 '
a person who excels in telling anecdotes
raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing
racy a. 保持原味的,活泼的,生动的
a:full of zest or vigor
b:having a strongly marked quality:PIQUANT
tame←→racy
raffish a. 名誉不好的,无赖的,卑鄙的,艳俗的
marked by or suggestive of flashy vulgarity or crudeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
raffle n. 抽彩售货,废物
a lottery in which the prize is won by one of numerous persons buying chances lottery:raffle=ticket:admission
rafter n. 椽,椽架屋顶,筏夫
any of the parallel beams that support a roof
roof:rafter=table:leg
rage n. 愤怒,情绪激动,狂暴
violent and uncontrolled anger bigot=dedication=rage:anger
gush:effusive=rage:irate
ragged a. 衣衫褴褛的,参差的,刺耳的,粗糙的,不协调的
torn or worn to tatters
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety
rail vi. 责骂,抱怨,n. 横杆,围栏,栏杆,秧鸡,扶手
to revile or scold in harsh, insolent, or abusive language
ramble vi. 漫步,漫谈,漫游,蔓延
to move aimlessly from place to place
draw:doodle=travel:ramble
rambunctious a. 粗暴的,难控制的,骚乱的
marked by uncontrollable exuberance:UNRULY
rampart n. 垒,壁垒,城墙
a protective barrier:BULWARK
tower:edifice=rampart:barrier
ramshackle adj. 摇摇欲坠的
appearing ready to collapse:RICKETY
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
rancid a. 腐臭的
offensive in odor or flavor:RANK
rancor n.深仇,怨恨
bitter deep-seated ill will
rancor←→goodwill
rancor←→charitableness
range n. 排,行,山脉,射程,行列
a series of things in a line:ROW
a series of mountains
range:mountain=chain:link {archipelago:island }
ranger n. 守林人,骑警,徘徊者
the keeper of a British royal park or forest
ranger:forest=curator:museum
rank a. 繁茂的,恶臭的,讨厌的,下流的
offensive in odor or flavor; especially :RANCID
rankle v. (怨恨,失望等)难以释怀
to cause anger, irritation, or deep bitterness
rankle←→pacify
rankle←→calm
rant vt.vi. 咆哮,激昂地说
to scold vehemently
fear:cower=anger:rant
rapacious a. 强夺的,贪欲的,贪婪的
excessively grasping or covetous
troubled:distraught=covetous:rapacious
rapport n.和睦,意见一致
RELATION; especially :relation marked by harmony, conformity, accord, or affinity
rapprochement n. (尤指国与国之间的) 建立或恢复友谊或和睦关系
establishment of or state of having cordial relations
estrangement←→rapprochement
rapt a. 全神贯注的,入迷的,出神的
wholly absorbed:ENGROSSED
intrepid:deter=rapt:distract
rapt←→distracted
rash a.轻率的;鲁莽的
marked by or proceeding from undue haste or lack of deliberation or caution
obsessed:attracted=rash:adventurous
loquacious:talkative=rash:adventurous
raisin n. 葡萄干
a grape of any of several varieties that has been dried in the sun or by artificial heat
prune:plum=raisin:grape
raspy a. 刺耳的,粗糙的,易怒的
HARSH, GRATING
mellifluous←→raspy
ratify vt. 认可;批准
to approve and sanction formally:CONFIRM
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
ratiocination n. 推理,推论
the process of exact thinking:REASONING
ratiocination:thinking=articulate:talking
ration n. 定额,定量,配给
a food allowance for one day
dose:medicine=ration:food
rationalize:plausible=
raucous a. 沙哑的,粗声的,刺耳的
disagreeably harsh or strident:HOARSE
ravel vi. 散开,解除
to separate or undo the texture of:UNRAVEL
ravel←→knit
ravenous a. 贪婪的,饿极的,渴望的,狼吞虎咽的
very eager or greedy for food, satisfaction, or gratification
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{ravenous:satisfied}
rave←→pan
raze vt.摧毁,破坏,抹去,消除
to destroy to the ground:DEMOLISH
raze←→build
reactant n. 反应物
a substance that enters into and is altered in the course of a chemical reaction
reactant←→inert material
reactionary adj.反动的
relating to, marked by, or favoring reaction; especially :ultraconservative in politics
contumacious:authority=reactionary/hidebound/conservative:change/innovation/novelty
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
ream n. 令,大量的纸
a quantity of paper being 20 quires or variously 480, 500, or 516 sheets
ream:paper=cord:wood
reaper n. 收割者,收割机
one that reaps; especially :any of various machines for reaping grain
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter
reassure v. 使安心,安慰
to restore to confidence
feed:hunger=reassure:uneasiness
rebuff vt. 严厉拒绝
to reject or criticize sharply:SNUB
rebuff←→approve
rebus n. 谜,画谜
a representation of words or syllables by pictures of objects or by symbols whose names resemble the intended words or syllables in sound; also :a riddle made up of such pictures or symbols
rebus:dissimulation=??
recalcitrant adj.固执的,顽抗的
obstinately defiant of authority or restraint
incongruent:conform=recalcitrant:obey
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
recant vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to withdraw or repudiate (a statement or belief) formally and publicly:RENOUNCE
apostasy:faith=recantation:heresy
recant:declare=??
recant←→reaffirm
recant vi. 放弃信仰,撤消声明,公开认错
to make an open confession of error
recantation:error=confession:crime recant←→reaffirm
receipt n. 收据,收入,收到
a writing acknowledging the receiving of goods or money
recessive a. 退行的,逆行的,后退的,隐性的
producing little or no phenotypic effect when occurring in heterozygous condition with a contrasting allele
dominant←→recessive
recidivism n. 累犯,重犯 '
a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behavior; especially :relapse into criminal behavior
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
reciprocate vi. 往复运动,互换,酬答
to move forward and backward alternately
reciprocating←→moving unidirectional
reckless a. 不注意的,大意的,卤莽的,不顾后果的
marked by lack of proper caution:careless of consequences
circumspect←→audacious/reckless
reclaim v. 要求收回,要求恢复,开垦,填筑
a:to recall from wrong or improper conduct:REFORM
b:TAME, SUBDUE
recluse n. 隐遁者,遁世者
a person who leads a secluded or solitary life
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
recluse:communicate=??
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
turncoat:consistency:recluse:compassion
recoil vi. 退却,畏缩,弹回,报应,反冲,撤退
to fall back under pressure
recoil:advanced
reconcile vt. 使和解,调停,使和谐,使听从,使顺从,使一致
to make consistent or congruous
rift←→reconciliation
recondite adj. 深奥的,难解的
difficult or impossible for one of ordinary understanding or knowledge to comprehend:DEEP
recondite←→widely understood
recondite←→patent
recondite←→self explain
reconnoiter vi. 侦察,勘查,勘测; 观察,探究
to make a reconnaissance of
reconnoiter:information=??
reconstitute vt. 重新组成,重新设立
to constitute again or anew; especially :to restore to a former condition by adding water
reconstitute←→dehydrate
rectify v. 改正,调正
to correct by removing errors:ADJUST
rectify:treaty=confirm:hypothesis
rectitude n. 诚实,正直
moral integrity:RIGHTEOUSNESS
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse{impeccable:flaw=indolent:stir}
inequity←→rectitude
redolent adj. 芬芳的芳香的 exuding fragrance:AROMATIC
redolent←→unscented
redoubtable adj.可敬畏的,可怕的,厉害的,著名的
ILLUSTRIOUS, EMINENT; broadly :worthy of respect
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
redress n./v. 改正,修正, 赔偿,救济,矫正
to set right:REMEDY
redundant a. 多余的,过多的,冗长的
exceeding what is necessary or normal:SUPERFLUOUS
indigent:wealth=redundant:indispensability
reel n. 卷轴,一卷,蹒跚,旋转,纺车
a revolvable device on which something flexible is wound
reel:winging=die:shaping
refectory n. 餐厅,休息室
a dining hall (as in a monastery or college)
refinery n.精炼厂,提炼厂
a building and equipment for refining or processing (as oil or sugar)
refinery:petroleum=mill:grain
crass←→refined
refine←→reduce purity
reflective a. 反射的,反映的,熟虑的
marked by reflection:THOUGHTFUL, DELIBERATIVE
refractory adj.难驾驭的,(病)难治的
resisting control or authority:STUBBORN, UNMANAGEABLE
adamant:flexibility=refractory:control
recalcitrant/refractory:authority=reactionary:change
refractory←→responsive
refresh vt. 使清新,使恢复,使生气蓬勃
to restore strength and animation to:REVIVE
disgruntle←→refresh
refugee n. 难民,流亡者
one that flees; especially :a person who flees to a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution
refugee:asylum=??
refuse vt.拒绝 vt.拒绝n. 废物
TRASH, GARBAGE
refute vt. 驳倒,反驳
to prove wrong by argument or evidence:show to be false or erroneous
refutation←→verification
regard n. 关心,注意,问候,关系,尊敬
a feeling of respect and affection:ESTEEM
exemplary:imitation=culpable:blame/redoubtable:regard
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
regenerate a. 新生的,再生的
restored to a better, higher, or more worthy state
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
regimen n. 养生法,生活规则
a systematic plan (as of diet, therapy, or medication) especially when designed to improve and maintain the health of a patient
regimen:health=mnemonics:memory
regimen:health=budget:solvency
regression n. 复原,逆行,退步
a trend or shift toward a lower or less perfect state
regressive←→forward
rehabilitation n. 复原
a:to restore to a former state (as of efficiency, good management, or solvency)
b:to restore or bring to a condition of health or useful and constructive activity
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
recycle:disposal=rehabilitate:demolition
reign n. 执政,君主统治,统治,支配
royal authority:SOVEREIGNTY
coronation:reign=wedding:marriage
rein n.缰绳 vi.驾驭,控制
to check or stop by or as if by a pull at the reins
rein←→prod
reiterate v. 重申,反复地说
to state or do over again or repeatedly sometimes with wearying effect
digress:excursive=reiterate:redundant
relapse vi. 故态复萌,再陷邪道,再度堕落
to slip or fall back into a former worse state
recidivism:relapse=rehabilitation:convalesce
release vt. 释放,解放,放松,豁免,免除
to set free from restraint, confinement, or servitude
constrain←→release
immure←→release
relentless a. 无情的,冷酷的,残酷的
showing or promising no abatement of severity, intensity, strength, or pace:UNRELENTING
inexorable←→relenting
relevant a. 有关联的,中肯的,有关系的,适当的
having significant and demonstrable bearing on the matter at hand
immaterial:relevance=peripheral:center
immaterial:relevance=circuitous:directness
relevant:crucial=perceptible:obvious
relevant←→immaterial
religion n. 宗教,信仰
a cause, principle, or system of beliefs held to with ardor and faith religion:devoutness=canon:orthodoxy
relinquish vt. 放弃,撤回,让与,放手
a:to stop holding physically:RELEASE
b:to give over possession or control of:YIELD
procure←→relinquish
relinquish←→cling to
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure
relish n. 滋味,风味,美味,爱好,食欲
characteristic flavor; especially :pleasing or zestful flavor
remiss adj. 疏忽的,不留心的
showing neglect or inattention:LAX
assiduous←→remiss
punctilious←→remiss
remnant n. 残余物,零头布料
a usually small part, member, or trace remaining
shred:remnant=??
remodel vt. 改造,改型,改变
to alter the structure of:REMAKE
construct:remodel=compose:edit
remonstrance n.抗议,抱怨
an earnest presentation of reasons for opposition or grievance; especially :a document formally stating such points
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
remonstrator:dissuade=applicant:appeal
remonstrance:dissuade=syllogism:disprove
remorse n. 懊悔,悔恨
a gnawing distress arising from a sense of guilt for past wrongs:SELF-REPROACH
longing:pine=remorse:rue
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
remunerate vt. 给与报酬,赔偿,酬劳
to pay an equivalent to for a service, loss, or expense:RECOMPENSE
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury
remunerative←→unrequited
rend v.撕裂,猛拉
to split or tear apart or in pieces by violence
rend←→unite/mend
rend←→repair
renounce vi. 垫牌,放弃权利
to give up, refuse, or resign usually by formal declaration
claim←→renounce
renovate vt. 更新,革新,恢复,修复,刷新
to restore to a former better state (as by cleaning, repairing, or rebuilding)
renovate←→cause to decay
repartee n. 机灵的回答
a succession or interchange of clever retorts:amusing and usually light sparring with words
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}
repatriate v. (自异国)遣返
to restore or return to the country of origin, allegiance, or citizenship
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
repeal v. 废除(法律)
to rescind or annul by authoritative act; especially :to revoke or abrogate by legislative enactment
repatriate:emigration=repeal:ratification
repel vt. 逐退,抵制,使厌恶,抗据
a:to drive back:REPULSE
b:to drive away:DISCOURAGE
court←→repel intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
repellent adj. 令人厌恶的
serving or tending to drive away or ward off
repellent:attract=ephemeral:endure
repertoire n. 全部剧目,保留剧目,全部技能
the complete list or supply of dramas, operas, or musical works available for performance
palette:color=repertoire:play
repertoire:performance=manifest:cargo=agenda:meeting
replete adj. 饱满的,塞满的
fully or abundantly provided or filled
repletion←→want
repose n. 休息,睡眠,静止
to take a rest
guilt:expiation=fatigue:repose
reprehensible a. 应斥责的,应该谴责的
worthy of or deserving reprehension:CULPABLE
lamentable:pity=reprehensible:censure
remonstrance:dissuade=reprehensible:censure
censure:blameless=approbation:reprehensible
repressed adj. 被压抑的,被抑制的
characterized by restraint
unrepressed←→restrained
reprieve n. 缓刑,缓刑令,暂缓
to delay the punishment of (as a condemned prisoner)
reprieve:punishment=moratorium:activity
reprimand n./v. 训诫,谴责
to reprove sharply or censure formally usually from a position of authority
reprisal n.(政治或军事的)报复
a:the act or practice in international law of resorting to force short of war in retaliation for damage or loss suffered
b:an instance of such action
reproach n. 责备,耻辱
an expression of rebuke or disapproval
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
scurvy←→above reproach
opprobrious←→irreproachable
reprobate v. 谴责,指责 n./adj. 堕落的(人)
to condemn strongly as unworthy, unacceptable, or evil
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
reprobate←→righteous individual
reproof n. 斥责,责备
criticism for a fault:REBUKE
castigation:reproof=denunciation:denial/glorification:merit
reprove v. 责骂,申斥
to scold or correct usually gently or with kindly intent
pretense:deceive=admonition:reprove
reprove:reprimand=blame:censure
repudiate vt. 离婚,抛弃,拒绝履行,拒付
a:to refuse to accept; especially :to reject as unauthorized or as having no binding force
b:to reject as untrue or unjust
repugnant adj. 令人厌恶的
exciting distaste or aversion
odious:repugnance=menacing:fear
cogent:convince=repugnant:repel
repulse v./n. 驱逐,击退,厌恶
to drive or beat back:REPEL
captivate←→repulse
court←→repulse intentionally
entrancing←→disappoint, disgust, repel, repulse; bore
rescind v.废除,取消 (n. rescission)
to make void (as an act) by action of the enacting authority or a superior authority:REPEAL
rescind←→institute
rescission←→enactment
resentment n. 怨恨,愤恨
a feeling of indignant displeasure or persistent ill will at something regarded as a wrong, insult, or injury
reserved adj. 说话不多的,隐讳的,缄默的,冷淡的,性格孤独的
restrained in words and actions
expansive←→reserved/diffident
resign v.辞(职);放弃
to give up one's office or position:QUIT
abdicate:throne=resign:office
resin n.树脂,松脂
any of various solid or semisolid amorphous fusible flammable natural organic substances that are usually transparent or translucent and yellowish to brown, are formed especially in plant secretions, are soluble in organic solvents (as ether) but not in water, are electrical nonconductors, and are used chiefly in varnishes, printing inks, plastics, and sizes and in medicine
resin:tree=gum:rubber plant
resolute 坚决的,刚毅的,毅然的
marked by firm determination:RESOLVED
malleable:shape=irresolute:opinion
daunt←→make resolute
jittery←→resolute
resonant adj. (声音)洪亮的,共鸣的
full-bodied:flavor=resonant:sound
resourceful a. 策略的,机智的,资源丰富的
able to meet situations:capable of devising ways and means
resourceful:inventiveness=philanthropic:geniality
respite n. 休息,中止,暂缓
a period of temporary delay; especially :REPRIEVE
fast:eat=respite:labor
plateau:change=respite:activity
resplendent adj.华丽的,辉煌的
shining brilliantly:characterized by a glowing splendor
bootless:futility=effulgent:resplendence
bravura:performance=resplendent:appearance
resplendent←→dull
responsive a. 回答的,应答的,易感应的
quick to respond or react appropriately or sympathetically:SENSITIVE
dispassionate←→responsive
restive adj. 不安静的,不安宁的倔强, 难以驾御
marked by impatience:FIDGETY
incogitant:thoughtful=restive:calm
restive:calmness=piddling:considerable
restive:calmness=keen:obtuse restive←→calm/imperturbable
restiveness←→contentment
restore vt. 回复,恢复,修复,修补
to put or bring back into existence or use
dilapidated←→restored
restrain vt.抑制,制止,遏制
to limit, restrict, or keep under control
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
bridled←→without restraint
fervid←→restrained
unrepressed←→restrained
resurgence n. 再起,复活,再现
a rising again into life, activity, or prominence:RENASCENCE
resuscitate v.使复活,使苏醒
to revive from apparent death or from unconsciousness; also:REVITALIZE
extinct←→resuscitated
resuscitation←→enervation
retainer n. 家臣,扈从,保持者
a person attached or owing service to a household; especially :SERVANT
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
retaliate v. 报复,反击
to repay (as an injury) in kind
remuneration:service=retaliation:injury
retard vt. 妨碍,延迟,迟缓
to slow up especially by preventing or hindering advance or accomplishment:IMPEDE
divert:shunt=retard:brake
catalyze←→retard
expedite←→retard
precipitate←→retard/dilatory
reticent adj.沉默不语的
restrained in expression, presentation, or appearance
reticent:talk=abstemious:gorge
reticent:voluble=??
reticent←→loquacious
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
retinue n. 侍从,随员
a group of retainers or attendants
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
retort vi. 反驳,回嘴,反击
to pay or hurl back:RETURN
repartee:retort=debate:issue {advisement:product}
retort:response=??
retouch vt. vi. 润饰,修正
to alter (as a photographic negative) to produce a more desirable appearance
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture
retract vt. vi. 缩回,收回,取消,撤消
TAKE BACK, WITHDRAW
misunderstood:clarify=erroneous:retract
foster←→retract
retreat n. 休息寓所,撤退,避难所,退避,隐居
the usually forced withdrawal of troops from an enemy or from an advanced position
incursion←→retreat
retrench v. 节省,削减
a:CUT DOWN, REDUCE
b:to cut out:EXCISE
retrench←→enlarge
retrospective adj. 追想的,回顾的
affecting things past:RETROACTIVE
retrospective←→anticipatory
revenge n. 报仇,复仇,报复
to inflict injury in return for
mercenary:money=vindictive:revenge
revere v.尊崇,尊敬
to show devoted deferential honor to:regard as worthy of great honor
reverence:respect=avidity:enthusiasm
reverent:idolater=trusting:dupe
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
elegiac:sorrow=devotional:reverence
revere←→jape at
revise vt. 校订,修正,校正
to make a new, amended, improved, or up-to-date version of
revise:manuscript=retouch:picture
revive vi. 苏醒,复活,复兴,恢复精神
to return to consciousness or life:become active or flourishing again
wither←→revive
lull←→revive
revue n. 时事讽刺剧
a theatrical production consisting typically of brief loosely connected often satirical skits, songs, and dances
rewarding a. 有益的,有所得的,有报酬的
yielding or likely to yield a reward:VALUABLE, SATISFYING
drudgery←→rewarding work
relinquish←→cooperate/reward/procure
ribald a. 说话猥亵的,下流的,卑贱的
CRUDE, OFFENSIVE
ribald←→seemly
rickety a. 患佝偻病的,驼背的,摇摆的
lacking stability or firmness:SHAKY
cloth:ragged=furniture:rickety
rider n. 骑士,附件,扶手
a clause appended to a legislative bill to secure a usually distinct object rider:bill=endorsement:policy
ridicule n .v. 嘲笑,愚弄,笑柄
the act of exposing to laughter:DERISION, MOCKERY
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
ridicule:derision=??
sublime←→base/ridiculous
rife a. 流行的,盛传的,非常多的
copiously supplied:ABOUNDING
sparse←→rife
rift n.裂缝,隙缝
BREACH, ESTRANGEMENT
rift←→reconciliation
rigid adj.硬性的
a:inflexibly set in opinion
b:strictly observed
circular:asymmetrical:protean:rigid
pliable←→rigid
rigorous a. 严厉的,严酷的,严格的,精确的
a:marked by extremes of temperature or climate
b:HARSH, SEVERE
rile vt. 搅浑浊,惹怒,使焦急
to make agitated and angry:UPSET
appease←→rile
risible adj.可笑的,引人发笑的
arousing or provoking laughter; especially:LAUGHABLE
rite n.宗教仪式
a prescribed form or manner governing the words or actions for a ceremony
rite←→improvised act
rival n. 对手,竞争者
one of two or more striving to reach or obtain something that only one can possess
rive vt. 撕开,使沮丧
to wrench open or tear apart or to pieces:REND
rive←→unite
rodent n.啮齿类动物(如鼠等)
any of an order (Rodentia) of relatively small gnawing mammals (as a mouse, a squirrel, or a beaver) that have in both jaws a single pair of incisors with a chisel-shaped edge
kangaroo:marsupial=squirrel:rodent
roil v.搅浑,激怒
a:to make turbid by stirring up the sediment or dregs of
b:to stir up:DISTURB, DISORDER
roil←→clarify/appease/settle
roisterer n. 作威作福者, 闹饮者
to engage in noisy revelry:CAROUSE
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
riot vi. 参加暴动,纵情,放荡
to indulge in revelry or wantonness
sedate←→riot
roster n.值勤表,花名册
a roll or list of personnel
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
rosy a. 美好的;乐观的;玫瑰色的
characterized by or tending to promote optimism
rouse vt. 激起,使振奋,唤起,唤醒
a:to stir up:EXCITE
b:to arouse from or as if from sleep or repose:AWAKEN
mollify←→rouse
quell←→foment/instigate/rouse
rubicund a. 红润的,透红的
having a healthy reddish color
rubicund←→pale
rudder n. 舵,方向舵,指导原则
a flat piece or structure of wood or metal attached upright to the stern of a boat or ship so that it can be turned causing the vessel's head to turn in the same direction
rue n.后悔,遗憾.
to feel penitence, remorse, or regret for
longing:pine=remorse:rue
rue:satisfaction rueful←→impenitent
ruffian n. 恶棍,歹徒. adj. 残暴的
a brutal person:BULLY
ruffle n. 皱褶,波纹,生气,轻擂
a strip of fabric gathered or pleated on one edge
hem:garment=ruffle:shirt=molding:cabinet
preen←→ruffle
ruminate vt. vi. 反刍,沉思
to go over in the mind repeatedly and often casually or slowly
ruminate:decide
rumple n. 皱纹,皱褶
FOLD, WRINKLE
rumple:shirt
run n. 一个完整的表演或放映程序
an unbroken course of performances or showings
journal:entries=run:performance
rupture n. 破裂,断裂,敌对,决裂,裂开
breach of peace or concord; specifically :open hostility or war between nations
rustic a. 乡村的,纯朴的,手工粗糙的
of, relating to, or suitable for the country:RURAL
rustic←→polished
urbane←→rude/rustic
rustling n. ((美口语))偷牛[马]
to steal cattle
plagiarism:ideas=rustling:cattle
rostrum n. 讲坛,演讲坛
a stage for public speaking
rostrum:orator=bench:judge
sabbatical a. 安息日的,周期性休息的
of or relating to the break or change from a normal routine
sabbatical:leave=flattering:infatuation
sabotage vt. 妨害,破坏
destructive or obstructive action carried on by a civilian or enemy agent to hinder a nation's war effort
saboteur:disrupt=apologist:defend
saccharine adj. <态度> 娇媚的; <说话声> 娇滴滴的
overly or sickishly sweet
sacrifice n. 牺牲,供俸,祭品
an act of offering to a deity something precious; especially :the killing of a victim on an altar
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
sacrilege n. 亵渎圣物,冒渎,悖理逆天的行为
a technical and not necessarily intrinsically outrageous violation (as improper reception of a sacrament) of what is sacred because consecrated to God
safeguard n.保护措施;护照
a technical contrivance to prevent accident
hedge:loss=quarantine:contamination=safeguard:accident
safeguard:accident=hedge:loss
sagacious adj.聪明的,睿智的
of keen and farsighted penetration and judgment:DISCERNING
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:sagacity folly←→sagacious
puerile←→sagacious
sagacious←→without wisdom
sagacity←→folly
salient adj.显著的,突出的
standing out conspicuously:PROMINENT; especially :of notable significance
salient:ignore=incomprehensible:understand
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
salient←→unconspicuous
salmon n. 大麻哈鱼,鲜肉色
a large anadromous salmonid fish (Salmo salar) of the No. Atlantic noted as a game and food fish
salmon:ichthyologist=chameleon:herpetologist
salubrious adj . 有益健康的
favorable to or promoting health or well-being
virulent←→salubrious
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
insalubrious←→wholesome
salutary adj 的益的,有益健康的
producing a beneficial effect:REMEDIAL
deleterious←→salutary/salubrious
salvage n./v. (从灾难中)抢救,海上救助
to rescue or save especially from wreckage or ruin
salve n. 药膏,v. 减轻,缓和
an unctuous adhesive substance for application to wounds or sores
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
sanctify vt. 使神圣,奉献给神,使成为神圣之物
to set apart to a sacred purpose or to religious use:CONSECRATE
desecrate←→sanctify/revere
sanctimonious a. 假装神圣的,假装虔诚的,假装诚实的
affecting piousness:hypocritically devout; also :indicative of affected piousness
sand v. 磨光
to smooth or dress by grinding or rubbing with an abrasive (as sandpaper) varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
sanguine adj. 充满希望的,乐观的, 血红色的
CONFIDENT, OPTIMISTIC
sanguine←→despondent
sanguine←→morose
sanitation n. (公共)卫生
the promotion of hygiene and prevention of disease by maintenance of sanitary conditions
censorship:information=sanitation:disease
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
sapient a. 装聪明样的,聪明的,伶俐的,有见识的
possessing or expressing great sagacity
sapient←→foolish
sarcastic a. 讽刺的,讥讽的,辛辣的
given to the use of sarcasm:CAUSTIC
sartorial a. 裁缝匠的,缝工的,裁缝的
of or relating to a tailor or tailored clothes; broadly:of or relating to clothes
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
satiated adj. 1 充分满足的 2 [对…]厌倦的,生腻的[with]
to satisfy (as a need or desire) fully or to excess
satiated:food=saturated:moisture
satire n.讽剌(作品)
a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn
panegyric:eulogize=lampoon:satirize
satire:ridicule=elegy:sorrow
saturated a. 饱和的,渗透的,深颜色的
full of moisture:made thoroughly wet
satiated:food=saturated:moisture
small:minuscule=moist:saturated
saturnine adj. 忧郁的,沉默寡言的,阴沉的,感染铅毒的
of a gloomy or surly disposition
saturnine←→jovial
saunter n./v. 闲逛,漫步
to walk about in an idle or leisurely manner:STROLL
prate:speak=saunter:walk
savanna n. 大草原
a tropical or subtropical grassland containing scattered trees and drought-resistant undergrowth
savanna←→slope
savory a. 风味极佳的,可口的,味香的
pleasing to the sense of taste especially by reason of effective seasoning
savvy n./v. 理解能力,机智,悟性
practical know-how
savvy←→simplicity
scale n. 天平,秤盘,秤
an instrument or machine for weighing
gauge:pressure=scale:weight
scale:weight=yardstick:length=gauge:pressure
scalpel n.外科手术刀,解剖刀
a small straight thin-bladed knife used especially in surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer
scan vt. 细看,浏览,分析韵律,详细调查,扫描
to read or mark so as to show metrical structure
scan:metrical=parse:grammatical
scanty a. 缺乏的,仅有的,节省的,狭小的,不够的
limited or less than sufficient in degree, quantity, or extent
scant:considerable=
voluminous←→scanty/scarce
profuse←→scanty
scarp n.悬崖,陡坡
a line of cliffs produced by faulting or erosion
scathing a. 伤害的,损伤的,足致伤害的
bitterly severe
scathing←→politely {cooperative}
schematic a. 概要的,图解的
of or relating to a scheme or schema
scintillating adj.才气横溢的,闪闪发光的; 闪烁的
brilliantly lively, stimulating, or witty
scoff v. ①嘲笑,②狼吞虎咽
to show contempt by derisive acts or language
pontificate:pompous=scoff:derisive=drawl:slow=bluster:loud=prate:aimless
scooter n. 滑行车,踏板车
child's foot-operated vehicle consisting of a narrow footboard mounted between two wheels tandem with an upright steering handle attached to the front wheel
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
score n.乐谱
the copy of a musical composition in written or printed notation
director:script=conductor:score
score:instrument
script:drama=score:music
scorn vt. 轻蔑,不屑做
to treat with scorn:reject or dismiss as contemptible or unworthy
deferential:offend=scornful:respect
redoubtable:regard/awe=despicable:scorn/contempt/disregard
scorn:reject=adulate:flatter=disparage:ignore
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
adulate←→scorn
scour vt. 擦亮,洗涤,冲洗,急速穿过,冲刷成,清洗
to rub hard especially with a rough material for cleansing
scour:wash
scowl vi. 皱眉头,做出不高兴的脸
to contract the brow in an expression of displeasure
scowl:displeasure=kiss:affection{hurl:disgust}
scrappy adj. 好斗的,生气勃勃的a. 杂凑的,不连贯的,爱打架的,斗志旺盛的
scrappy←→timorous
screw n. 螺旋,螺杆,螺孔,吝啬鬼,螺旋桨,螺丝钉 vt. 调节,扭紧,旋,拧,加强,鼓舞,勒索,压榨
a nail-shaped or rod-shaped piece with a spiral groove and a slotted or recessed head designed to be inserted into material by rotating
gear:tooth=screw:thread
scribble vt. vi. 潦草地书写,乱写,滥写
to write hastily or carelessly without regard to legibility or form
tinker:adjust=scribble:write
script n. 手迹,手稿,副本
the written text of a stage play, screenplay, or broadcast; specifically :the one used in production or performance
director:script=conductor:score
script:drama=score:music
scrupulous a. 小心谨慎的,细心的
having moral integrity:acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper
probity←→unscrupulousness
scrutable adj. 通过细看和细查可以理解的
capable of being deciphered:COMPREHENSIBLE
mysterious←→scrutable
scrutiny n. 细看,仔细检查,监视,选票的复查
a searching study, inquiry, or inspection:EXAMINATION
scrutinize=gloss=delve:skim
scuff n./v. 拖着脚走,磨损
to scratch, gouge, or wear away the surface of
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
sculptor n. 雕刻家
an artist who makes sculptures
canvas:painter=marble:sculptor
scurvy a. 下流的,卑鄙的,无礼的
disgustingly mean or contemptible:DESPICABLE
scurvy←→above reproach
scythe n. 长柄的大镰刀,战车镰
an implement used for mowing (as grass) and composed of a long curving blade fastened at an angle to a long handle
scythe:reaper=axe:woodcutter
secrete vt. 隐秘,隐藏,隐匿,分泌
to form and give off (a secretion)
secrete←→absorb
sedate a. 沉着的,镇静的,安静的 vt. 给...服镇静剂
to dose with sedatives
sedate←→riot
sedentary adj. 久坐的,固定不动的
not migratory:SETTLED
migratory←→sedentary
seduce vt. 怂恿,瞒骗,引诱,诱奸
to persuade to disobedience or disloyalty
sedulous adj. 聚精会神的、勤勉的
involving or accomplished with careful perseverance
seemly a. 适当的,恰当的,合适的,好看的
conventionally proper:DECOROUS
seemly←→uncouth
ribald←→seemly
seminal adj. 有创意的,种子的,生殖的
containing or contributing the seeds of later development
seminal←→hampering further development
seminary n. 学校,学院,发源地
an institution of secondary or higher education
conservatory:music={seminary:theology}=observatory:astronomy
sensation n.感觉,知觉;轰动
a mental process (as seeing, hearing, or smelling) due to immediate bodily stimulation often as distinguished from awareness of the
analgesic:pain=anesthetic:sensation
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
numb:insensible:burnish:lustrous
pain:analgesic:sensation:anesthetic
sensation←→anesthesia
sensitive a. 敏感的,易感的,灵敏的,感光的
highly responsive or susceptible
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
insensitive:boor=mischievous:imp
sensitive←→numb
sentinel n.哨兵,看守
SENTRY:GUARD, WATCH; especially:a soldier standing guard at a point of passage (as a gate)
sentinel:watchful=epicure:discriminating
sepulchral adj. 坟墓的,阴深的
suited to or suggestive of a sepulchre:FUNEREAL, MORTUARY
sepulchral←→merry
sequester vt. 使隐退,使隔绝,扣押,没收
to place (property) in custody especially in sequestration
sequester←→permit to mingle
sere adj.干枯的,凋萎的
being dried and withered
sere←→lush/damp
serendipity n. 善于发掘新奇事物的天赋
the faculty or phenomenon of finding valuable or agreeable things not sought for
serendipitous:effort=ineluctable:chance
serenity n. 宁静,沉着,晴朗
the quality or state of being shining bright and steady
havoc←→serenity
sermon n. 说教,训诫,布道
a religious discourse delivered in public usually by a clergyman as a part of a worship service
nitpicker:criticize=preacher:sermon=quibbler:cavil
serrate a. 锯齿状的
notched or toothed on the edge; specifically :having marginal teeth pointing forward or toward the apex
serrated←→without notches/smooth
serried a. 密集的,林立的,重重叠叠罗列的
crowded or pressed together:COMPACT
serried←→widely separated
servile adj.奴隶的;卑屈的
meanly or cravenly submissive:ABJECT
compliant:servile=trusting:gullible
gullible:chicanery=servile:domination
imperious:servile=bellicose:peaceable
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
severe a. 严格的,凶猛的,严肃的,朴素的
rigorous in restraint, punishment, or requirement:STRINGENT, RESTRICTIVE
mitigate:severe=qualify:general
palmy:prosperity=draconian:severity
shackle vt. 加桎梏,加枷锁,束缚
to deprive of freedom especially of action by means of restrictions or handicaps:IMPEDE
emancipate←→shackle
shackle←→loose
shadow vt. 遮蔽,使朦胧,预示,尾随
to follow especially secretly:TRAIL
follow:shadow=leave:abscond
shadowy←→overt
shale n. 页岩,泥板岩
a fissile rock that is formed by the consolidation of clay, mud, or silt, has a finely stratified or laminated structure, and is composed of minerals essentially unaltered since deposition
shale:lode=well:aquifer
shard n.(陶瓷器、瓦等的) 破片,碎片
fragments of pottery vessels found on sites and in refuse deposits where pottery-making peoples have lived
shard:pottery=fragment:bone
shelter vt. 庇护,保护,隐匿
to constitute or provide a shelter for:PROTECT
conspicuous:sheltered=??
shiftless a. 无计谋的,偷懒的,不中用的,无能的
lacking in ambition or incentive:LAZY
shirk v.逃避,规避
to evade the performance of an obligation
duty:shirk=question:parry
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
shod v. adj. ((文语))穿鞋的
furnished or equipped with a shoe
shopworn a. 陈旧的
stale from excessive use or familiarity
shred n. 碎片,碎条
a long narrow strip cut or torn off shred:remnant
shrewd a. 精明的,锐利的,厉害的,机灵的
marked by clever discerning awareness and hardheaded acumen
shrink n. 收缩,萎缩,畏缩
to recoil instinctively
shrug vt. vi. 耸肩
to raise or draw in the shoulders especially to express aloofness, indifference, or uncertainty
embrace:affection=shrug:indifference
shunt v. 使(火车)转到另一轨道,转移方向
to switch (as a train) from one track to another
divert:shunt=retard:brake
shuttle vt. vi.(使)穿梭移动,往返运送
to cause to move or travel back and forth frequently
sidereal adj. 恒星的
of, relating to, or expressed in relation to stars or constellations:ASTRAL
arboreal:trees=sidereal:stars
signal a. 作为信号的,显著的
distinguished from the ordinary
signal←→unremarkable
simpleton n. 笨蛋,傻子
a person lacking in common sense
prudence:daredevil=sagacity:simpleton
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:precedent
simplicity n.简单,简易;朴素
freedom from pretense or guile:CANDOR
simulate vt. 模拟,假装,模仿
to give or assume the appearance or effect of often with the intent to deceive:IMITATE
simulation←→authentic article
sin n. 罪,犯罪,失礼,过失,犯法
an offense against religious or moral law
peccadillo:sin=admonishment:castigation
sincere a. 诚实的,正直的,真挚的,纯净的
a:free of dissimulation:HONEST
b:free from adulteration:PURE
authenticity:fraudulent=sincerity:hypocritical
poseur:sincerity=recluse:gregariousness
poseur←→sincere person
sinew n. 肌肉,精力,腱,原动力,体力
solid resilient strength:POWER
tendinous:sinewy=
sinew←→weakness
singular a. 异常的,单一的
distinguished by superiority:EXCEPTIONAL
worldly←→singular
sinister adj. 不吉祥的,险恶的
singularly evil or productive of evil
sinuous a. 弯弯曲曲的,迂回的,乖僻的
a:of a serpentine or wavy form:WINDING
b:marked by strong lithe movements
sip vi. 啜饮
to drink in small quantities
sip:drink=mince:walk
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
quaff:sip=stride:mince
quaff:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip
siren n.汽笛,警报器
a device often electrically operated for producing a penetrating warning sound
skeptic n. 怀疑者,怀疑论者,无神论者
a person disposed to skepticism especially regarding religion or religious principles
votary←→skeptic
sketchy a. 写生的,写生风格的,概略的
wanting in completeness, clearness, or substance:SLIGHT, SUPERFICIAL
fawn:imperiousness=elaborate:sketchy
skimpy adj.吝啬的;太少的
deficient in supply or execution especially through skimping:SCANTY
parsimonious:skimp=malingering:shirk
skirt vt. 位于...边缘,装边于,回避
to avoid especially because of difficulty or fear of controversy
skirt←→seek
skirt←→face
skit n.滑稽短剧
a brief burlesque or comic sketch included in a dramatic performance (as a revue) skit:revue=??
vignette:scene=skit:drama
skittish adj. <马等>容易受惊的,容易惊恐的
a:lively or frisky in action:CAPRICIOUS
b:VARIABLE, FLUCTUATING
slake vt. 消除,平息,熄灭
SATISFY, QUENCH
gratify:desire=slake:thirsty
slate n. 石板,竞选提名
a list of candidates for nomination or election
roster:personnel=slate:candidate
slew v.(使)旋转,n. 大量,许多
a large number
paucity←→slew
slight a.细长的;轻微的
small of its kind or in amount:SCANTY, MEAGER
grievous←→slight
prodigious←→slight
slight←→ponderous
slight n. 轻蔑,怠慢
to treat with disdain or indifference
celebration=lamentful=slight=show respect
cosset←→slight
slight←→show respect to
slink v. 偷偷走动
to go or move stealthily or furtively (as in fear or shame):STEAL
slippery a.滑的,使人滑跤的
causing or tending to cause something to slide or fall
dingy:glisten=slippery:adhere
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
slipshod adj. 粗心的,邋遢的
a:wearing loose shoes or slippers
b:down at the heel:SHABBY
slogan n. 呐喊声,标语,口号
a brief attention-getting phrase used in advertising or promotion
sloppy adj.邋遢的,不整洁的
a:wet so as to spatter easily:SLUSHY
b:wet or smeared with or as if with something slopped over
sloth n. 怠惰,懒惰
a:disinclination to action or labor:INDOLENCE
b:spiritual apathy and inactivity
slouch n. 没精打采的样子,耷拉,笨人
to walk, stand, or sit with a gait or posture characterized by an ungainly stooping of the head and shoulders or excessive relaxation of body muscles:DROOP
slouch←→stand erect
sloven adj. 不修边幅的,邋遢的,懒散的
untidy especially in personal appearance:slovenly
sloven←→tidy
slumber n. 睡眠,沉睡状态
a:to be in a torpid, slothful, or negligent state
b:to lie dormant or latent
slur n. 连音符,诽谤,耻辱,印刷模糊
a:an insulting or disparaging remark or innuendo:ASPERSION
b:a shaming or degrading effect:STAIN, STIGMA
sly adj. 狡猾的,诡密的,淘气的,偷偷摸摸的
lacking in straightforwardness and candor:DISSEMBLING
sly←→artless
smart vi. 刺痛
a smarting pain; especially :a stinging local pain
smart:pain=grieve:sorrow
smart a. 聪明的,漂亮的,敏捷的,潇洒的,伶俐的
a:NEAT, TRIM
b:stylish or elegant in dress or appearance
tatty←→smart
smattering n. 一知半解,浅薄的知识; 少量[of]
superficial piecemeal knowledge
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
smirk v.假笑,得意地笑
to smile in an affected or smug manner:SIMPER
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
smother vt. 窒息,扼杀,抑制,忍住,覆盖,笼罩
to be overcome or killed through or as if through lack of air
smother:choke=??
smug n. 装模做样, 矫矜
highly self-satisfied
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
primp:vain=gloat:smug
smuggle v. 走私,私运
to convey or introduce surreptitiously
collude:cooperate=smuggle:convey
smuggle←→transport openly
snag n.意外的障碍
a tree or branch embedded in a lake or stream bed and constituting a hazard to navigation
snarl n./v. 纠缠,混乱
to cause to become knotted and intertwined:TANGLE
disentangle←→snarl
sneer n.冷笑,嘲笑 vt.轻蔑
to smile or laugh with facial contortions that express scorn or contempt
smirk:smugness=sneer:derision
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
snob n. 势利的人,假内行
one who has an offensive air of superiority in matters of knowledge or taste attentive:officious=refined:snobbish {absorbed:engrossed}
snub v. 冷落,不理睬
to treat with contempt or neglect
dissemble:honesty=snub:politeness
ingenuous:dissemble=raffish:preen=polite:snub
snub:disdain=double cross:disloyalty court←→snub
soak v. 浸泡,渗透
to lie immersed in liquid (as water):become saturated by or as if by immersion
sober a. 清醒的,稳重的,节制的,严肃的,朴素的,合理的,不夸大的
marked by sedate or gravely or earnestly thoughtful character or demeanor
puckish←→sober
sumptuous←→sobriety
sodden a. 浑身湿透的,不成样子的,浸过酒的
heavy with or as if with moisture or water
marsh:sodden=desert:arid
soggy a. 浸水的,沉闷的
saturated or heavy with water or moisture:as
solace n. 安慰. 慰藉
alleviation of grief or anxiety
solace:grief=pacification:anger
solder v. 焊接,焊合 to unite or make whole by solder
breach←→solder
solder←→breach
solemn n. 严肃,一本正经
marked by grave sedateness and earnest sobriety
jest←→solemnity
solicitous adj. 热切的,挂念的
full of concern or fears:APPREHENSIVE
solicitous←→unconcerned
solvent a. 有偿付能力的,有溶解力的 n. 溶剂
1:able to pay all legal debts
2:that dissolves or can dissolve
coagulant:thicken=solvent:dissolve
profligate:solvent=mercurial:committed
regimen:health=budget:solvency
somber a. 昏暗的,阴天的,阴森的,忧郁的
a:of a serious mien:GRAVE
b:of a dismal or depressing character:MELANCHOLY
c:conveying gloomy suggestions or ideas
cherubic←→somber
somnolence n. 想睡; 瞌睡; 嗜睡
the quality or state of being drowsy:SLEEPINESS
sonata n. 奏鸣曲
an instrumental musical composition typically of three or four movements in contrasting forms and keys
dessert:meal=epilogue:play=coda:sonata
sonnet n. 十四行诗
a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of fourteen lines that are typically five-foot iambics rhyming according to a prescribed scheme; also :a poem in this pattern
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer
sonnet:verse monger=
soothe vt. 缓和,使安静,安慰,奉承
to please by or as if by attention or concern:PLACATE,RELIEVE, ALLEVIATE
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
sop n.有安慰作用的东西, 面包片,湿透的东西,懦夫
a conciliatory or propitiatory bribe, gift, or gesture
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
sophism n.诡辩
an argument apparently correct in form but actually invalid; especially :such an argument used to deceive
sophism:reasoning=counterfeit:money
sophistication n. 诡辩,强词夺理,久经世故,精明
the process or result of becoming cultured, knowledgeable, or disillusioned; especially :CULTIVATION, URBANITY
ingenue:sophistication=cynic:trustfulness
callow←→behaving with adult sophistication
politic←→unsophisticated
sophomoric adj.大学二年级学生的, 一知半解的,傲慢的
conceited and overconfident of knowledge but poorly informed and immature
soporific adj. 催眠的,n. 安眠药
a:causing or tending to cause sleep
b:tending to dull awareness or alertness
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
soporific←→stimulant
soporific←→provocative
sordid a. 肮脏的,不干净的,卑鄙的,暗淡的
marked by baseness or grossness:VILE
sound adj. 稳固的, 健全的,可靠的,合理的,有效的,彻底的
(1)SOLID, FIRM; also :STABLE
(2)free from error, fallacy, or misapprehension
ramshackle:soundness=garbled:clarity
tenable←→unjustified/unsound
sparse a. 稀疏的,稀稀落落的,薄的
of few and scattered elements; especially :not thickly grown or settled
copious←→sparse
sparse←→rife
spartan adj. 简朴的,刻苦的
marked by simplicity, frugality, or avoidance of luxury and comfort
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
voluptuous←→spartan
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
spate n. 泛滥,洪水,一阵,大量
a large number or amount
spate←→dearth
specialist n. 专门医师,专家
one who specializes in a particular occupation, practice, or branch of learning
dabbler←→specialist
specificity n. 特性; 特征
the condition of being peculiar to a particular individual or group of organisms
specious adj.似是而非的,华而不实的
having a false look of truth or genuineness:SOPHISTIC
specious←→valid
speck n. 小点,斑点,少量
a very small amount:BIT
mite:creature=speck:amount
spectator n. 观众,目击者,旁观者
one who looks on or watches
epicure:discriminating=spectator:watching
speculate vi. 深思,推测,投机
to meditate on or ponder a subject:REFLECT
conjecture←→restrain from the speculation
spendthrift n. 浪费的人
a person who spends improvidently or wastefully
craven:hero=parsimonious:spendthrift
miser:parsimonious=spendthrift:prodigal
spendthrift←→miser
spent a.用尽的,精疲力竭的
drained of energy or effectiveness:EXHAUSTED
precarious:stability=spent:efficacy
spindly adj.细长的,纤弱的
of a disproportionately tall or long and thin appearance that often suggests physical weakness
limber:flexibility=spindly:frailty
spiny a. 多针的,尽是尖刺的,棘手的,麻烦的,尖刺状的
abounding with difficulties, obstacles, or annoyances:THORNY
spire n. 尖塔,尖顶,旋涡,螺旋
a tapering roof or analogous pyramidal construction surmounting a tower
spire:church=minaret:mosque
spleen n.脾;脾气,怒气
feelings of anger or ill will often suppressed
spleen←→good will
splint n. ( 固定断骨的)夹板,托板
material or a device used to protect and immobilize a body part (as a broken arm)
splint:mobility=ballast:instability=purchase:slippery
splint:immobilize=duct:convey
spoil vt. 损坏,破坏,溺爱
to pamper excessively:CODDLE
cosseted←→unspoiled
spoke n.(车轮上)幅条,阻碍物
any of the small radiating bars inserted in the hub of a wheel to support the rim
spoke:hub=radius:center
spontaneous a.自发的;本能的
arising from a momentary impulse
spontaneous←→premeditate
spoof n. 诳骗,愚弄,戏弄
a light humorous parody spoof:parody
sporadic a. 偶尔发生的,零星发生的,分散的
occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances
chronic←→sporadic
sprain n. 扭伤,扭筋
a sudden or violent twist or wrench of a joint with stretching or tearing of ligaments sprain:injure=cold:contagion
sprightly adj. 愉快的,活泼的
marked by a gay lightness and vivacity:SPIRITED
dodder:unsteady=cavort:sprightly
spur vt. 刺激,激励,用马刺刺
to incite to action or accelerated growth or development:STIMULATE
deter←→spur
spurious adj. 假的,伪造的
outwardly similar or corresponding to something without having its genuine qualities:FALSE
spurious←→genuine
spurn v. 拒绝,摈弃
to reject with disdain or contempt:SCORN
spurn←→welcome willingly
spurn←→court, crave, embrace
squabble n. 争吵,口角
a noisy altercation or quarrel usually over trifles
squabble:dispute=foible:failing
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
squalid adj. 污秽的,肮脏的
marked by filthiness and degradation from neglect or poverty
squalid←→pristine
splendor←→squalor
squall n.小骚乱 狂风,暴风雪,哇哇叫声
a short-lived commotion
squall:commotion=flash:illumination
squander vt. 浪费,使分散
to spend extravagantly or foolishly:DISSIPATE
husband←→squander
conserve←→waste/squander/exhaust
squelch n./v. 压制,镇压
to completely suppress:QUELL
squelch←→foment
stagnant a. 不流动的,停滞的,不景气的
not advancing or developing
stagnant←→flowing
staid adj. 稳重的,沉着的
marked by settled sedateness and often prim self-restraint:SOBER, GRAVE
staid←→jaunty
stalemate n. 和棋局面,僵局
a drawn contest:DEADLOCK
clog:drainage=stalemate:negotiations
stalwart adj.健壮的,坚定的
marked by outstanding strength and vigor of body, mind, or spirit
lank←→stalwart
stammer v.口吃,结巴
to make involuntary stops and repetitions in speaking:HALT
falter:act=stammer:speak
stanza n.(诗)节,段
a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a usually recurring pattern of meter and rhyme:STROPHE
ballad:stanza=novel:chapter
stanza:line=volume:issue
stanza:poem=movement:orchestra
stark a.(外表)僵硬的,刻板的,完全的
a:rigid in or as if in death
b:rigidly conforming (as to a pattern or doctrine):ABSOLUTE
startle vt.使大吃一惊 n.吃惊
to frighten or surprise suddenly and usually not seriously
startle←→lull
static a. 静态的,静电的
characterized by a lack of movement, animation, or progression
static:move=pliable:inflexible
motility←→stasis
steadfast a. 坚定的,踏实的,固定的,不变的
a:firmly fixed in place:IMMOVABLE
b:not subject to change
capricious←→steadfast
stealth n. 秘密行动,秘密,鬼祟
the act or action of proceeding furtively, secretly, or imperceptibly
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
steep vt.vi. 浸,泡
to saturate with or subject thoroughly to
steep←→parch
stench n.臭气,恶臭
to emit a strong offensive odor :STINK
stench:nose=din:ear
stentorian adj.(指声音)极响亮的
extremely loud
audible:stentorian=discernable:obvious
stentorian←→faint
sterile a. 不毛的,不孕的,无菌的,枯燥的,无效的,贫瘠的
free from living organisms and especially microorganisms
verdant←→sterile
stickler n.坚持细节之人
one who insists on exactness or completeness in the observance of something
stickler:approximation/imprecision=purist:adulteration
stickler:exacting=martinet:discipline
stickler:exacting=pedagogue:indoctrinate
stiff a.硬的;僵直的
a:not easily bent:RIGID
b:lacking in suppleness or responsiveness numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
stifle vt.使不能呼吸,窒息,抑制
DETER, DISCOURAGE
foment←→stifle
stigma n. 耻辱,污名,烙印
a mark of shame or discredit:STAIN
stigma←→mark of esteem
stilted adj. 夸张的,夸大的, 踩高跷的
a:POMPOUS, LOFTY
b:FORMAL, STIFF
stint v. 吝惜,节省
to be sparing or frugal
lavish←→stint
stingy a. 小气的,吝啬的,缺乏的,有刺的
not generous or liberal:sparing or scant in giving or spending
generosity←→stinginess
stipple v.点画,点描.
to engrave by means of dots and flicks
stipple:dot=striate:band
stock n.血统,原料 adj. 存货的,常备的,平凡的
a store or supply accumulated; especially :the inventory of goods of a merchant or manufacturer
census:population=inventory:stock
stock←→unique
stockade n. 栅栏,围栏
a:an enclosure or pen made with posts and stakes
b:an enclosure in which prisoners are kept
stockade:enclosure=pillar:support
stodgy a. 不易消化的,塞满的,笨重的
BORING, DULL
stodgy←→exciting
stoic adj. 禁欲的,冷静的
not affected by or showing passion or feeling; especially :firmly restraining response to pain or distress
stoic:perturb=avaricious:satisfy
stoic:flinch
stolid adj. 无动于衷的,感情麻木的
having or expressing little or no sensibility:UNEMOTIONAL
stouthearted a. 刚毅的,大胆的
having a stout heart or spirit:
a:COURAGEOUS
b:STUBBORN
pusillanimous←→stouthearted
straggle vi. 迷路,落伍,蔓延
to wander from the direct course or way:ROVE, STRAY
strait n. 海峡,困难
a comparatively narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water
isthmus:land=strait:water
stratify v. (使)层化
a:to divide or arrange into classes, castes, or social strata
b:to divide into a series of graded statuses
stratify←→homogenize
stray a. 迷途的,偶然的
having strayed or escaped from a proper or intended place
digressive:topic/subject=stray:group
stray:group=digress:subject
strength n. 力量,强度,抵抗力,浓度
degree of potency of effect or of concentration
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength
striate vt. 加条纹
to mark with striations or striate
grooved:striated=braided:stranded
stipple:dot=striate:band
striated:groove=dappled:spot
stricture n. 狭窄,苛评,束缚
a:an abnormal narrowing of a bodily passage; also :the narrowed part
b:a constriction of the breath passage in the production of a speech sound
stride vi.vt. 迈大步走,跨过,跨
to move with or as if with long steps
quaff:sip=stride:mince
strident a. 刺耳的,吱吱尖叫的,尖锐的
characterized by harsh, insistent, and discordant sound
stridency:sound=acridity:odor
strike vi. 打,打击,抓,罢工,搏动
to aim and usually deliver a blow, stroke, or thrust (as with the hand, a weapon, or a tool)
strike:medal=mint:coin
stringent a. 迫切的,严厉的,银根紧的
TIGHT, CONSTRICTED
stringent←→lax
strip vt.剥;夺去 n.条带
to remove clothing, covering, or surface matter from
bedeck←→strip
strut v. 昂首阔步地走
a:to walk with a proud gait '
b:to walk with a pompous and affected air
pontificate:speak=strut:walk
strut:walk=pontificate:speak
strut n. 支柱,抗压材
a structural piece designed to resist pressure in the direction of its length
strut:wing=buttress:wall
stubborn a. 顽固的,不听话的,执拗的,棘手的
(1):unreasonably or perversely unyielding:MULISH
(2):justifiably unyielding:RESOLUTE
studio n. 工作室,画室,演播室
the working place of a painter, sculptor, or photographer
studio:artist=laboratory:scientist
stultify vt.使显得愚蠢;使无效,使无价值
to cause to appear or be stupid, foolish, or absurdly illogical
stultify←→stir/excite
stultifying←→exciting/stirring
stun vt. 使晕倒,使惊吓,打晕
to make senseless, groggy, or dizzy by or as if by a blow:DAZE
stunt v.阻碍 n. 特技,绝技,花招,噱头,矮小物,发育迟缓,手腕
to hinder the normal growth, development, or progress of
sturdy a. 强健的,健全的
marked by or reflecting physical strength or vigor
stylus n. 铁笔,尖笔,唱针
an instrument for writing, marking, or incising
stylus:mark=lamp:illumination
stymie v. 阻碍
to present an obstacle to:stand in the way of
stymie←→abet
subdue vt. 使服从,压制,克制,抑制
to conquer and bring into subjection:VANQUISH impervious:
damaged=indomitable:subdued
subdue←→inflame
subdued←→unruly
flamboyant←→subdued
burgeon←→subdue
subject n. 受隶属、受支配的人
one that is placed under authority or control
potentate←→subject
subjugate vt. 征服,使服从,抑制,克制
to bring under control and governance as a subject:CONQUER
subjugation←→liberation
sublime a. 壮观的,卓越的
lofty, grand, or exalted in thought, expression, or manner
sublime←→base/ridiculous
submerge vt.浸没 vi.潜入水中
to put under water
bend:rigid=submerge:buoyant=dissolve:insoluble
submissive a. 服从的,顺从的,柔顺的
submitting to others
subordinate a. 下级的,次要的,附属的
placed in or occupying a lower class, rank, or position:INFERIOR
principal←→subordinate
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
subpoena n. (法律)传票,v. 传讯
a writ commanding a person designated in it to appear in court under a penalty for failure
lien:claim=subpoena:command
subside v. (建筑物等)下陷,(天气等)平息,平静
to tend downward:DESCEND; especially :to flatten out so as to form a depression
subside←→promote
subsidiary n. 子公司,附加物,辅助者
furnishing aid or support:AUXILIARY
subsidy n. 补助金,津贴
a grant by a government to a private person or company to assist an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public
sop:conciliatory=subsidy:supportive
substantial a. 实质上的,物质的,有内容的
a:consisting of or relating to substance
b:not imaginary or illusory:REAL, TRUE
c:IMPORTANT, ESSENTIAL
diaphanous←→substantial
substantive←→trivial
vaporous ←→substantial
substantiate vt. 证实;证明...有根据
to establish by proof or competent evidence:VERIFY
substantiate←→disapprove
unsubstantiated←→verified
substantiate vt. 使实体化,证实
to establish by proof or competent evidence
controvert←→substantiate
subterfuge n. 遁辞,借口,托辞
deception by artifice or stratagem in order to conceal, escape, or evade
subterfuge:deceive=decant:pour
subtle a.微妙的;精巧的
difficult to understand or perceive:OBSCURE
subtle:ignore=salient:observe
subtle:overlook=tractable:lead
palpable←→subtle
blatant←→subtle
succinct adj.简明的;简洁的
marked by compact precise expression without wasted words
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
babble←→express succinctly
prolixity←→succinctness
verbosity←→succinctness
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
succor vt. 救援,援助
to go to the aid of:RELIEVE
succor:relief=caution:warning
succor←→aggravate
suffuse v.(色彩等)弥漫,染遍
to spread over or through in the manner of fluid or light:FLUSH, FILL
tint:suffuse:damp:quench
suite n. 随员,套房,一组
RETINUE; especially :the personal staff accompanying a ruler, diplomat, or dignitary on official business
summary n. 摘要,概要
an abstract, abridgment, or compendium especially of a preceding discourse
compendium:summary=anthology:collection
summit n. 顶点,最高阶层
TOP, APEX; especially :the highest point:PEAK
crest:wave=summit/peak:mountain
roof:room=summit:mountain
nadir←→summit
summon vt.召唤;鼓起(勇气)
to command by service of a summons to appear in court
command:request=summon:invite
summons:citation
summon←→dismiss
sumptuous adj. 豪华的,奢侈的,华丽的
extremely costly, rich, luxurious, or magnificent
sumptuous←→sobriety
sunder v. 分裂,分离 (asunder)
to break apart or in two:separate by or as if by violence or by intervening time or space
collapse:implode=divide:sunder
sunder←→connect
sunder←→link
sunder←→combine/yoke/bond
supercilious adj.目中无人的,高傲的
coolly and patronizingly haughty
supercilious←→obsequious
supercilious←→humble
superficial a.表面的;肤浅的
of or relating to a surface
superficial←→central
superfluous a. 多余的,过剩的
exceeding what is sufficient or necessary:EXTRA
pertinent:relevance=redundant:superfluity
integral←→superfluous
supple n. 易弯曲,柔软,顺从
easy and fluent without stiffness or awkwardness
numb:sensation=stiff:suppleness
supplement n. 补充物,增刊,补充
something that completes or makes an addition
supplicate v. 恳求,乞求
to make a humble entreaty; especially :to pray to God
protest:dissuade=supplicate:entreat
supplicant:beseeching=coquette=flirtatious
supplicate←→demand
suppress vt.防止,阻止;抑制
to put down by authority or force:SUBDUE
surfeit n. (食物)过量,过度
an overabundant supply:EXCESS
surfeit←→deficiency
deprivation←→surfeit
surgeon n. 外科医生,军医,船上的医生
a medical specialist who practices surgery
scalpel:surgeon=telescope:astronomer
surrender n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to yield to the power, control, or possession of another upon compulsion or demand
inalienable:surrendered=implacable:propitiated
surrender n./v. 交出,放弃,投降
to give (oneself) over to something (as an influence)
appropriate←→surrender
surreptitious adj. 鬼鬼祟祟的,保密的
done, made, or acquired by stealth:CLANDESTINE
surreptitious←→barefaced/aboveboard
surrogate n. 代理,代理人,代用品
to put in the place of another:
a:to appoint as successor, deputy, or substitute for oneself
b:SUBSTITUTE
suspend vi. 暂停,中止,悬浮,宣布破产
to cause to stop temporarily
suspend←→erect
invoke←→ suspend
suspicion n. 怀疑,觉察,嫌疑
a state of mental uneasiness and uncertainty:DOUBT
enthusiasm:mania=suspicion:paranoia
suture n. 缝合,缝合处,缝合用的线
the act or process of sewing with sutures to unite, close, or secure with sutures
suture←→incision
svelte adj. (女人)体态苗条的
SLENDER, LITHE
svelte←→plump
svelte←→paunchy and awkward
swagger v. 大摇大摆地走
to conduct oneself in an arrogant or superciliously pompous manner; especially :to walk with an air of overbearing
blustering:speak=swaggering:walk
fawn:hauteur=self depreciate:swagger
imperious:fawn:swagger:self depreciate
pontificate:speak=swagger:walk
imperiousness:fawn=self depreciatory:swagger
swamp n. 沼泽,湿地
a wetland often partially or intermittently covered with water; especially :one dominated by woody vegetation
sweltering adj. 酷热的
oppressively hot
sweltering←→frigid
swerve v. 转向,突然改变方向
to turn aside abruptly from a straight line or course:DEVIATE
swerve←→maintain direction
swill v.冲洗,痛饮
to drink great drafts of:GUZZLE
swill:sip=gobble:nibble
swill←→sip
swindle vt.vi. 骗取,诈取
to obtain money or property by fraud or deceit
implacable:compromise=honest:swindle
swing n. 摇摆,振幅,音律,节奏,涨落,自由活动,旋转,秋千
omething that swings freely from or on a support; especially :a seat suspended by a rope or chains for swinging to and fro on for pleasure
oscillate:swing=momentum:scooter
sybarite n. ((文语))沉于奢侈逸乐者,爱奢侈享乐的人
VOLUPTUARY, SENSUALIST
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
sybarite←→ascetic
sycophant n.马屁精
a servile self-seeking flatterer
libertine:dissolute=sycophant:obsequious
miser:hoard=dandy:preen=sycophant:fawn=pundit:opinion
narcissist:self absorbed=sycophant:obsequious
reprobate:misbehave=sycophant:fawn
sycophant:flattery=extortionist:intimidation
frugal:penurious=deference:sycophant
syllogism n. 三段论法,推论法,演绎
a deductive scheme of a formal argument consisting of a major and a minor premise and a conclusion
remonstrance:offend=syllogism:disprove
symphony n. 交响乐,交响曲
a symphony orchestra concert
instrumentalist:symphony=dancer:ballet
sonnet:poet=symphony:composer
synergic adj. 协作的,合作的
working together:COOPERATING
synergic←→antagonistic
synopsis n. 摘要,概要
a condensed statement or outline (as of a narrative or treatise):ABSTRACT
synopsis:conciseness=distillate:purity
synopsis←→protracted
synthesis n.综合,合成
the composition or combination of parts or elements so as to form a whole
synthesis←→analysis
taciturn adj. 沉默寡言的
temperamentally disinclined to talk
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
loquacious←→taciturn
tacit:infer=encoded:decode
taciturn←→prolix
volubility←→taciturnity
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
windbag←→taciturnity
expansive←→taciturn/withdrawn/limited
tackle n. 滑车,v. 解决(问题)
an assemblage of ropes and pulleys arranged to gain mechanical advantage for hoisting and pulling
bolster:support=tackle:hoist
tactile a. 触觉的,有触觉的,能触知的
perceptible by touch:TANGIBLE
tactile:touch=affective:emotion
tactless a. 无机智的,不机敏的,不得体的
marked by lack of a keen sense of what to do or say in order to maintain good relations with others or avoid offense
chicanery:clever=tactlessness:truthful
gaffe:tactless=??
obstinate:preserve=tactless/insensitive:offend
taint vt. 污染,使腐败,沾染,腐蚀
to contaminate morally:CORRUPT
taint:integrity=??
tainted←→unspoiled/wholesome
pristine←→taint
taint←→integrity
tame v.驯养,制报
lacking spirit, zest, interest, or the capacity to excite:INSIPID
tame:tractable=??
tame←→racy
tamper vi. 干预,玩弄,贿赂,窜改,削弱,损害
to interfere so as to weaken or change for the worse
tamper:adjust=misrepresent:communicate
tangent a. 接触的,切线的,相切的,离题的
diverging from an original purpose of course:IRRELEVANT
tangent←→essential
tangy a. 强烈的,扑鼻的
having or suggestive of a tang
tangy←→bland
tantalize v. 挑惹,挑逗
to tease or torment by or as if by presenting something desirable to the view but continually keeping it out of reach
tease:tantalize=??
tantalize←→comfort, console, solace; alleviate, assuage, ease, relieve
tantamount adj. 与…相等的
equivalent in value, significance, or effect
tantamount←→incommensurate
tantrum n. 勃然大怒,脾气发作
a fit of bad temper
tantrum←→pacify
taper n.细小的蜡烛;微光vi.vt.(使)逐渐变小,(使)逐渐减少
progressively narrowed toward one end
tapestry n. 挂毯,丰富多采的画面
a heavy handwoven reversible textile used for hangings, curtains, and upholstery and characterized by complicated pictorial designs
chiaroscuro:contrast=tapestry:intricacy { filigree:delicacy}
tardy adj. 缓慢的,迟缓的
delayed beyond the expected or proper time:LATE
tarnish n./v. 失去光泽,晦暗
something that tarnishes; especially :a film of chemically altered material on the surface of a metal (as silver)
silver:tarnish=iron:rust
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
tarpaulin n. 涂油防水布,防水衣,防水帽
a piece of material (as durable plastic) used for protecting exposed objects or areas
tarpaulin:protect=??
tasty a. 好吃的,可口的
a:having a marked and appetizing flavor
b:strikingly attractive or interesting
tasty←→uninteresting
tatty adj.不整洁的,简陋的
rather worn, frayed, or dilapidated:SHABBY
tatty←→smart
taunt v. 嘲笑,讥笑
to reproach or challenge in a mocking or insulting manner:jeer at
flout:disregard=taunt:challenge
taut a. 拉紧的,绷紧的,紧张的
having no give or slack:tightly drawn
slacken:tautness=dilute:strength
taut:commodious=extraordinary:purlieu
slacken←→tauten
taut←→slack
tauten←→loosen/slacken
taxing a. 繁重的,费力的
ONEROUS, WEARING
taxing←→light
tease vt.逗乐,戏弄;强求
to tantalize especially by arousing desire or curiosity without intending to satisfy it
tease:tantalize=??
tedious a.乏味的
tiresome because of length or dullness:BORING
tedious:energy=disturbing:composure
tedious←→entertaining
tedious a. 沉闷的,冗长乏味的
tiresome because of length or dullness:BORING
teeter a. 摇摆,摇摇欲坠,踌躇,犹豫不决
a:to move unsteadily:WOBBLE
b:WAVER, VACILLATE
tear←→tether
teeter←→stabilize
telling a. 有效的,显著的,生动的
carrying great weight and producing a marked effect:EFFECTIVE, EXPRESSIVE
telling←→not effective
temerity n.鲁莽,大胆
unreasonable or foolhardy contempt of danger or opposition:RASHNESS, RECKLESSNESS
temerity←→circumspection
temerity←→pusillanimity
temerity←→cautious approach
temperate a. 温和的,适度的,有节制的
marked by moderation
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
harangue←→speak temperately
tenable adj. 站得住脚的,无懈可击的
capable of being held, maintained, or defended:DEFENSIBLE, REASONABLE
ineluctable/inevitable:avoid=untenable:defend
tenable←→unjustified/unsound
tenacious a. 固执的,不屈不挠的,抓住不放的
persistent in maintaining or adhering to something valued or habitual
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
temperate:restrain=tenacious:persist
tendentious a. 有支持某种立场的,有倾向的
marked by a tendency in favor of a particular point of view:BIASED
tendencious:objective=??
tendinous a. 腱的
consisting of tendons:SINEWY
tendinous:sinewy=??
tepid a. 微温的,温热的,不太热心的
moderately warm:LUKEWARM
tepid←→fever
terminus n. 终点,界标,终点站
either end of a transportation line or travel route; also :the station, town, or city at such a place:TERMINAL
inception:termination=matriculation:graduation
terminus:stop=epilogue:story
terror n. 恐怖,可怕的人
a state of intense fear apprehension:terror=affection:adoration
terror:fear=craving:desire
testator n. 立遗嘱之人
a person who dies leaving a will or testament in force
heirloom:ancestor=bequest:testator
testimony n. 证言,证据,声明
a solemn declaration usually made orally by a witness under oath in response to interrogation by a lawyer or authorized public official
calumny:assertion=perjury:testimony
testy adj. 性急的,暴躁的
easily annoyed:IRRITABLE
testy:annoy=tractable:control
tether vt.用绳拴 n. 系绳,系链,界限,范围
to fasten or restrain by
tether←→detach
tether←→loose
tear←→tether
theatrical a. 剧场的,夸张的,戏剧性的
marked by pretense or artificiality of emotion
theatrical←→natural
theatrical←→professional
theology n.神学,宗教
the study of religious faith, practice, and experience; especially :the study of God and of God's relation to the world
conservatory:music={seminary:theology}=observatory:astronomy
therapeutic a. 治疗的,治疗学的
of or relating to the treatment of disease or disorders by remedial agents or methods
therapeutic:hospital=illuminating:school
thorny a. 多刺的,痛苦的
full of difficulties or controversial points:TICKLISH
thorny←→smooth
threadbare adj. 磨破的,陈腐的
exhausted of interest or freshness
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
thrive vi. 繁荣,兴旺,茁壮成长
to grow vigorously:FLOURISH
languish←→thrive
wizened←→thrive
throng vi. 群集,蜂拥
to crowd together in great numbers
protract:length=throng:number
thwart v. 阻挠,使…受挫
to oppose successfully:defeat the hopes or aspirations of
oppose:thwart=treat:cure
abet←→thwart/impede
thwart←→support/aid
ticklish adj. 怕痒的,问题棘手的
a:TOUCHY, OVERSENSITIVE
b:easily overturned
pliant:influence=ticklish:offend
ticklish←→imperturbable
tidy a. 整齐的,精简的 n. 椅子的背罩,装杂碎的容器
neat and orderly in appearance or habits:well ordered and cared for
sloven←→tidy
tiff n./v. 小争吵,生气
a petty quarrel
tiff:squabble=foible:failing
tightfisted a. 吝啬的
reluctant to part with money
tightfisted:parsimonious=brattish:mischievous
timeworn a. 陈旧的,老朽的
HACKNEYED, STALE
threadbare/timeworn:novelty=labyrinthine:directness
timeworn←→novel
timid a. 胆小的,羞怯的
lacking in courage or self-confidence
self-confident:timid=open:shy
timorous adj. 胆小的,胆怯的
of a timid disposition:FEARFUL
scrappy←→timorous
tinge vt. 染,使带气息
to color with a slight shade or stain:TINT
tinged←→colorless
tinker n.(流动的)补锅工人; v.做拙劣修补
to repair, adjust, or work with something in an unskilled or experimental manner:FIDDLE
tinker:adjust=scribble:write
tint n. 色彩,浅色
a variation of a color produced by adding white to it and characterized by a low saturation with relatively high lightness
tint:suffuse=damp:quench
tirade n. 长篇的攻击性演说
a protracted speech usually marked by intemperate, vituperative, or harshly censorious language
anger:tirade=exaggeration:hyperbole
toady n. 谄媚者,拍马屁的人
one who flatters in the hope of gaining favors:SYCOPHANT
toady:flatter=??
tolerance n. 容许量,公差,容忍,忍受
sympathy or indulgence for beliefs or practices differing from or conflicting with one's own
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
inured:tolerance=addicted:dependency
posturer:unaffected=bigot:tolerant
bigot:tolerant=provincial:cosmopolitan{servile:domination}
tonic n. 增进健康之物,补品
increasing or restoring physical or mental tone:REFRESHING
conducive:foment=tonic:invigorate
tonic:invigorate=analgesic:deaden
tonic←→enfeebling
tonsorial a. 理发师的,理发的
of or relating to a barber or the work of a barber
tonsorial:hair=sartorial:apparel
topsy-turvy adj. 颠倒的,相反的 , 乱七八糟的,混乱的
topsy-turvy←→tranquil
torpid adj. 懒散的,死气沉沉的
sluggish in functioning or acting
torpid←→responsive
torpor n. 迟钝;麻木
a state of mental and motor inactivity with partial or total
insensibility:extreme sluggishness or stagnation of function
torpor:iciness=??
torpor←→zeal
torpor←→animation
torrid adj. 酷热的
giving off intense heat:SCORCHING
torrid←→arctic
tortuous adj.弯曲的;歪曲的
marked by repeated twists, bends, or turns:WINDING
tortuous←→direct/straightforward
tractable adj. 易于驾御的,温顺的
capable of being easily led, taught, or controlled:DOCILE
complaisance:intractable=adeptness:maladroit
subtle:overlook=tractable:lead
testy:annoy=tractable:control
tame:tractable=??
balky←→tractable
pertinacious←→tractable
tractability←→incorrigibility
tractable←→incorrigible
tractable←→insubordinate/intransigent/incorrigible/obstinate
pliant←→intransigence/intractable
trait n. 显著特点,特性
a distinguishing quality (as of personal character):PECULIARITY
transcend vt. 超越,胜过
to rise above or go beyond the limits of , to triumph over the negative or restrictive aspects of:OVERCOME
ossify←→transcend conventions
transgress vt. 违反,犯罪,逸出
to go beyond limits set or prescribed by:VIOLATE
rectitude:transgress=keen:obtuse
transgression:morality=:presumption:propriety
transient a. 短暂的,易变的,瞬变的,路过的
passing especially quickly into and out of existence:TRANSITORY
opportune:convenience=impermanent:transience
convoluted:complexity=ephemeral:transience
transience←→permanence
transient←→lasting
transitory adj. 短暂的(=transient)
tending to pass away:not persistent
transitory:endure=immutable:change
transitory←→enduring
transient←→protracted
translucent a. 半透明的,透明的
permitting the passage of light:CLEAR, TRANSPARENT
slack:tension=opaque:translucence
transparent a. 透明的,显然的,明晰的
a:free from pretense or deceit:FRANK
b:easily detected or seen through:OBVIOUS
c:readily understood
conspicuous:see=transparent:understand
manifest/lucid:perceive=transparent:understand
opacity←→transparency
transparent←→deceitful
transparent←→delusive
traverse vt.横越,横切,横断
to go or travel across or over
diverge:apart=traverse:across
travesty n. 滑稽化的作品,漫画,滑稽模仿
a debased, distorted, or grossly inferior imitation
travesty←→paragon
treacherous adj.阴险的,危险的
characterized by or manifesting treachery:PERFIDIOUS
treacherousness←→faithfulness
treaty n. 条约,谈判
an agreement or arrangement made by negotiation
rectify:treaty=confirm:hypothesis
tremendous adj.惊人的,巨大的
a:notable by reason of extreme size, power, greatness, or excellence
b:unusually large:HUGE
tremulous a. 发抖的,战栗的,胆小的
such as is or might be caused by nervousness or shakiness
trenchant a. 锐利的,尖刻的,苛刻的,清晰的,分明的
vigorously effective and articulate
trenchant←→vague/dull
trendsetter n. 创造新流行的人,新风尚 [潮流] 开创者
one that sets a trend
trepidation n. 恐惧,惶恐
timorous uncertain agitation:APPREHENSION
audacious:trepidation=laconic:aspiration
dauntless:trepidation=footloose:attachment
trespass vi. 侵夺,犯罪,冒犯,打扰
to enter unlawfully upon the land of another
trespass←→undo
trespass←→without to intrude
tribute n.贡物;颂词
a payment by one ruler or nation to another in acknowledgment of submission or as the price of protection; also :the tax levied for such a payment
trickle v.一滴滴地流,徐徐地流
a:to issue or fall in drops
b:to flow in a thin gentle stream blast:whiff=gush:trickle
trite a.陈腐的,陈词滥调的
hackneyed or boring from much use:not fresh or original
trite←→unbanal
triumph n. 凯旋,胜利,欢欣
a:a victory or conquest by or as if by military force
b:a notable success
trivial a. 细小的;不重要的
of little worth or importance
substantive←→trivial
trivial←→massive
trophy n.奖品,战利品
something gained or given in victory or conquest especially when preserved or mounted as a memorial
trophy:contestant=honors:student
truant n.逃学,逃学者 adj. 偷懒的,旷课的,游荡的
one who shirks duty; especially :one who stays out of school without permission
truant:dutiful=??
truculent adj. 残暴的,凶狠的
feeling or displaying ferocity:CRUEL, SAVAGE
truculent:gentleness=unregenerate:remorse
truculent←→gentle
trudge vt.跋涉;吃力地走
to walk or march steadily and usually laboriously
lug:carry=trudge:walk
truncate v. 把(某物)截短,去尾
to shorten by or as if by cutting off
prolong←→truncate
truculent←→pacific
tumbler n. 杯子,一杯量,打滚的人,翻斤斗者
one that performs tumbling feats:ACROBAT
tumult n.骚动,暴动,吵闹
disorderly agitation or milling about of a crowd usually with uproar and confusion of voices:COMMOTION
tumultuous:bedlam=active:hive
tumult←→quietude/quiescence
turbid adj. 混浊的,紊乱的
deficient in clarity or purity:FOUL, MUDDY
turbulent a.骚动的,骚乱的
causing unrest, violence, or disturbance
maelstrom:turbulent=mirage:illusory
turgid adj. 浮肿的,浮夸的
excessively embellished in style or language:BOMBASTIC, POMPOUS
turgid←→simple
turmoil n. 骚动,混乱
a state or condition of extreme confusion, agitation, or commotion
turncoat n. 背叛者,变节者
one who switches to an opposing side or party; specifically :TRAITOR
bigot:tolerance=turncoat:constancy
turncoat:constancy=simpleton:sagacity
turncoat:consistency=recluse:compassion
tutor n. 家庭教师,导师,助教,监护人
a person charged with the instruction and guidance of another
tuxedo n. 男士无尾半正式晚礼服
a single-breasted or double-breasted usually black or blackish blue jacket
typo n. 打字错误
an error (as of spelling) in typed or typeset material
typo:text=
ugly a. 丑陋的,邪恶的,险恶的,不祥的
offensive to the sight:HIDEOUS
pulchritude←→ugliness ,hideous
unavailing a. 无益的,无用的,无效的,徒劳的
not availing:FUTILE, USELESS
unconventional a. 非传统的
not conventional:not bound by or in accordance with convention:being out of the ordinary
hero:admirable=eccentric:unconventional
uncouth a. 粗俗的,怪异的
awkward and uncultivated in appearance, manner, or behavior
seemly←→uncouth
unctuous adj. 油腔滑调的
smooth and greasy in texture or appearance
placebo:innocuous=salve:unctuous
underscore n. 下划线
line drawn under a word or line especially for emphasis or to indicate intent to italicize
underscore:emphasis=brand:ownership
underdog n. 牺牲者,受害者,输家
a loser or predicted loser in a struggle or contest
underdog←→bully
unexceptionable a. 无懈可击的,极好的,完全的
not open to objection or criticism:beyond reproach:UNIMPEACHABLE
unexceptionable:oppose=unique:precedent
unexceptional adj. 非例外的,普通的,平凡的
not out of the ordinary:COMMONPLACE
unflappable adj.镇定的,从容不迫的
marked by assurance and self-control
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
unflappable←→disturbed
ungainly adj.笨拙的,不雅的
lacking in smoothness or dexterity:CLUMSY
loquacious:succinct=adroit:ungainly
lissome←→ungainly
adroit←→ungainly
unimpeachable adj.无可指摘的,无可置疑的
not impeachable:not to be called in question:not liable to accusation:IRREPROACHABLE, BLAMELESS
unkempt adj.(衣服,头发)不整洁的
deficient in order or neatness
unkempt←→dapper
unlettered a. 无教育的,无学问的,文盲的
a:lacking facility in reading and writing and ignorant of the knowledge to be gained from books
b:ILLITERATE
erudite←→smattering of knowledge/ignorant/unlettered
unpalatable a. 不适口的,味道差的,不好吃的
not palatable:DISTASTEFUL
unpretentious adj. 不炫耀的,含蓄的,谦虚的
free from ostentation, elegance, or affectation:MODEST
bombastic←→unpretentious
unrequited a. 无报答的,不受报酬影响
not requited:not reciprocated or returned in kind
remunerative←→unrequited
unruly a. 难控制的,无法无天的,任性的
not readily ruled, disciplined, or managed presumptuous:unruly
subdued←→unruly
untenable a.难以防守的,站不住脚的
not able to be defended
untenable:defense=invulnerable:injury
incontrovertible:disputed=untenable:defended{intrepid:feared}
untold a.无数的,数不清的
too great or numerous to count:INCALCULABLE, VAST
countless/innumerable/myriad/untold:number=everlasting/interminable:duration
untold←→able to quantify/quantifiable/calculable
untoward adj. 不幸的,(坏事)没料到的
not favorable:ADVERSE, UNPROPITIOUS
untoward←→favorable
untoward←→fortunate
toward←→obdurate
untutored a. 未受教育的,粗野的,幼稚的
a:having no formal learning or training
b:NAIVE, UNSOPHISTICATED
untutored←→polished
unwonted a. 不习惯的,不寻常的,非习常的
not accustomed by experience
habit←→unwonted behavior
unwonted←→usual
upbraid vt. 谴责,责骂,申斥
to reproach severely:scold vehemently
upbraid←→laud/extol
uphold vt. 支撑,赞成,坚持,举起,鼓励
to support against an opponent
abrogate←→embrace/institute/uphold
uproar n. 喧嚣,骚动
a state of commotion, excitement, or violent disturbance
upset a. 烦乱的,不高兴
to trouble mentally or emotionally:disturb the poise of
unflappable:upset=obstinate:persuade
urbane adj. 温文尔雅的,懂礼的
notably polite or finished in manner:POLISHED
urbane←→rude/rustic
urge vi. 强烈要求
to present, advocate, or demand earnestly or pressingly
didactic:teach=hortatory:urge { risible:ridicule}
usurp vt. 篡夺,做霸占行为,夺取
to take the place of by or as if by force:SUPPLANT
usurp:take=overwhelm:defeat
vaccinate vt.vi. 预防接种
to inoculate (a person) with cowpox virus in order to produce immunity to smallpox
overexposure:jaded=vaccination:immune
soporific:sleep=vaccinating:immunity
vaccination:immune=overexposure:jaded
vacillate adj. 亦作 vacillatory 摇动的; 摇摆的; 犹豫不决的
to sway through lack of equilibrium:FLUCTUATE, OSCILLATE
impetuous:vacillation/hesitation=bumptious:humbleness
adamant←→vacillatory
impetuosity←→hesitance/vacillation
pertinacity←→vacillation
equipoise←→vacillate
vacuous adj.发呆的,无意义的,空的,空虚的,心灵空虚的
marked by lack of ideas or intelligence:STUPID, INANE
vacuous←→intelligent
vagary n. 奇想,异想天开
an erratic, unpredictable, or extravagant manifestation, action, or notion
vagary:predict=impossibility:execute
vagrant n. 流浪汉,漂泊者,无赖
one who has no established residence and wanders idly from place to place without lawful or visible means of support
vague a.模糊的
not thinking or expressing one's thoughts clearly or precisely
trenchant←→vague
vague←→well defined
valediction n.告别演说,告别词
an act of bidding farewell
panegyric:praise:valediction:farewell
valediction←→greeting
valiant a.英勇的
possessing or acting with bravery or boldness:COURAGEOUS
valiance←→pusillanimous
valid a. 有确实根据的,有效的,正当的
logically correct
specious←→valid
vanquish vt. 打败,征服,克服
to defeat in a conflict or contest
dominate:vanquished=??
vapid adj. 索然无味的
lacking liveliness, tang, briskness, or force:FLAT, DULL
bracing←→vapid
vapid←→zeal
vaporize vt.vi. (使)蒸发
to convert (as by the application of heat or by spraying) into vapor
scuff:abrasion=heat:vaporization
gasification/vaporization←→solidification
vaporization←→solidification
vaporous ←→substantial
variance n. 分岐;差异
the fact, quality, or state of being variable or variant:DIFFERENCE, VARIATION
immutable←→variable
variance←→congruity
varnish n. 清漆,v. 涂上清漆
to apply varnish to
glaze:porcelain=varnish:wood
varnish:glossy=sand:smooth
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
vault n. 窖,地下室,撑竿跳,圆顶
a room or compartment for the safekeeping of valuables
larder:provisions=vault:valuables
vaunt vt.vi. 自夸
to make a vain display of one's own worth or attainments:BRAG
vaunt←→deprecate
vaunting←→meek
veer v.转向,改变(话题等)
to change direction or course
veer:direction=convert:belief
veer←→maintain constant
vehement adj.猛烈的;激烈的
marked by forceful energy:POWERFUL
venom n. 毒液,恶意
poisonous matter normally secreted by some animals (as snakes, scorpions, or bees) and transmitted to prey or an enemy chiefly by biting or stinging
placebo:innocuous=venom:toxious
venal adj. 唯利是图的,贪脏枉法的
capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration:PURCHASABLE; especially :open to corrupt influence and especially bribery:MERCENARY
venal←→unsusceptible of bribery
vendor n. 小贩,卖主,自动售货机
one that sell especially as a hawker or peddler
vendor:purvey=censor:expurgate
veneer n. (镶于劣质东西上的)镶面板,外表
a layer of wood of superior value or excellent grain to be glued to an inferior wood
foil:metal=veneer:wood
veneer:furniture=baseboard:wall
venerate vt.敬拜;崇拜 (a. venerable 令人尊敬的;神圣庄严的)
to regard with reverential respect or with admiring deference
perfunctorily:inspiration=insolently:veneration
venerable:reverence=despicable:scorn
veneration←→derision
vengeful a. 复仇心重的,报复的
REVENGEFUL:as
a:seeking to avenge
b:serving to gain vengeance
venial adj. (错误等)轻微的,可原谅的
of a kind that can be remitted:FORGIVABLE, PARDONABLE; also :meriting no particular censure or notice:EXCUSABLE
venial:excuse=pellucid:understand
ventilate vt. 使空气流通,使通风,宣布,公开
a:to examine, discuss, or investigate freely and openly:EXPOSE
b:to make public:UTTER
veracious adj.诚实的,说真话的
TRUTHFUL, HONEST
veracious←→mendacious
verbatim a. 逐字的,照字面的
being in or following the exact words:WORD-FOR-WORD
paraphrase:verbatim=approximate:precise
argot←→standard language/common verbalism
verbose a. 用字多的,冗长,累赘的
containing more words than necessary:WORDY
laconism←→verbosity
verbosity←→succinctness
verdant a. 翠绿的,青翠的,生疏的,不老练的
green with growing plants
verdant←→sterile
verdict n. 裁决,判决,结论,定论,判断
the finding or decision of a jury on the matter submitted to it in trial
verify vt. 查证,证实,检验
to establish the truth, accuracy, or reality of
refutation←→verification
unsubstantiated←→verified
vermin n. 害虫,歹徒
an offensive person
vernacular a. 地方的,用地方语写成的
using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language
versatile a.多方面的;通用的
having many uses or applications
versatile←→having limited application
verse monger n. 拙劣诗人
sonnet:verse monger=??
vertigo n. 眩晕
a disordered state in which the individual or the individual's surroundings seem to whirl dizzily
vertigo:nauseate=??
vessel n. 船,容器,脉管
a tube or canal (as an artery) in which a body fluid is contained and conveyed or circulated
aqueduct:water=pipeline:gas=vessel:blood
vestigial a. 痕迹的,遗迹的,退化的
a bodily part or organ that is small and degenerate or imperfectly developed in comparison to one more fully developed in an earlier stage of the individual, in a past generation, or in closely related forms
vestigial←→fully developed
veteran n. 老手,退伍军人,老兵,老树
a person of long experience in some occupation or skill (as politics or the arts)
veto v.,n.否决(权)
an authoritative prohibition:INTERDICTION
veto:prohibitive=overture:introductory
veto←→consent
vex vt.使烦恼,使恼火
to bring trouble, distress, or agitation to
conciliate←→vex
vex←→pacify/appease/soothe
vex←→conciliation
vex←→mollify
viable a. 能养活的,能生育的
capable of living; especially :capable of surviving outside the mother's womb without artificial support
elastic:expand=viable:live
viability←→inability to live
vibrant adj. 振动的,明快的,生气勃勃
(1)oscillating or pulsating rapidly
(2)pulsating with life, vigor, or activity
flagging←→vibrant
ponderous←→lively/vibrant/briskly
vicarious a. 代理的,担任代理的,替身的
performed or suffered by one person as a substitute for another or to the benefit or advantage of another:SUBSTITUTIONARY
vicious a. 邪恶的,堕落的,品性不端的
having the nature or quality of vice or immorality:DEPRAVED
vicissitude n. 变化,变迁,荣枯,盛衰
natural change or mutation visible in nature or in human affairs vicissitudinous←→unchanging
victim n. 受害人,牺牲者,牺牲品
a living being sacrificed to a deity or in the performance of a religious rite
vigilant adj.警惕着的,清醒的
alertly watchful especially to avoid danger
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
oblivious←→vigilant
vigilant←→oblivious
vigilant←→unalert
vigilant←→negligible
vignette n. 小巧可爱的插 图或照片
a:a short descriptive literary sketch
b:a brief incident or scene (as in a play or movie)
vignette:scene=skit:drama
vigor n. 精力,活力
active bodily or mental strength or force
decrepit←→vigorous
vim n. 精力,活力
robust energy and enthusiasm
lassitude←→vim/animation
vindicate n. 为…平反,证明…正确
to free from allegation or blame
(1) CONFIRM, SUBSTANTIATE
(2) to provide justification or defense for:JUSTIFY
calumniate←→vindicate
impugn←→vindicate
vindictive adj.报复性的
a:disposed to seek revenge:VENGEFUL
b:intended for or involving revenge
mercenary:money=vindictive:revenge
violate vt. 违犯,亵渎,干扰,妨碍,侵犯
to do harm to the person or especially the chastity of; specifically :RAPE
virility n.雄劲,丈夫气
the quality or state of being virile:
a:MANHOOD
b:manly vigor:MASCULINITY
virtuoso n. 演艺精湛的人,大师
an experimenter or investigator especially in the arts and sciences:SAVANT
virtuoso:skill=potentate:power
virtuosity←→mediocrity
virtuous a. 有品德的,善良的,贞洁的,有效力的
morally excellent:RIGHTEOUS
doldrums:energy=depravity:virtue
base←→virtuous
nefarious←→above reproach/virtuous
virulent adj. 剧毒的,恶毒的
marked by a rapid, severe, and malignant course
virulent←→salubrious
viscous a.粘滞的,粘性的
having a glutinous consistency:VISCID
glutinous←→non viscous
visionary a. 幻影的,幻想的,梦想的
a:of the nature of a vision:ILLUSORY
b:incapable of being realized or achieved:UTOPIAN
visionary:idealistic=officious:obliging
vista n. 街景,展望,回想
a distant view through or along an avenue or opening:PROSPECT
placebo :painkiller=backdrop:vista
vitality n. 活力,生命力
capacity to live and develop; also :physical or mental vigor especially when highly developed
attenuate:thickness=enervate:vitality
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality
enervation:vitality=debase:value
arrest←→vitalize
vitiate v.使腐败,败坏
to make faulty or defective:IMPAIR
vitiate←→fortify/strengthen
vitrify vi. 变成玻璃,成为玻璃状
to convert into glass or a glassy substance by heat and fusion
tarnish:dull=vitrify:smooth
vituperative adj. 辱骂的,责骂的
uttering or given to censure:containing or characterized by verbal abuse
vituperative←→complimentary
vivacious adj. 活泼的,快活的
lively in temper, conduct, or spirit:SPRIGHTLY
phlegmatic←→vivacious
vivacious←→languid
vociferous adj. 喧哗的,大叫大嚷的
marked by or given to vehement insistent outcry
vociferous←→reticent/monotone
vogue n. 时尚,时髦,流行
a:popular acceptation or favor:POPULARITY
b:a period of popularity
volatile adj. 反复无常的,挥发性的
characterized by or subject to rapid or unexpected change
craven:heroic=volatile:constant
volatile:temper=ready:wit
volatile←→constant
volition n. 自决,自主
an act of making a choice or decision; also :a choice or decision made
volition←→inability to choose
voluble a. 流利的,健谈的,易旋转的,缠绕的
characterized by ready or rapid speech:GLIB, FLUENT
voluble:speech=licentious:dissoluteness
maladroit:deft=voluble:verse
volubility←→taciturnity
laconic←→voluble
voluble←→taciturn/laconic/succinct/reticent
voluminous a. 卷数多的,大部分的,著书多的,长篇的,庞大的,盘绕的
a:having or marked by great volume or bulk:LARGE also :FULL
b:NUMEROUS
voluminous←→scanty/scarce
voluptuous adj.撩人的,沉溺酒色的
given to or spent in enjoyments of luxury, pleasure, or sensual gratifications
voluptuary←→ascetic
spartan←→sybaritic/indulgent/voluptuous/luxurious
voluptuous←→spartan
voluptuous←→self contained/self denying
vomit n. 呕吐,呕吐物,催吐剂
an act or instance of disgorging the contents of the stomach through the mouth; also :the disgorged matter
voracious a. 狼吞虎咽的,贪婪的
excessively eager:INSATIABLE
impassive:perturb=voracious:satisfy
voracity←→lack of appetite
votary n. 崇拜者,热心支持者
a:a devout or zealous worshiper
b:a staunch believer or advocate
votary←→skeptic
vouch vi. 担保,保证,证明,确定
to summon into court to warrant or defend a title
vouch←→refuse to guarantee
vulgar a. 粗俗的,庸俗的,本土的,通俗的,普通的
lacking in cultivation, perception, or taste:COARSE
genteel:vulgarity=intrepid:fear
waffle vi. 闲聊,胡扯
to talk or write foolishly:BLATHER
waffle←→speak unequivocally
wag n. 摇摆,小丑
WIT, JOKER
ludicrous:buffoon=dissolute:libertine=humorous:wag
wag:humorous=dolt:stupid
want n. 缺乏,贫困,需要
a:DEFICIENCY, LACK
b:grave and extreme poverty that deprives one of the necessities of life
repletion←→want
wanton a. 荒唐的,嬉戏的,繁茂的,肆意的
playfully mean or cruel:MISCHIEVOUS
wardrobe n. 衣橱,衣室,全部衣服
a room or closet where clothes are kept :CLOTHESPRESS
larder:food=wardrobe:clothes
warmonger n. 战争贩子,好战者,主战论者
one who urges or attempts to stir up war:JINGO
dove←→warmonger/jingoist
warrant vt. 保证,辩解,使有正当理由,批准
to guarantee to a person good title to and undisturbed possession of (as an estate)
gratuitous←→warranted/merited
wary a. 小心的,机警的,周到的,唯恐的
marked by keen caution, cunning, and watchful prudence especially in detecting and escaping danger
vigilant:entrapped=exacting:satisfied=wary:gulled
wastrel n.浪费者,饭桶,流浪者,废品,浪子
one who dissipates resources foolishly and self-indulgently:PROFLIGATE
inexperience:neophyte=irresponsibility:wastrel
waterproof a. 防水的
impervious to water; especially :covered or treated with a material
waterproof←→permeable
watershed n.分水岭,流域
a crucial dividing point, line, or factor:TURNING POINT
watershed←→ambiguity/routine
wax vt. 上蜡于
to treat or rub with wax usually for polishing or stiffening
varnish:wood=wax:linoleum
wax vi. 变大,增大,月亮渐满
to increase in phase or intensity ,used chiefly of the moon, other satellites, and inferior planets
wax←→decrease
wax←→waste away
flag←→wax
wheedle vt. 以甜言蜜语诱惑,用甜言蜜语骗,
to influence or entice by soft words or flattery
whet vt. 磨,磨快,刺激,促进
to sharpen by rubbing on or with something
blunt←→whet
whiff n. 一吹,一吸,香烟的一口,一点点,
a quick puff or slight gust especially of air, odor, gas, smoke, or spray
blast:whiff=gush:trickle
whimsical adj.古怪的,异想天开的
resulting from or characterized by whim or caprice; especially :lightly fanciful
caprice:whimsical=stealth:furtive=discontent:unsatisfied
mercurial:mood=whimsical:behavior
wholesome a. 有益健康的,合乎卫生的,健全的,审慎的,有生气的,有益的
promoting health or well-being of mind or spirit
decadence←→wholesomeness
tainted←→unspoiled/wholesome
wholesome←→deleterious
insalubrious←→wholesome
morbid←→wholesome
noxious←→wholesome/sanitary/innocuous
wick n. 灯芯,油绳
a bundle of fibers or a loosely twisted, braided, or woven cord, tape, or tube usually of soft spun cotton threads that by capillary attraction draws up to be burned a steady supply of the oil in lamps or the melted tallow or wax in candles
wicked a. 坏的,邪恶的,缺德的,淘气的,恶劣的,刻毒的
morally very bad:EVIL
nefarious:wickedness=generous:liberality
welter vi. 翻滚,滚动,挣扎,颠簸,浸湿
to be in turmoil
wily a. 使用计谋的,有诡计的,狡猾的
full of wiles:CRAFTY
wince v. 避开,畏缩
to shrink back involuntarily (as from pain):FLINCH
wince:pain=smile:pleasure=pout:displeasure=sneer:contempt
windbag n. 风囊,饶舌之人,好说话的人
an exhaustively talkative person
windbag←→taciturnity
windy a. 多风的,风强的,坏天气的,虚无的,吹牛的,腹胀的
a:VERBOSE, BOMBASTIC
b:lacking substance:EMPTY
windy:concise=hackneyed:original
winnow v.把(谷物)的杂质吹掉,扬去
to remove (as chaff) by a current of air
winnow:chaff=filter:impurities
winnow:grain=purify:water
winsome adj.媚人的,漂亮的
generally pleasing and engaging often because of a childlike charm and innocence
unprepossessing←→entrancing/winsome
wit n. 机智,机警,智力,头脑,机智的人,妙语,理智
mental capability and resourcefulness:INGENUITY
volatile:temper=ready:wit
witch n. 巫婆,女巫
one that is credited with usually malignant supernatural powers; especially :a woman practicing usually black witchcraft often with the aid of a devil or familiar:SORCERESS
retainer:retinue=witch:coven
withdraw vi. 撤退,离开
to remove (money) from a place of deposit;to become socially or emotionally detached
roisterer:carouse=recluse:withdraw
press←→withdrawal
wither vt.凋谢
to become dry and sapless; especially :to shrivel from or as if from loss of bodily moisture
dehydrate:water=wither:vitality
burgeon←→wither
wither←→revive
withhold vt. 扣留,保留,抑制
to refrain from granting, giving, or allowing
withhold←→grant
wizen adj. 凋谢的, 枯萎的
to become dry, shrunken, and wrinkled often as a result of aging or of failing vitality
wizened←→thrive/blooming
wobble vi. 摇晃,动摇,游移不定,犹豫
to move or proceed with an irregular rocking or staggering motion or unsteadily and clumsily from side to side
b:TREMBLE, QUAVER
woo v. 向(女人)求爱,争取…的支持
to sue for the affection of and usually marriage with:COURT
adulate:fawn=woo:adorn
wordsmith n. 擅长文字创作的人
a person who works with words; especially :a skillful writer
raconteur:storytelling=wordsmith:writing
worldly a. 世间的,世俗的,世上的
of, relating to, or devoted to this world and its pursuits rather than to religion or spiritual affairs
worldly←→singular
worldly←→naive
worship n. 崇拜,礼拜,尊敬
extravagant respect or admiration for or devotion to an object of esteem
worship:sacrifice=prediction:augury
wrangler n. 口角者,争论者,牧马者
a ranch hand who takes care of the saddle horses; broadly :COWBOY
lariat:wrangler=crook:shepherd
writ n.命令状,书面命令
a formal written document; specifically :a legal instrument in epistolary form issued under seal in the name of the English monarch
wry adj.讽刺的;歪斜的
(1)cleverly and often ironically or grimly humorous
(2)having a bent or twisted shape or condition
fluent:glib=humorous:wry
wry←→even, straight, true; directly, undeviatingly
yacht n. 游艇
any of various recreational watercraft
yardstick n. 码尺,准绳
graduated measuring stick three feet (0.9144 meter) long
b:a standard basis of calculation
yaw v.(船,飞机等)偏航
of a ship :to deviate erratically from a course (as when struck by a heavy sea); especially :to move from side to side
yield vi. 出产,屈服,投降,同意
to surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another:hand over possession of
beneficent:harm=tenacious:yield
evanescent:disappear=pliant:yield
default:pay=yield:resist
obsequious:fawn=compliant:yield
adamant:yield=cautious:gamble
acquiesce:yield=capitulate:categorical
meek←→unyielding
dogged←→yielded
outmaneuver←→yield
yoke vt. 给...上轭,连接,结合,使成配偶
to join as if by a yoke
sunder←→combine/yoke/bond
zeal n. 热心,热衷,热诚
eagerness and ardent interest in pursuit of something:FERVOR
devoted:zealous=careful:fastidious
fervor:zealot=improvidence:spendthrift
miser:munificent:zealot:blase
zeal:dedication={mesmeric:interest}
torpor←→zeal
zealotry←→lack of fervor
vapid←→zeal
zest n. 风味,强烈的风味,热情,热心
keen enjoyment:RELISH, GUSTO
zigzag n. & a. 之字形(的);v. 弯弯曲曲地行进
one of a series of short sharp turns, angles, or alterations in a course; also:something having the form or character of such a series
zigzag:turns=montage:images
zone vi. 分成区
to arrange in or mark off into zones; specifically:to partition (a city, borough, or township) by ordinance into sections reserved for different purposes (as residence or business
land=zoning=??
xiexindeboke
2010-03-03 12:17:28
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